The Aspiring PM Guide
The Aspiring PM Guide
LinkedIn | Medium
Getting an Interview 2
Finding PM Jobs 2
Applying to PM Jobs 3
Resume 3
Skill Set 4
Referrals & Coffee Chats 5
Getting an Interview
Finding PM Jobs
The majority of APM roles are posted in August and September. Because of the high demand
for PM roles, many job applications are only open for 1-4 weeks. It’s important to be aware that
deadlines can be as early as August (i.e Uber APM, Lyft APM, Coinbase APM). Facebook’s
RPM program closed as of July 30.
For finding PM roles, websites to continuously check are LinkedIn, your school’s job posting
website, and Canvas (formerly Jumpstart). Additionally, there are a handful of other sites that
conveniently collate several open roles. Check them out below.
Resources
● https://apmlist.com/ collates all of the major APM/PM roles along with the number of
spots available at each company.
● https://alanz.me/apm also has an updated list of available PM internships and new grad
roles.
○ It is worthwhile to look through the list, decide which companies interest you, and
subscribe to their emails (usually found on their University page) or check their
careers website periodically for updates
● https://www.linkedin.com/ Set notifications for when jobs titled “product manager”,
“associate product manager” are posted and apply on their website, not through
LinkedIn.
● https://www.canvas.com/ A forum to discuss tech jobs and internships, many jobs, and
info sessions are posted here. This is also a good way to find out if people have received
phone screens/first-round interviews yet for certain roles.
● Hackathons, Career Fairs, Conferences Attending events like these are a great way to
discover new companies, meet recruiters, and interview for roles during the event.
Participating in hackathons is also looked favorably upon by recruiters and a fun way to
gain some tech experience.
○ Grace Hopper
○ Tapia
○ Rewriting the Code
○ PennApps
○ HackMIT
○ TreeHacks
○ CalHacks
○ MHacks
Applying to PM Jobs
Resume
Have your resume reviewed by several people, whether they be friends, family, or people in
your school’s career center. Even better, have your resume reviewed by people who are product
managers or recruiters for technology roles. Your resume should not have typos and it should
highlight your most relevant and impressive experiences.
One common mistake people make is neglecting to quantify their accomplishments. Use metrics
to demonstrate the impact you had in your role, i.e “grew club membership by 60%”, “reduced
crashes by 10%”. Quantifying can be difficult, so think creatively or even ask your previous
managers for advice on how to describe the work you did in internships.
Skills and Experience: For PM roles, closely read the job description and make sure your
resume touches on those preferences or requirements. Some preferred skills, experience, or
qualities may include:
General Skills
- Stakeholder Management (working to help people with different backgrounds and goals
come to compromise)
- Project Management
- Public Speaking
- Team Leadership
Qualities
- “Scrappiness”
- Analytical
- Creative
- Strategic
- Collaborative
Experience
- Entrepreneurship
- Product Design
- Software Engineering
- Analytics
- Business Strategy
- Marketing
- User Research/Psychology
Skill Set
If you have experience in the aforementioned areas, definitely include them in your resume. If
you don’t, there are short-term ways to demonstrate interest and basic proficiency in these
areas.
Non-Technical
● Write an article on a topic of your choice. Post it to LinkedIn and/or Medium. Especially
impactful articles often bring a new perspective to an important topic, clearly explain a
complex idea, or can curate resources on a specific area
● Take a Coursera course on a related PM topic you are less familiar with, such as design,
psychology, marketing, project management, etc.
○ Human-Centered Design
○ Digital Product Management
○ Agile with Atlassian Jira
● Lead a project for an organization you’re in (i.e a website redesign, planning an event) or
start a new organization on campus!
● Do case studies and post them on a personal website or Medium. Examples could be
running through your process to better monetize Spotify or your proposal for a new
feature on Venmo to convert more users to Venmo debit cardholders. Here are a couple
of example mini-projects from Bin Pande, an incoming APM at Coinbase:
○ Campus Project for Twitter
○ Facebook Mini-Project
● Start answering questions on Quora and link your Quora to your website
● Do some design work for an idea you have (could be designing running clothing, an app,
etc.). You can use Sketch, or Figma, both fairly easy-to-learn design tools. Post it
somewhere and explain your thought process.
