Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

9
Z estforProgressZ P
eal of artnership

Science Grad9
Quarter 4 - Module 7
Heat, Work and Energy

NameofLearner:

Grade&Section:
Name of School:
 Module
Heat, Work, and Energy
7

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the concepts behind how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines work
(S9FE-IVg-45). The scope of this module permits the use of multiple varied learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students follows the standard
sequence of the course.
After going through this module, you will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine.
2. Verify that machines are not 100% efficient.
3. Solve problems about work, heat, and energy.

What’s In
Hello learners! As you can remember, in grade 7, you learned that heat is related to
temperature. Heat transfers may change one's temperature or one's phase. This difference in
temperature, either a decrease or an increase, means an energy transfer in the form of heat.
This time you will be learning how heat can be turned into work, and doing work
releases heat. This lesson discusses the spontaneous process where heat flows from an
object of lower temperature. Furthermore, how heat engines function, car's engine specifically
was given emphasis. It tackled how a heat pump operates. An Efficiency of heat engines will
discuss through some worded problems.
And its effects on the environment. Thermal pollution will explain the rise in
temperature in a body of water that is detrimental to aquatic animals and caused by heated
industrial water wastes. To be aware of the disadvantages of less efficient heat engines, we
could design ways and means to lessen its effects.
 What’s New
10
Activity 1: Start the Engine

Objective:
After doing the activity, the learners should discuss the four-cycle stroke of a gasoline
engine.

Materials:
Illustration of four-cycle stroke

Procedure:
1. Study the illustration as presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The four-cycle- a stroke of a gasoline engine

2. Fill in the table.

Cycle stroke Movement of the What happened to

piston a mixture of gases?
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

Guide Questions:
1. What happened to the gas if it heated inside the engine's cylinder?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. What will happen to the piston and the gases during compression stroke?
 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. What is the purpose of the spark plug? What is its effect on the mixture's
temperature?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. What will happen to the piston and the gases during power stroke?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. What will happen to the piston and the mixture of gases in the exhaust stroke?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

6.What do you think about the effect of this exhaust gas on the environment?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

7.Can we consider the heat engine 100% efficient? Why? Why not?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

8. As a student, how can you help minimize the effects of thermal pollution?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

What is it
Heat Engines

Work easily transformed into heat. It is very evident when doing work. All the work we
do in overcoming friction can completely change to heat. For example, eating (which is a
method of work due to tearing and chewing food particles) can be ultimately convert into heat
(which is the product of mechanical and chemical) combustion and absorption of nutrients that
occurred in the digestive system). Reversing the process is impossible such as changing heat
entirely into work. To make it possible, we have to convert some heat to mechanical work. It
would happen only by using heat engines. A heat engine is an instrument that changes thermal
energy into mechanical work. It is composed of a gas confined by a piston in a chamber. If the
gas is heated, it expands, making the piston move. A practical engine operated through cycles:
the piston is to move back and forth. If the gas is heated, the piston moves up. It moves
downward when it is cooled. A series of heating and cooling will move up and down.
 An essential component of a heat engine, then, is that two temperatures are involved.
At one cycle, the system is heat. At another, it is cool.

Three things happen in a full cycle of a heat engine:

1. Heat is added. It is an input heat (QH) that is
relatively high.
2. Another energy from that input heat uses to do
work (W).
3. The rest of the heat remove at a relatively cold
temperature.

In our previous activity, a gasoline engine presents

the four cycle-stroke.

In the intake
stroke, the inlet valve
opens, the piston
moves down as the
fuel-air mixture fills in
the cylinder.

Figure 2. Intake Stroke

In compression stroke, the piston moves up and

compresses the mixture adiabatically since no heat
transfer happens.

Figure 3. Compression Stroke

 The spark plug ignites the mixture making its
temperature high. The adiabatic process tends to push
the piston down. Thus it is called power stroke.

In exhaust
stroke, the burned
gases are push out of
the exhaust valve.
The intake valve once
again opens, and the
cycle repeats.

