1.synchronous Machines
1.synchronous Machines
to Electrical Systems
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
1/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
Sub‐Topic:
• Synchronous machines
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
2/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
Review
• In IM starting
In IM starting ‘I’ can be ↓ by applying reduced
I can be ↓ by applying reduced ‘V’
V (f1=frated )
⇒ φ ↓ & ∴ Td ↓
• For pump & fan type of load (TL ∝ Nr2), Y ‐ Δ starter could
be used
1
Tst = ( Tst )at V V
3 1= rated
• Starting
Starting ‘I’ can be ↓ by keeping φ
I can be ↓ by keeping φ = φ
φrated & ↓ (Ns‐ Nr)
t d & ↓ )
Ns can be ↓ by ↓ f1
• If V1= Vrated & f1 ↓, m/c gets saturated (V1= 4.44f1φMN1kW )
∴ Keep (V
p ( 1//f1)) constant
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
3/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
⇒ V. V. V. F. supply
∵‘φ’ is constant, Td can also be controlled
( force experienced by conductor ∝ B I )
⇒ mmf distribution in space in case of one coil placed
in 2 slots is rectangular
⇒ If there are large number of slots then it is a stepped
waveform
⇒ field produced by ac current flowing in a coil is
pulsating in nature
∴1‐ φ motor is not self starting
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
4/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
mmf waveform of 2‐pole machine
with concentrated winding
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
5/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
mmf wave form of 2‐pole distributed winding
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
6/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
• In IM→ Nr is a function of load & Ns ≠ Nr
• In synchronous machines → Ns = Nr & s = 0
steady state Nr is independent of load
• Synchronous generator ⇒ Alternator → used to generate
electric
l t i power
⇒ rating is high → in MW
⇒ In India largest generator is 800MW
steam turbine → high speed
⇒ driven by turbine
Pelton turbine→ low speed
(hydro)
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
7/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
Stator Rotor
3 φ ac winding
3‐φ
(similar to 3‐φ IM)
→ dc
dc → φ ac winding
3‐φ
3
Rating ‐ 250MVA, ‘V’ rating ≅ 16kV, Rated ‘I’ ≅ 9kA
dc current ≅ 2600A,
2600A dc voltage rating = 310V,
310V
speed = 3000 rpm
If ac winding
i di isi on the
th rotor
t d winding
dc i di isi on the
th rotor
t
‘V’ between 2 slip rings ≅ 16kV 310V
‘I’ flowing through ≅ 9kA 2.6kA
slip rings
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
8/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
• slip rings rotate at 3000 r.p.m
⇒ It is convenient to have dc field rotating
There are two types of rotor construction
Cylindrical rotor → rotor is circular
Cylindrical rotor → rotor is circular
⇒ suitable for high speed operation
⇒ Invariably wound for 2 poles
I i bl df 2 l
Salient pole rotor
⇒ has projected poles
⇒ bars are fitted on the pole faces
(similar to cage winding)
⇒ suitable for low speed operation
⇒ no. of poles could be 24
no of poles could be 24
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
9/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
⇒ In order to generate power at 50Hz, rotate the rotor at
250 rpm
250 rpm
Principle of operation : stator has 3‐φ distributed winding
(similar to IM)
(similar to IM)
• assume that generator is brand new & no. of poles = 2
keep the stator terminals open with Idc= 0, rotate the
keep the stator terminals open with I 0 rotate the
rotor at 3000 rpm
∵ IF = 0, rotor mmf
0 t & ∴ field flux = 0
f & ∴ fi ld fl 0
∴ ‘V’ induced in the stator on O.C (E0) = 0
⇒ ↑ IF
⇒ as IF ↑, φf ↑
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
10/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
⇒ E0 α φf ω Nph E0
∵ ω & N
& ph are constant
∴E0 α φf f
α If
⇒ variation of E
variation of E0 with I
with If at constant
at constant ‘ω’
ω is known as open
is known as open
circuit characteristic (OCC) (stator terminals are kept
open)
⇒ ↑ in E0 ∝ If till point C, beyond ‘C’, circuit gets saturated
variation is no longer linear
i ti i l li
⇒ If If is made = 0, rotor will retain some magnetism
( id l
(residual magnetism) ti )
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
11/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
∴ If the above process is repeated when If = 0
E0 ≠ 0
let Rs→ stator resistance/phase &
Xsl is the leakage reactance/phase
Load ⇒ ‘R’/Inductive/capacitive
IS→ stator current /phase
⇒ this current flows in stator turns
(distributed in space)
⇒ mmf distribution is sinusoidal in
distribution is sinusoidal in
space
⇒ φa → armature flux due to I
armature flux due to Is in N
in Nphh
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
12/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31
⇒ air gap flux is ≠ φf
⇒ vector sum of φ φf & φ
φa → φr→ resultant flux
⇒ φa can aid/oppose ?( is there a third possibility ?? later)
⇒ this effect,
this effect, “effect
effect of stator flux on rotor flux is known as
of stator flux on rotor flux is known as
armature reaction”
How to represent armature reaction?
How to represent armature reaction?
⇒ φa → links stator turns
⇒ can be represented by some
can be represented by some
reactance known as “armature
reaction reactance” = Xa
⇒ (Xa + Xsl)→ synchronous reactance XS
⇒ ZS= (R
(RS S + jX
jXS)→ synchronous impedance, neglect R
synchronous impedance, g s ≅ Xs
s,, Zs
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
13/13
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 31