Technical
● Design and build your website. There are a ton of great personal websites out there to
get inspiration from! This is a win-win: you can also share it with potential employers
● Build an ML model to solve a problem that you are interested in. If you want to have the
best bracket in your March Madness Tournament, you can build a model to help predict
upsets!
● Code a simple game or app and post it on GitHub or your website.
Take advantage of referrals if you can! Companies receive thousands of applications for APM
roles and getting a referral means your application is looked at earlier, a huge advantage.*
While there are plenty of examples of applicants with referrals failing to receive an interview,
they can’t hurt, and we feel that are especially important for programs like Google and Lyft.
Use LinkedIn to see what connections you may have to employees at specific companies, and
then reach out to them for a quick chat about their experience. Make sure to ask questions that
show you have done your research - these should be open-ended. Find time to discuss your
interests and experiences and demonstrate that you are a great candidate for the company. This
type of conversation is key. A Coinbase recruiter recently shared with us that the quality of a
referral (how well the employee knows you and can vouch for your background) is key! Simply
sharing that you two went to the same school doesn’t hold much weight.
After the call, you can ask for a referral or they may even offer (employees usually receive
compensation for referrals who become full-time hires). It helps to find people with whom you
have mutual connections or share commonalities, such as the same college or high school.
*Facebook stopped accepting referrals for their RPM program this year to provide a more even
playing field for all applicants.
APM Interview Processes
This past Fall, I accepted an opportunity to join Coinbase’s first cohort of APMs. I came into the
interview process with no background in crypto or fintech, but was excited by what I’d read
about the company and program, and decided to apply! Here’s a breakdown of the interview
process, and some quick tips to help navigate it.
After a few behavioral questions about my prior experiences, we talked about the high-level
structure and goals of the newly formed APM program. The interviewer wrapped up by asking
me to explain something I’d been learning about for the last month or so, definitely looking to
highlight the Continuous Learning value that Coinbase spotlights in the workplace.
Shortly after the interview, I was informed that I’d moved on to the next round and was sent
some prep materials and example questions.
The next round was made up of two half-hour sessions, each dedicated to one of two types of
PM questions:
Product Vision: Also known as Product Design questions, these test a candidate’s ability to think
methodically through a product’s gaps and goals, and look for the candidate to demonstrate
structured thinking and a strong sense of user empathy. You’ve probably come across these
questions before — popular ones include being asked to design a product, improve a product,
or discuss your favorite product.
At the end of the interview, the interviewer asked what the product could look like in 30 years at
its absolute peak, and encouraged me to think big. It was a really interesting question that
forced me to think creatively about all of the facets of life this technology could expand to
inhabit.
Product Execution
In my second interview, after some quick intros, I was given a scenario in which I was a PM at
Instagram. In this scenario, usage metrics for Stories were down, and I was asked to figure out
the cause and resolve the issue.
This interview was more conversational than the previous one. I was constantly asking my
interviewer questions to clarify different aspects of the problem, establish the right frame, and
whittle down potential causes. With the insights I got, I was able to single out a few specific
actions that had led to the drop in usage. We spent the rest of our time discussing the
interviewer’s role and experience at Coinbase, which was informative for me.
These interviews took place on a Thursday. The following Monday, I got an update that I’d
moved onto the final round of interviews, scheduled for later that week.
A few days before the interviews, I had a prep call with my recruiter, where we walked through
the types of questions that would be asked again and advice to best prepare.
Product Vision
This interview started with a deep dive into my prior experiences. My interviewer asked me to
flesh out my role in prior projects and to talk about the responsibilities and ownership I took on.
After that, I was asked another product vision question, this time asking how I would improve
UberEats.
