EFFECTIVE USE OF

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES FOR

LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT
(For Use With Fink’s and Bloom’s Taxonomies)
What is a learning objective?
A learning objective is an outcome statement that captures specifically what knowledge, skills, attitudes
learners should be able to exhibit following instruction. A common misapplication of objectives is for the
teacher/presenter to state what he/she is going to do (e.g., “My plan this morning is to talk about…”), rather
than what the student is expected to be able to do (e.g., “After this session, you should be able to…”).
Why have learning objectives?
Creating clear learning objectives during the planning process of a unit/week/individual session serves the
following purposes: Objectives
Helps unit planners integrate across a day/week/unit of learning
Serves to connect content and assessment around learning
Guides selection of teaching/learning activities that will best achieve objectives
Gives learners a clear picture of what to expect and what’s expected of them Learning
Forms the basis for evaluating teacher, learner, and curriculum effectiveness Assessment Content
What are the key components of a learning objective?
Learning objectives should be “SMART”
Specific
Measurable/Observable
Attainable for target audience within scheduled time and specified conditions
Relevant and results-oriented
Targeted to the learner and to the desired level of learning
How do I create a useful learning objective?
To create specific, measurable/observable, and results-oriented objectives:
It’s helpful to finish the sentence, “After this unit/week/individual session, you should be able to…”
Start with an observable action word that captures what the learner should be able to do (see
examples in Table 1 of Attachment A-Fink’s and B-Bloom’s).
Avoid ill-defined terms that are open to variable interpretation (e.g., understand, learn, grasp); use
instead terms that describe directly observable behaviors. (Even though some elements of Fink’s
Taxonomy, such as the human dimension, caring, and learning to learn, may be difficult to measure/observe, they are
still worth identifying as objectives and striving to achieve in teaching/learning activities.)
When necessary, specify criteria concerning expected standard of performance (e.g., “Describe a
mechanism in support of your hypothesis from the organ system down to level of cells and molecules.”).
To create attainable learning objectives:
Consider the beginning level of understanding/skill of your learners and craft your objective to
move them to the next level.
Consider and specify when appropriate the conditions under which performance will take place
(e.g., “On a written exam, describe…” or “With a standardized or actual patient, demonstrate…”)
Limit number of objectives to major learning points you would like students to walk away with.
To create objectives targeted to the audience and desired level of learning/thinking:
Ask yourself whether you want learners to be able to: know, apply, integrate, consider the human
dimension, care, or learn to learn (Fink’s Taxonomy – Attachment A); or know, comprehend,
apply, analyze, synthesize, or evaluate (Bloom’s Taxonomy – Attachment B). These outcomes
represent different levels/kinds of thinking.
Match your action verb to the desired level (Table 2 in Attachment A & B).
Match learning objective with appropriate teaching/learning strategy (Table 3 in Attachment A & B).

©Teacher & Educational Development, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2005 1
 ATTACHMENT A
FINK’S TAXONOMY (Fink, Creating Significant Learning Experiences, 2003)
Table 1: Example Action Verbs for Each Dimension of Learning

