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1.synchronous Machines

This document provides an introduction and overview of the course "EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems" taught by Professor B.G. Fernandes. It discusses synchronous machines, including their operation principles and components. Specific topics covered include induction motor starting methods, synchronous generator and alternator construction, open circuit characteristics, and concepts of armature reaction and synchronous reactance.

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chethan
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
143 views13 pages

1.synchronous Machines

This document provides an introduction and overview of the course "EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems" taught by Professor B.G. Fernandes. It discusses synchronous machines, including their operation principles and components. Specific topics covered include induction motor starting methods, synchronous generator and alternator construction, open circuit characteristics, and concepts of armature reaction and synchronous reactance.

Uploaded by

chethan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction 

to Electrical Systems

Course Code: EE 111


Course Code: EE 111

Department: Electrical Engineering


Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: B G Fernandes


Instructor Name: B.G. Fernandes

E‐mail id: bgf@ee iitb ac in


E‐mail id: [email protected]

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
1/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
Sub‐Topic:   

• Synchronous machines 

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
2/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
Review
• In IM starting 
In IM starting ‘I’ can be ↓ by applying reduced 
I  can be ↓ by applying reduced ‘V’
V (f1=frated )
⇒ φ ↓ & ∴ Td ↓
• For pump & fan type of load (TL ∝ Nr2), Y ‐ Δ starter could   
be used
1
Tst = ( Tst )at V V
3 1= rated

• Starting 
Starting ‘I’ can be ↓ by keeping  φ
I  can be ↓ by keeping φ = φ
φrated & ↓ (Ns‐ Nr) 
t d & ↓ )
Ns can be ↓ by ↓ f1
• If V1= Vrated & f1 ↓, m/c gets saturated (V1= 4.44f1φMN1kW ) 
∴ Keep  (V
p ( 1//f1))  constant 
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
3/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
⇒ V. V. V. F. supply
∵‘φ’ is constant, Td can also be controlled 
( force experienced by conductor ∝ B I )
⇒ mmf distribution in space in case of one coil placed 
in 2 slots is rectangular
⇒ If there are large number of slots then it is a stepped 
waveform
⇒ field produced by ac current flowing in a coil is  
pulsating in nature
∴1‐ φ motor is not self starting

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
4/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
mmf waveform of 2‐pole machine 
with concentrated winding
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
5/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
mmf wave form of 2‐pole distributed winding  

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
6/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
• In IM→ Nr is a function of load & Ns ≠ Nr
• In synchronous machines → Ns = Nr & s = 0
steady state Nr is independent of load
• Synchronous generator ⇒ Alternator → used to generate
electric
l t i power
⇒ rating is high → in MW
⇒ In India largest generator is 800MW
steam turbine → high speed
⇒ driven by turbine
Pelton turbine→ low speed
(hydro)
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
7/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
Stator Rotor
3 φ ac winding
3‐φ
(similar to 3‐φ IM)
→ dc

dc → φ ac winding
3‐φ
3
Rating ‐ 250MVA, ‘V’ rating ≅ 16kV, Rated ‘I’ ≅ 9kA
dc current ≅ 2600A,
2600A dc voltage rating = 310V,
310V
speed = 3000 rpm
If ac winding
i di isi on the
th rotor
t d winding
dc i di isi on the
th rotor
t
‘V’ between 2 slip rings ≅ 16kV 310V
‘I’ flowing through ≅ 9kA 2.6kA
slip rings
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
8/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
• slip rings rotate at 3000 r.p.m
⇒ It is convenient to have dc field rotating
There are two types of rotor construction 
Cylindrical rotor → rotor is circular
Cylindrical rotor → rotor is circular
⇒ suitable for high speed operation
⇒ Invariably wound for 2 poles
I i bl df 2 l
Salient pole rotor
⇒ has projected poles
⇒ bars are fitted on the pole faces
(similar to cage winding)
⇒ suitable for low speed operation
⇒ no. of poles could be 24
no of poles could be 24
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
9/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
⇒ In order to generate power at 50Hz, rotate the rotor at 
250 rpm
250 rpm
Principle of operation : stator has 3‐φ distributed winding
(similar to IM)
(similar to IM)
• assume that generator is brand new & no. of poles = 2 
keep the stator terminals open with Idc= 0, rotate the   
keep the stator terminals open with I 0 rotate the
rotor at 3000 rpm
∵ IF = 0, rotor mmf
0 t & ∴ field flux = 0   
f & ∴ fi ld fl 0
∴ ‘V’ induced in the stator on O.C (E0) = 0
⇒ ↑ IF
⇒ as IF ↑, φf ↑

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
10/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
⇒ E0 α φf ω Nph E0
∵ ω & N
& ph are constant
∴E0 α φf f
α If 
⇒ variation of E
variation of E0 with I
with If at constant 
at constant ‘ω’
ω  is known as open  
is known as open
circuit characteristic (OCC) (stator terminals are kept  
open)
⇒ ↑ in E0 ∝ If  till point C, beyond ‘C’, circuit gets saturated  
variation is no longer linear 
i ti i l li
⇒ If If is made = 0, rotor will retain some magnetism  
( id l
(residual magnetism) ti )
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
11/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
∴ If the above process is repeated when If = 0  
E0 ≠ 0
let Rs→ stator resistance/phase & 
Xsl is the leakage reactance/phase 
Load ⇒ ‘R’/Inductive/capacitive
IS→ stator current /phase
⇒ this current flows in stator turns
(distributed in space)  
⇒ mmf distribution is sinusoidal in 
distribution is sinusoidal in
space
⇒ φa → armature flux due to I
armature flux due to Is in N
in Nphh
Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
12/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31
⇒ air gap flux is ≠ φf
⇒ vector sum of φ φf & φ
φa → φr→ resultant flux
⇒ φa can aid/oppose ?( is there a third possibility ?? later)
⇒ this effect, 
this effect, “effect
effect of stator flux on rotor flux is known as  
of stator flux on rotor flux is known as
armature reaction”
How to represent armature reaction?
How to represent armature reaction?
⇒ φa → links stator turns
⇒ can be represented by some 
can be represented by some
reactance known as “armature 
reaction reactance” = Xa
⇒ (Xa + Xsl)→ synchronous reactance XS
⇒ ZS= (R
(RS S + jX
jXS)→ synchronous impedance, neglect R
synchronous impedance, g s ≅ Xs
s,, Zs 

Thu  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
13/13
22,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  31

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