Once again, I used the CIRCLES framework to structure my answer, asking clarifying questions
and then digging into potential user personas. I spent most of the interview fleshing out these
personas — I felt like the goals and needs of the user were the most important aspect of the
problem, and that my interviewer was pushing me to dig deeper. By the time we moved on to
actual improvement ideas, we were almost out of time!
It’s worth noting here that although you may expect to form a fully fleshed-out proposal in
response to an interview question, you should be prepared to follow the interviewer’s lead and
dive deeper into some of the more important decisions along the way.
Product Execution
This was my last interview in the process, and again, it kicked off with questions about my
previous experiences and their relevance to the PM role at Coinbase. Then we moved into our
execution question — I was asked to determine the key success metric for the Venmo debit
card.
This was a tricky one for me as I didn’t know anything about the Venmo debit card, and didn’t
understand the business model right off the bat. To work around my lack of knowledge, I asked
a lot of clarifying questions and was able to flesh out a few key groups of users of the product
and understand how and why they used it. From there, I listed each group’s key interactions
with the product, and then sorted and prioritized the metrics that came from these interactions
based on what they told us about the product’s success.
After both of my interviews had wrapped up, I had one last sit-down with my recruiter just to go
over logistics. By this point, we had become well acquainted, and I was able to relax and talk
honestly with her about how I felt things had gone. The next day, I received a call with the news
that I’d been extended an offer! I was super excited and signed as soon as I got all of the
documents.
Think of the user, first and foremost. At the end of my first product vision interview, I asked
my interviewer for feedback. One of the points he made was that while he didn’t dock me for it,
he would have prioritized user-focused metrics (like engagement with certain features, or user
retention) instead of focusing on business goals like profitability. In my next vision interview,
when discussing UberEats, my interviewer was more excited to do a deep dive into user
motivations than to go through my actual ideas to improve the product. Coinbase prioritizes the
user experience above everything else, and it shows throughout the interview process — be
mindful of that in your responses.
Think big, but stay structured. You should showcase your ability to think creatively and swing
for the fences with your ideas — but the most important thing you can do is demonstrate that
you can think through any problem in a way that’s linear and well-structured. Your interviewer
will look for you to break down the problem into discrete steps, move through them one by one,
and communicate clearly and constantly along the way. Once you understand the question, lay
out a framework for yourself to structure your thinking, and refer to it as you move through each
step.
Stay calm, and ask questions. Just like in any interview, you might hit roadblocks or get
questions that you struggle to break down into small pieces. That’s okay! Ask clarifying
questions to get your bearings, take time to yourself to jot down or think out your next steps, and
breathe — you got this!
Microsoft New Grad PM Interview Experience by Aveneel
Waadhwa
I received an offer from Microsoft for their New Grad PM class last November, so I figured that
I’d share my interview experience to help other people in the process since many people have
DMed me on LinkedIn for interview advice.
The first round was a mix of behavioral and technical questions. The interview was pretty
relaxed, it was surprisingly with a Software Engineer and not a PM, but you can have your first
round with either of those, so YMMV. He asked me a couple of questions regarding my resume
and past experiences, and then asked a coding question, specifically “How do you convert
Excel column names into numbers?” The first round screen usually revolves around the
interviewee’s resume so I was surprised to get a coding question, but I was able to answer it
convincingly.
A week after my first round, I got an email inviting me for the virtual second and final round
interview that took place two weeks later.
The final round interview was a virtual interview on Microsoft Teams with check-in at 7:20 AM
Pacific Time (!!!) and my interviews were held from 8 AM to 11:45 AM. I missed a great
opportunity to visit the Microsoft campus in person in Redmond, Washington due to the
pandemic, but I had a great experience talking to all my interviewers, the recruiters, and seeing
other interviewees at the event.
My first interview in the final round was with a PM lead who is now going to be my future
manager (!!!), and both of us instantly hit it off as we had common interests such as the same
music taste and both of us support Manchester United. He helped me calm my nerves and we
had a great initial chat since it was very early in the morning for both of us, and then he followed
up with some behavioral and product questions.