Dimension Action Verbs Objects

FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE – What key information, ideas, perspectives are important for learners to know?
Understanding and Remembering Associate Explain List Recognize Facts, concepts, theories,
(developing a full understanding of the Compare Give example Name Repeat relationships, models,
concepts associated with a subject to a Contrast Identify Paraphrase Restate perspectives, structures,
degree that allows explanations, Define Illustrate Predict Tell organizations, purposes,
proposals, problems,
predictions, etc.) Describe Indicate Recite results, conclusions, plans
APPLICATION – What kinds of thinking, complex projects, and skills is it important for learners to be able to do/manage?
Critical Thinking (analyzing and Analyze Contrast Dissect Label Ideas, issues, situations,
critiquing issues and situations) Assess Decipher Distinguish Locate proposals, processes,
Audit Deduce Examine Measure results, conclusions,
Catalog Derive Formulate Organize theories, assumptions
Categorize Determine Hypothesize Query
Classify Diagram Infer Separate
Compare Differentiate Interpret Trace
Practical Thinking (developing Advise Consult Give evidence Prove Problems, issues,
problem-solving and decision-making Answer Debate Judge Rank conundrums
capabilities) Apply Decide Justify Select
Calculate Determine Predict Solve
Certify Diagnose Prescribe Suggest
Choose Evaluate Propose Test
Creative Thinking (creating new ideas, Abstract Convert Draw Refine Ideas, plans, products,
products, and perspectives) Adapt Create Envision Reform objects, premises,
Amend Design Experiment Sketch perspectives, models,
Author Develop Fabricate Theorize theories
Compose Devise Imagine Transform
Construct Discover Improve Write
Managing Complex Projects (being Administer Coordinate Guide Strategize Tasks, timelines, cases,
able to coordinate and sequence Assign Delegate Implement Supervise projects
multiple tasks in a single project/case Coach Develop Manage Summarize
and/or multiple projects/cases) Communicate Evaluate Organize Teach
Complete Facilitate Plan Time-line
Conduct Follow Up Prioritize Train
Performance Skills (developing Conduct Employ Operate Set up Procedures, routines,
capabilities in carrying out psycho- Demonstrate Execute Perform Use processes, maneuvers,
motor activities) Do Exhibit Produce interviews
INTEGRATION – What connections should learners be able to recognize and make within and beyond this learning experience?
Interdisciplinary Learning (connecting Associate Concept map Correlate Link Ideas, disciplines,
ideas, disciplines, perspectives, contexts) Combine Connect Differentiate Relate perspectives, contexts,
Learning Communities (connecting people) Compare Contrast Integrate Synthesize people, domains, realms
Learning and Living/Working (connecting
different realms of life)
HUMAN DIMENSION – What should learners learn about themselves and about interacting with others?
Interpersonal Relationships (with Acquire Educate Mobilize See oneself as Ethics, morality,
peers, supervisors, patients, others) Advise Embody Motivate Serve as role principles, attitudes,
Self-Authorship (learning to create and Advocate Empathize Negotiate model values, beliefs,
take responsibility for one’s own life) Balance Express Nurture Settle premises, conflicts;
Leadership (becoming an effective leader) Be aware of Feel confident Offer Share personal, social,
Ethics, Character Building (living by Behave Give feedback Promote Show cultural, and
ethical principles) Collaborate Help Protect Suggest environmental
Multicultural Education (being cultural- Communicate Influence Reconcile Support implications
ly sensitive in interactions with others) Suspend
Comply Initiate Reform
Working as a Member of a Team Cooperate Inspire Resolve judgment
(knowing how to contribute to a team)
Critically reflect Interact with conflict Sustain
Citizenship (of one’s profession, com- Take res-
munity, nation state, other political entity)
Decide to Involve Respect
Demonstrate Lead Respond ponsibility
Environmental Ethics (having ethical
principles in relation to nonhuman world) Describe Mediate sensitively Unite

©Teacher & Educational Development, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2005 2
 Table 1: Example Action Verbs for Each Dimension of Learning (cont.)
Dimension Action Verbs Objects
CARING – What changes in learners’ feelings, interests, values are important?
Wanting to Be a Good Learner Agree to Develop Identify Revitalize Attitudes, beliefs,
(wanting to master, achieve high standards) Be ready to Discover Pledge Share feelings, interests,
Becoming Excited About a Particular Commit to Explore Recognize State opinions, values
Activity/Subject (developing a keen interest) Decide to Express value of Take time to
Developing a Commitment to Live Demonstrate Get excited about Renew interest Value
Right (i.e., deciding to take care of one’s
health/well-being, live by a certain code)
LEARNING HOW TO LEARN – What should learners learn about learning, engaging in inquiry, and becoming self-directed?
How to Be a Better Learner (engaging in Construct knowledge about Predict performance Learning, acquisition of
self-regulated learning or deep learning) Describe how to Reflect knowledge and skills,
How to Inquire and Construct Develop a learning plan Research self-improvement, self-
Knowledge (how to engage in the scientific Frame useful questions Self-assess direction, accountability
method, historical method, other forms of inquiry)
Generalize knowledge Self-regulate
How to Pursue Self-Directed or Identify sources and resources Self-monitor
Intentional Learning (developing a Identify your learning style & barriers Set a learning agenda
learning agenda and plan, becoming an intentional
learner, becoming skilled in autodidaxy, being a Identify what you need to know Take responsibility for
reflective practitioner) Inquire Transfer knowledge