Figure 4. Power Stroke

Thermal Efficiency
Figure 5. Exhaust Stroke

How do a machine operates is the ratio of the

useful work done to the heat provided is the thermal efficiency. Apply the Conservation of
Energy
QH=W+QC

An essential tool for calculating a heat engine is its efficiency: how much of the input
energy ends up doing useful work? Its efficiency is calculated as a fraction (although it started
as a percentage).

Work done W
Efficiency = =
Input heat QH

Work is the input heat minus the exhaust heat, so

Efficiency = QH – QC = 1 - QC
QH QH
 Efficiency = 1 - TC
TH
where
QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
QH = energy added by heat/ energy in the hot reservoir
TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
TH = absolute temperature in a hot reservoir

Note: The temperatures are the absolute temperatures on the Kelvin scale.
Studying our equation, we can only have a100% efficiency if there is no energy
transferred away from the engine by heat. In reality, there is no 100% efficient engine. There
will be other losses (to friction, for example) that will reduce the efficiency.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the gasoline engine’s efficiency that receives 192.75 J of energy from
combustion and loses 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
Given: QC = 125.25 J QH = 192.75 J
Find: Efficiency=? (unknown)
Solution:

Efficiency = QH – QC = 1 - QC
QH QH

Efficiency = 1 - 125.25 J
192.75 J

Efficiency= 0.36 or 36%

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600 K. The engine used a part of this
thermal energy for work. Exhausts the rest to a condenser at 350 K. What is the maximum
efficiency of this steam engine?
Given: TC = 350 K TH = 600 K
Find: Efficiency =? (unknown)
Solution:

Efficiency = 1 - TC
TH

Efficiency = 1 - 350 K
600 K
 Efficiency = 0.4167 or 41.67%

What’s More 18

You have learned from the previous discussion about Heat and Thermal Efficiency. To
further understand the processes do the following activities:
Activity 2: Fill Me In
Objective:
The learners should be able to verify that machines are not 100% efficient.
Material:
Calculator
Procedure:
1. Study the table below.
2. Using the equation learned and with the aid of the calculator, solve for the
unknown quantity.
3. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the computation to show the
relationship between thermal efficiency, the temperature in a hot reservoir, and
the temperature in a cold pool.

Temperature/energy Temperature/energy Thermal efficiency

in cold reservoir in hot reservoir
250K 500K
230K 700K
287.5K 575K
650J 1054J
259J 677J
300C 880C
560C 920C
470C 560C
770C 930C
650C 850C
Guide Question:
1. What are the factors of thermal efficiency? How does each element affect
thermal efficiency?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

10
What I Have Learned
Activity 3: Fill in the Blank
Directions: Provide the correct word in the blank. Choose your answer from the word bank
below.

WORD BANK
Internal energy Spontaneous Cycles Heat
Joule Thermodynamic Intake stroke Diabatic
Heat pump Thermal efficiency

1. The change in the __________ of a system is equal to the difference between taken in
and work.
2. _______ is the unit to express internal energy.
3. A process without gain or lose of heat is called _____________.
4. Heat usually flows from higher temperature to lower temperature, which is_______
process.
5. The second law of ________________ states that heat will never of itself flow from a
cold temperature to a hot weather.
6. A _______ is a device that reverses the direction of the heat flow.
7. A practical engine is operates through ______.
8. In the ___________the inlet valve opens, the piston moves down as the fuel-air mixture
fills in the cylinder.
9. How will a machine operates as the ratio of the useful work done to the heat provided is
called __________.
10.______ is the energy transferred from one body to another as a result of atemperature
difference.
 What I Can Do
20

Activity 4: My Heat Problem

Show the complete process of computation to obtain a complete solution. Write your
answer on the separate sheet.

1. A heat engine absorbs 4500J of heat energy from a hot reservoir and discards
2500J into the environment. (10 pts)
a. How much work performed by this heat engine?
b. Calculate the thermal efficiency of this engine.