The behavioral questions were very insightful and forced me to reflect on previous internship
and project experiences. The product questions were similar to the usual favorites such as
“What is your favorite product, and how would you improve it?” I answered the product
questions by talking about Spotify and how I could improve it by implementing more social
features into the platform as I listed out my ideas, cut them through prioritization, and then finally
summarized them.
My third interview started similarly to the first two interviews, with introductions and behavioral
questions to help me ease into the interview. The interviewer then asked me one product design
question and then one scenario-based question. The product design question asked me to
create a COVID tracing app specifically for buses (so that we only focus on a narrow target
audience to simplify things). I answered the question with the CIRCLES framework and laid out
my thought process step-by-step by identifying the customers (bus passengers and their
different personas, and bus drivers) and their needs, and ending with a list of features that were
the most important for the MVP.
P.S: CIRCLES = Comprehend the situation; identify the customer; report the customer’s needs;
cut, through prioritization; list solutions; evaluate tradeoffs, and summarize your
recommendation.
The fourth and final interview is called an as-appropriate interview and only given to the
interviewee if 2 of the first 3 interviewers liked the candidate. The final interview is always with a
senior member of the team, and mine was with a Principal PM who had worked at Microsoft for
25 years. The final interviewer also tends to have veto power over your candidacy, so I
approached the final interview as a boss battle at the end of a lengthy video game.
The interviewer asked me a few behavioral questions based on my past experiences, and then
we spent the remainder of the interview going through a product design question where I had to
design an internal tool to monitor the supply chain of products inside Microsoft. Again, I utilized
the CIRCLES framework and laid out the ideas that I had regarding how the product should
look, and the interviewer seemed to like my response. At the end of the interview, I asked the
interviewer a few insightful questions to pick his brain about his time at Microsoft and the
products he worked on.
Final Thoughts
After my final round of interviews, I emailed the recruiters and thanked them for helping me
throughout the process as I patiently waited for them to reach out to me. I finally heard back 9
days later with the amazing news that the team had decided to extend an offer to me. I was also
provided the opportunity to talk to my future manager who fully convinced me to join the team
and I signed my offer a few days later.
I am looking forward to finally visiting the Microsoft campus in person when I move to Seattle
later this year
The resources I used to prepare for the interview process consisted of the books Cracking the
PM Interview, Decode and Conquer, and the interview preparation platform Exponent and their
YouTube channel. Additionally, mock interviews helped me a lot to get honest feedback and
improve my interviewing skills. I also utilized Glassdoor, and articles such as this one to
understand the interview process at Microsoft. These different resources helped me understand
different approaches and frameworks for PM interviews and eventually helped me land a dream
role.
Microsoft’s mission is to empower people around the world and hence, they look for product
managers who can empathize with the customer and identify their needs before jumping to a
solution. This mission is one of the biggest reasons why I decided to join Microsoft as I want to
learn how to develop products for people around the world, who have various needs and use
cases. Microsoft also invented the product manager role, so I couldn’t think of a better place to
start my product management career than the place that started it all.
I cannot wait to get started at Microsoft and work on products that millions of people will use!
Zynga's RPM Interview Process by Ishita Kumar
Hi, my name is Ishita, and this year I received an offer to join Zynga’s RPM class. Since I know
how hard PM recruiting can be, I wanted to use this article to demystify a part of the process.
Here’s a little more about my personal experience, and how I navigated recruiting with Zynga.
Applying to Zynga
My interview process with Zynga began with applying (obviously). I applied a little late to the
program, but with a referral. I know some people who applied early and moved to the first round.
In general, I highly recommend applying with a referral if possible - it can only help your
application. I heard back from the recruiter for the position that I was invited to do a first-round
phone screen a month after I submitted my application.
My phone screen was with a lead product manager at Zynga. After some quick intros, we dove
into a couple of behavioral and a few product sense questions. For this round of interviews, the
product in question was a social media app, so you didn’t need to be a gaming expert to get
through the product questions. However, Zynga is still looking for people who are interested in
mobile gaming, even at this round, so make sure you can communicate your interest and
experience with gaming.