Table 2: Levels of Thinking/Learning

Category Dimension Definition Example Objectives
Foundational Remembering Knowing common terms, ! Name the major bones of the leg.
Knowledge & specific facts, methods ! List five causes of joint pain.
Understanding and procedures, basic ! Define “deep fascia.”
concepts, principles; ! Explain the autoimmune mechanism.
understanding to a ! Restate the present problem in your own words.
degree that allows for ! Describe the process of differential diagnosis.
explanations, predictions ! Give an example of the term consanguinity.
Application Critical Analyzing and critiquing ! Diagram the mechanism leading to shortness of breath in
Thinking issues and situations interstitial lung disease.
! Compare and contrast the basic functions of the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system.
! Differentiate between findings which are and are not
significant to the presenting problem.
! Distinguish between acquired mutations and inherited
mutations as causes of cancer.
! Determine whether a particular problem is familial, has a
definable inheritance pattern, or appears to be multifactorial.
! Assess the reliability and validity of research claims/statistics.
Practical Solving problems and ! Select the most effective treatment from an array of options.
Thinking making decisions ! Decide which candidate is most qualified for a position.
! Choose lab tests which should be done based on patient
symptoms, history, and physical exam.
! Rank order your hypotheses concerning the cause of this
patient’s symptoms.
! Diagnose the patient’s problem.
! Solve population genetics problems, including the calculation
of allele frequencies.
! Apply basic pharmacokinetic principles to estimate drug
concentrations in the patient at any time.
! Determine pain level reported by patient using Analog Pain
Scale.
Creativity Creating/refining/ ! Create a care map for the treatment of a diabetic patient.
inventing new ideas, ! Write a journal article describing your research project.
products, and ! Construct a theory about how people learn.
perspectives ! Adapt x protocol to accommodate people with disabilities.

©Teacher & Educational Development, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2005 3
 Category Dimension Definition Example Objectives
! Design a research proposal that meets HRRC’s criteria.
Application Managing Coordinating and ! Develop a strategic plan for x.
(continued) Complex sequencing multiple tasks ! Prioritize treatment based on life-threatening potential of
Projects in a single project/case multiple traumatic injuries.
and/or multiple projects/ ! Conduct a research experiment to test the x.
cases ! Manage treatment activities of your health care team.
! Delegate patient care responsibilities appropriately to HO1s.
Performance Communicating and ! Perform a physical exam per established procedure.
Skills performing psycho-motor ! Conduct a motivational interview per established procedure.
activities ! Use appropriate instruments to perform x procedure.
! Demonstrate the appropriate use of x.
Integration Interdiscipli- Connecting different ! Relate the patient’s symptoms to potential side effects of the
nary Learning ideas, disciplines, medicine she is taking.
perspectives, contexts ! Concept map the various elements involved in x.
! Explain how x affects the major organs of the body.
! Synthesize current literature & implications for treatment of x.
Human Interpersonal Establishing effective ! Greet and show interest in knowing the patient as a person.
Dimension Relationships working relationships with ! Show care and concern verbally and nonverbally.
supervisors, peers, ! Demonstrate empathy through reflection and nonverbal cues.
patients, and others ! Offer statements of support.
Self- Creating and taking ! See yourself as a healthcare professional.
Authorship responsibility for one’s ! Feel confident about your ability to successfully x.
own life ! Take responsibility for your mistakes and for correcting them.
Leadership Being an effective leader ! Acquire input for decisions from those you lead.
! Make, explain, and take responsibility for difficult decisions.
! Act on results and feedback from others to improve future
outcomes.
! Advocate for quality patient care and assist patients in
dealing with system complexities.
! Apply skills for effectively resolving conflict.
! Serve as a role model.
Ethics, Developing character and ! Describe the legal, social, and ethical issues raised by the
Character living by ethical principles power of genetic technology and our increased understanding
Building of human genetic disease and variation.
! Comply with hospital regulations for x.
! Protect patients’ privacy.
! Respect patient choices, values, and need for confidentiality.
Multicultural Becoming culturally ! Be aware of your own biases related to the care and
Education sensitive in one’s treatment of people who are different from you.
interactions with others ! Elicit patient’s beliefs, concerns and expectations about
treatment.
! Motivate patient compliance by developing culturally-sensitive
treatment options and follow-up.
! As appropriate, include patient-identified non-traditional healers.
Working as a Knowing how to ! Collaborate with a multidisciplinary team to provide the best
Member of a contribute to a team patient care for a stroke patient.
Team ! Share information & understanding with other team members.
! Give appropriate & constructive feedback to team members.
! Receive and act on feedback from other team members.
! Apply strategies for optimal consultation and collaboration.
! Involve interpreters appropriately in patient care.
Citizenship Being a responsible ! Describe issues of access and barriers to health care.
citizen of one’s ! Balance patient care and comfort with research imperatives.
profession, local ! Design community-based research that responds to important
community, nation state, cultural and international issues.
and other political entity ! Describe the demographics, socio-cultural beliefs & practices
that impact the health of your community.