2. Calculate the change in the system’s internal energy if the system absorbs 200J
of heat energy and 300J of work done on it?(5 pts)

3. A 120J of energy is added to a system that goes 40J or of external work. By how
much is the thermal energy of the system raised? (5 pts)

15

Assessment
TEST I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. An ideal gas was compress without allowing any heat to flow into or out. What will happen
to the temperature in this process?

A. The temperature increases since no heat flows during the process.

 B. The temperature decreases since heat flows during the process.
C. The temperature remains the same since heat flows in and of the process.
D. The temperature is not determined since, during the process, the heat is absorbed.

2. It is possible to change the temperature in a glass of water by stirring the water, even though
the glass insulated from its surroundings?
A. No, stirring will not affect the temperature of the water.
B. No, insulation prevents the change of temperature of the water.
C. Yes, stirring the water increases its internal energy causing the increase of its
temperature
D. Yes, stirring the water decreases its internal energy, causing the decrease in
temperature.

3. How does water from the deep wells move upward?

A. It occurs naturally
B. It uses a water heat pump.
C. It is a spontaneous process.
D. It flows from higher temperatures to a cooler place temperature.

4. How can an air conditioning unit function as a heater during cold days cooler during hot
days?
I. Cools inside of the house and heats the outside.
II. It takes heat from the air outside to warm the inside.
A. I only C. I and II only
B. II only D. None of them

5. What is the correct sequence of four- cycle A stroke of a gasoline engine?

I. Intake III. Exhaust
II. Power IV. Compression
A. I, II, III, IV C. II, III, IV,I
B. I, IV, II, III D. I, III, IV, II

6. Mang Fermin, a carpenter, is planning a piece of wood with his planar. After a few minutes,
he observed that it is hot. Is there any evidence of heat transfer?
A. There is no evidence.
B. Yes, hotness means there is an increase in the temperature.
C. Yes, hotness means there is a decrease in the temperature.
D. No, hotness is not related to a change in temperature.

7. Given the following mechanism, which best describes the correct sequence of the
refrigerator cycle?
I. Compression III. Expansion
II. Condensation IV. Evaporation
A.I, II, III, IV C. III, IV, I, II
B.II, III, IV, I D.IV, III, I, II

8. Why is the heat engine not 100% efficient?

A. Because all mixture of gases is to convert into work.
B. Because the engine needs to be cooled down.
C. All of the gases are to be used up by the engine.
D. Some of the gases taken up in the piston.

9. The function of heat engine is to ________.

A. It converts chemical energy into mechanical energy.
 B. It converts thermal energy to mechanical energy.
C. It converts mechanical energy to chemical energy.
D. It converts thermal into chemical energy.

10. What causes thermal pollution?

A. Exhaust of different vehicles,
B. The exhaust of other industrial engines,
C. Degradation of water
D. All of the above

TEST II. Problem Solving. Answer as directed and show your complete solution.

11 – 15. A light bulb consumes 150 J of electrical energy per second but only emits 15 J of
light energy per second. Calculate the efficiency of the bulb.

20
Additional Activities
Activity: Engine Matters

Direction: Create a slogan which deals with maintaining good engine condition to minimize
air pollutants from moving vehicles. Write your output in a long bond paper. (20 pts)
Answer Key- Gr9Q4W7 Science
 References
Books:
Learners Module Science 9, page 303- 319

TG Science 9, page 22208-215

Electronic Resources:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-diesel-engine-cycle_fig4_260878177
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/dry+leaves
https://extension.umd.edu/poultry/small-flock-production/cracking-open-egg
https://www.toppr.com/guides/evs/mangoes-round-the-year/food-spoilage/
https://learn.compactappliance.com/ice-production-rates/
https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/waterfall?phrase=waterfall&sort=mostpopular
https://jsheld.com/university/articles/hvac-refrigeration-what-to-look-for-where
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/35435-principles-of-the-vapor-compression-
refrigeration-system/
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/383298618265062291/
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/compression-stroke.html
https://learn.compactappliance.com/ice-production-rates
https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/products/heat-pumps/

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