Two weeks after my phone screen, I was invited to complete Zynga’s take-home assignment,
the next stage of the interview process. We were given a week to complete it. The assignment
consisted of four questions covering a variety of topics, including the key design process of
free-to-play mobile games, the mechanisms mobile games use to successfully scale and
monetize, and the analysis and modeling of hypothetical business scenarios. I felt most of my
success in this round of the process was due to the amount of time I spent playing Zynga
games and researching the mobile free-to-play industry.
I was notified that I would progress to the final round a week after the take-home assignment
was due, but because of the holiday season, our final round took place 3 weeks after this
update.
My final round with Zynga consisted of 4, 45-minute interviews and a 45-minute slot to present
my take-home assignment. This was spread out over two days - with my 4 interviews taking
place on my first day of interviews, and my presentation taking place on the second day.
Day one consisted of the following interviews: design, analytics, fit, and blend, with a 45-minute
lunch break in between my first and second rounds. All of these interviews were with different
product managers/leaders in the company.
The design round of my interview was pretty straightforward and was similar to a classic “design
x to achieve y goal” type of question. For this question, my interviewer based my question
around my favorite Zynga game (which they asked me about at the beginning of the interview). I
had done a good number of product design mock interviews before this round as part of general
recruiting preparation, so this question did not throw me off too much.
Analytics Round
The analytics round was much more up in the air. The questions were not in a format that I had
specifically practiced ahead of time. Zynga as a company is very metrics/data/analytics oriented,
so in this round, my interviewer focused on gauging my ability to define and understand metrics.
Essentially, what metrics would be useful for measuring different aspects of success in games,
and how to unpack certain numbers and trends when collecting data. Compared to the design
interview round, the analytics round of the interview was much more conversational and
consisted of a lot more bouncing ideas off the interviewer. Metrics and numbers are always
more complicated than they seem at the surface level, and my interviewer wanted to make sure
I could identify where data could potentially fail to tell a complete story and could understand
how to fill in the gaps if and when necessary.
An example question I got asked during this round was around a key gaming metric - average
revenue per daily active user (ARPDAU). Given that ARPDAU was down, and our number of
daily active users was stagnant, what could be some reasons behind this declining metric?
Because there are two components to ARPDAU, and we were holding one constant, it was easy
to identify the core issue was around revenue and lifetime value. From there, my interviewer
and I collaborated on how we would launch a feature to combat this issue and evaluated
hypothetical worst and best-case scenarios for the feature. When we “figured out” (aka decided)
that the proposed feature was not successful, my interviewer asked me what iterations of the
feature we could roll out to avoid common issues. Here, I leaned into what I knew about game
design and the monetization of free-to-play games.
In a question series like this, the thing that helped me stay on track with the answer was thinking
of the big picture. It’s easy to get lost in the nitty-gritty when it comes to analyzing a specific
metric, or evaluating success for a feature launch. Thinking of the bigger game at hand in these
scenarios, and understanding the demographic makeup of user groups (and the related
behaviors of these groups) was key in this round. I would not have been nearly as successful in
this round if I didn’t have a good understanding of the mobile free-to-play gaming industry, so
don’t undervalue industry research when preparing for interviews (especially the final round).
Fit Round
My fit interview consisted of behavioral questions but was still very much focused on product
management skills. I was asked about how I knew product management was the path I wanted
to pursue, and I was asked to share specific experiences of mine that helped me build the skills
to work with diverse teams with constantly evolving needs. This round of interviews was
relatively short (only a few questions), so I focused on talking about the depth of the
experiences I had versus the breadth.
Blend Round
The final interview I had on day 1 was a “blend” interview. This meant the questions I got were
really up to the interviewer. As a result, I got a unique mix of questions about how to understand
the target demographic of games I was not familiar with, and how to best measure and gauge
interest with these groups. Because these questions were more out of the box, this interview
had a little more back and forth with the interviewer than some of the other rounds.