©Teacher & Educational Development, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2005 4
 Category Dimension Definition Example Objectives
Human Environment- Having ethical principles ! Comply with ethical principles for use of animals in medical
Dimension al Ethics in relation to the research.
(continued) nonhuman world ! Dispose of biohazardous materials in appropriate
receptacles.
Caring Wanting to Wanting to master ! Commit to professional excellence and personal well-being.
be a good material, achieve high ! Develop metacognitive habit of identifying gaps and working
learner standards to fill them.
! Review outcomes and identify strategies for improvement.
Becoming Developing a keen ! Revitalize your interest in teaching.
excited about interest ! Identify areas of personal interest in daily activities for further
a particular study.
activity or ! Share enthusiasm for your interests with others.
subject
Developing a For example, deciding to ! Commit to taking care of yourself through proper diet and
commitment take care of one’s health exercise.
to live right and well-being, to live by ! Take time to stay abreast of relevant scientific advances.
a certain code ! Identify ways you are able to help others fulfill their
educational and other needs.
Learning How to be a Engaging in self- ! Identify and acknowledge your own limitations in performing x
How to better learner regulated learning or ! Identify steps for preparing yourself to deliver bad news.
Learn deep learning ! Recognize when more information is needed and seek help
and resources.
! Value and develop the skills of life-long learning.
How to How to engage in the ! Identify and access resources useful for obtaining information
inquire and scientific method, regarding human and medical genetics.
construct historical method, and/or ! Develop & prioritize hypotheses relating to patient’s problem.
knowledge other forms of inquiry ! Research questions related to evidence-based medicine.
! Describe and apply the fundamental scientific principles
necessary for the practice of medicine.
How to Developing a learning ! Reflect on your performance on x and develop an action plan
pursue self- agenda and plan, for continued growth and development.
directed or becoming an intentional ! Identify factors (such as your upbringing, culture, life
intentional learner, becoming skilled experience, stage of professional development, values, etc.)
learning in autodidaxy, being a that might make interactions with some patients challenging.
reflective practioner ! Use evidence-based medicine to guide self-education.

Table 3: Teaching/Learning Strategies Best Suited for Each Dimension of Learning

Desired Dimension Suggested Teaching/Learning Strategies
Foundational Knowledge Presentation, lecture, question-and-answer, large and small group discussion, development of
(understanding, remembering) learning issues, independent study, review session, teaching others, game, web-based instruction
Application (critical & Hands-on procedure, lab, live or video demonstration, simulation, case study, role-play, action plan,
practical thinking, creativity, teaching others, question-and-answer, brainstorming, problem-solving, trouble-shooting, journal
managing projects, club, developing research questions, theory and model building, project, critical review, direct
performance skills) patient contact, precepting, guided practice with feedback
Integration (connecting ideas, What if…, compare and contrast, concept mapping, cross-disciplinary teams, cross-disciplinary
disciplines, people, realms) cases, multiple examples within & across contexts, theory & model building, integrated curriculum
Human Dimension Case study, simulated patients, patient presentations, working in diverse teams, authentic project,
(leadership, ethics, teamwork; group project, direct patient contact, assigned leadership role, debate, journal club (e.g., using ethics
social, cultural, political, articles)
environmental implications)
Caring (wanting to succeed, Authentic project, role modeling, self-selection activity, debate, reflective writing, positive
developing a keen interest, reinforcement, learning prescription
making a commitment)
Learning to Learn (becoming Self-assessment, self- and peer-feedback, teaching others, reflective writing, formative assessment,
a better learner, inquiring & self-awareness exercise/inventory
constructing knowledge, being
self-directed)