On day 2 of the final round, I presented my take-home assignment to a panel of three product
managers. I did get some very detailed questions during my presentation, so knowing key
concepts about free-to-play mobile games and the Zynga game I conducted my case study on
was really important.
At the end of each interview round, I had 5-10 minutes to ask the interviewers questions. By the
end of the presentation of my take-home assignment, I had gotten the chance to learn a lot
about product teams at Zynga. One of my favorite things about the interview process with Zynga
was that I got a lot of feedback at every stage of the interview - including after my phone screen
and take-home assignment. Getting quality feedback like that was rare throughout my recruiting
experience, so definitely take advantage of it if you end up interviewing with them.
Overall, I enjoyed interviewing with Zynga. By the time I was in the pipeline for Zynga’s RPM
program, I had applied to and gotten rejected from a few other programs. Here are a few of my
main takeaways leading up to my Zynga interviews that I believe helped me be successful.
Know your story: A classic interview question I got was “tell me about yourself.” A lot of people
use this question as an opportunity to list off their past work experiences. I started to be
successful at interviews when I used this question as an opportunity to lean into my untraditional
background and explain why my path to PM made sense for me.
Know the industry and product well: A lot of people spend time leading up to their interview
practicing CIRCLES and generic product design questions. Though both of these skills are very
important, a great way to differentiate yourself in the interview is by having a clear interest in the
company, its product, and the relevant industry. In my experience with Zynga, that included
playing dozens of mobile games for hours on end, researching and learning about free-to-play
mobile games, and chatting with friends about industry trends.
Remember to be human: A lot of people (myself included for a while) think that interviews are
these high-pressure environments where you have to be perfect and in “impress” mode all the
time. While you want to leave a good impression on your interviewers, remember that the
person on the other side of the table (or zoom call) is also human! Some of the best moments I
have had in interviews were while talking about shared interests and laughing through
work-from-home mishaps.
Don’t be afraid to mess up: Good PMs can acknowledge their mistakes and change course
when necessary. I ended up doing this during my interview a couple of times - when I felt I was
going down the wrong path I paused, took a step back, and redirected as necessary. Previously,
I had interviewed with a company where I felt myself going down the wrong path with an answer
and tried to force it to make sense. I got rejected pretty soon after that round. Don’t force
yourself to be perfect when answering these questions, it doesn’t help anyone.
I am so thankful to be part of this year’s Zynga RPM class, and I hope my experience can help
others trying to break into PM! If you have any more questions about Zynga, I would
recommend checking this google doc written by some former Zynga RPMs. If you’re feeling lost
about how to even start product management recruiting, I wrote this article a couple of months
ago that might be helpful. Good luck to everyone on the PM job hunt!
Duolingo APM Interview Process by Osman Mansur
We reached out to Osman Mansur, a graduate of UC Berkeley and APM at Duolingo about his
interview experience. A few of the remaining articles are done in a similar interview style!
Osman also has contributed a great article on the Aspiring PM blog on the Art of Navigating
Tradeoffs, so be sure to check that out!
1. Do you feel that you did anything special to ensure a first-round interview at Duolingo
(referral, your background, connection to the product, etc.)?
Duolingo appreciates candidates who demonstrate personal interest in the product and mission.
The application features a section where you can explain why you’re interested in the company.
I described how the mission resonated with me both as someone who grew up in a multilingual
home and as someone deeply interested in the intersection of business and social impact.
2. What was your interview process like? (How many rounds, what type of questions, etc.).
The more specific the better here! This is what people are really curious to understand.
This is what my interview process for the APM Internship looked like in Fall 2019
1) Phone screen
2) Take-home assignment (write a spec for a new Duolingo feature)*
3) Video call presentation of take-home assignment*
4) Onsite with 5 portions (Strategy, Design, Product, Analytics, Behavioral)**
a) The Strategy round followed a case interview style with questions related to
market sizing, go-to-market strategy, etc.
b) The Design round involved wireframing a UX flow on a whiteboard, with
questions related to your design choices and thinking
c) The Product round was similar to the classic PM interview question format of
taking an app and working through how to improve it.
d) The Analytics round tested your data thinking skills by asking you to look at a set
of user metrics, interpreting results, and identifying product solutions
e) The Behavioral round was quite on par for the course; questions were about
topics like your experience collaborating with teams, overcoming challenges on
projects, etc.