©Teacher & Educational Development, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2005 5
 ATTACHMENT B
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY (Bloom, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Handbook, 1956)
Table 1: Example Action Verbs for Each Level of Learning
Category Example Action Verbs
Knowledge Associate Describe Indicate Recognize Show
(Recall and Compare Differentiate List Repeat State
Understanding) Contrast Distinguish Name Restate Summarize
Define Identify Paraphrase Review Tell
Application Calculate Estimate Measure Record Trace
Demonstrate Give example Operate Set up Use
Draw Illustrate Perform Sketch
Employ Locate Prescribe Solve
Problem-Solving Advocate Conclude Decide Formulate Propose
(Analyzing, Analyze Construct Defend Infer Rank
Synthesizing, Assess Create Derive Judge Recommend
Evaluating) Challenge Critique Design Organize Select
Compose Debate Evaluate Plan Suggest

Table 2: Levels of Thinking/Learning

Category Dimension Definition Example Objectives
Knowledge Recalling Rote recall: Know common ! Name the major bones of the leg.
terms, specific facts, methods, ! List five causes of joint pain.
procedures,concepts, principles ! Define “deep fascia.”
Compre- Interpolation or interpretation: ! Explain the autoimmune mechanism.
hending Understand, estimate future ! State the present problem in your own words.
implied consequences, justify ! Describe the process of differential diagnosis.
methods and procedures ! Given x symptoms, compare & contrast y & z approaches to treatment.
! Provide example of appropriate use of x treatment.
Application Applying Using a concept in a new ! Use chart to calculate appropriate dosage for a 45-pound child.
context: Apply theory, solve ! Apply genetics concept to determine potential outcomes in a pregnant woman
problems, construct graphs, with x disease.
demonstrate procedure ! Perform a physical exam according to established procedure.
Problem- Analyzing Breaking something down and ! Diagram the mechanism leading to shortness of breath in interstitial lung
Solving understanding its structure, the disease.
relationship between parts, the ! Determine which of the patient’s symptoms can be explained by the primary
organizational principles: diagnosis.
Recognize unstated ! Select lab tests which should be done based on patient symptoms, history, and
assumptions and logical physical exam.
fallacies, distinguish between ! Relate the patient’s symptoms to side effects of the medicine she is taking.
facts & inferences, determine ! Distinguish between findings which are and are not significant to the
relevance presenting problem.
Synthesizing Building a structure/pattern ! Rank order hypotheses concerning the cause of the patient’s symptoms.
from diverse elements: Write ! Diagnose the patient’s problem.
well-organized essay, propose ! Construct a flow chart which ties together all elements of patient’s findings.
research question, develop plan ! Create a care map for the treatment of a diabetic patient.
for solving a problem, formu- ! Write an article describing a research project.
late a classification scheme
Evaluating Judging the value of ideas, ! Select the most effective treatment from an array of options.
works, solutions, materials: ! Select the most qualified candidate for a specified position.
Judge logical consistency, ! Evaluate the reliability and validity of research claims/statistics.
adequacy of data in support of ! Assess peers’ and your own SOAP notes based on established criteria.
conclusions, value of work by ! Critique research proposal and provide suggestions for improvement.
internal & external standards

Table 3: Teaching/Learning Strategies Best Suited for Each Level of Learning

Desired Dimension Suggested Presentational Strategies
Knowing and Presentation, lecture, question-and-answer, small group discussion, development of learning issues, self-awareness
comprehending exercises/tests, review sessions, teaching others, independent study, web-based instruction
Applying Hands-on, lab, demonstration, case study, live or video demonstration, simulation, role-playing, action plan, teaching
others, direct patient contact, guided practice with feedback, precepting, role-modeling
Analyzing Question-and-answer, brainstorming, case study, problem-solving, trouble-shooting, role-playing, article discussion
Synthesizing Case study, writing, concept mapping, theory and model building, teaching others, developing research questions, direct
patient contact
Evaluating Case study, critical review, self and group assessment/reflection, reflective writing, direct patient contact

©Teacher & Educational Development, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2005 6