3. Did Duolingo do anything in their interview process that stood out to you as unique, or
different from other companies?
As a very user-focused mobile company, I found that uniquely Duolingo cares a lot about two
things during the PM interview process: 1) user empathy and 2) metrics sense. Being able to
identify and prioritize the learner’s needs is a key trait for all Duolingo PMs. The company’s
product development process is also very oriented around A/B testing, so being comfortable
thinking about data and metrics is essential.
4. Anything else you’d like to add that would help aspiring PMs prepare and stand out in
the interview process!
I would recommend 1) using Duolingo regularly before and during the interview process and 2)
reading through some posts on the company blog. While there won’t be questions that
specifically test your knowledge about Duolingo, understanding the product and how people
think and make decisions at the company will help you get into the mindset of a Duolingo PM
during your interviews.
Uber APM Interview Process by Levi Lian
In fall 2020, during my final year of college, I got into Stanford’s coterminal master's program
(“coterm”) in Computer Science. At that point, I thought I had my future figured out. Besides
conferring my undergrad degree (and navigating a tumultuous pandemic year of schooling), I
would graduate with a master’s degree in 2022. However, something was gnawing at me: what
was the real reason that I wanted to do more school? One part of me knew that I wanted to gain
back some lost time due to the pandemic, especially time on the Stanford campus with friends.
Yet another part prodded me to think deeper.
At the time I had just completed my product management internship at Intuit, tried hard to make
my startup work, but eventually failed, and knew deep down that my early career passion was in
the product. In that sense, waiting for another year of school before going through the intense
recruiting cycle didn’t appeal to me. So I decided to give PM full-time recruiting a try at the end
of August.
There began my APM recruiting cycle, which ended up with me accepting the full-time APM
offer at Uber.
1. Do you feel that you did anything special to ensure a first-round interview at Uber
(referral, your background, connection to the product, etc.)?
Although I agree with the general sentiment that it’s better to have a referral than not, out of the
four companies to which I applied in my recruiting cycle (Uber, Lyft, Coinbase, and Google), I
heard back from two places I cold-applied (Uber and Lyft) and only one of the two places I had a
referral (Coinbase). This is not to say that you shouldn’t try to get a referral; after all, my sample
size is just one and there are so many confounding factors in this causal chain of events (For
example, the sheer size of Google APM applicants means that they have to reject the majority
of those even with referrals). Rather, I hope that you take away something positive from my
slightly unusual experience.
That is if you can’t find a referral and the application deadline is looming, prioritize applying
early. It’s not the end of the world if you don’t have a referral, but it is if your application is
reviewed later than an equally compelling candidate. In APM recruiting, one thing I’ve learned is
that being on the right timeline means 80% of success. Once, I had my final round interview
rescheduled to a week later, and the company decided to pause my final round after they gave
an offer to another candidate who did the final round a week before me.
Acknowledge that unless you network early or already have connections at the company (which
I don’t), it does take a while to find a referral while the clock is ticking. Time is the most valuable
resource in an extremely time-sensitive PM recruiting timeline. Instead of LinkedIn cold emailing
people for connections, I chose to spend my time and energy on fine-tuning my resume and
crafting a story that appeals to each company.
2. What was your interview process like? (How many rounds, what type of questions,
etc.). The more specific the better here! This is what people are really curious to
understand.
Here are a few things that worked well for me when prepping for the interviews.
First, I started from the first principles and tried to answer these questions myself. Given the
mission and vision, why did Uber choose to launch Uber Eats? Why did Uber Freight make
sense as a business? Then, I read up on company blog posts, earnings call transcripts, and
media coverage (e.g., Verge), watched recordings of major conferences where senior
leadership spoke, and jotted down notes. The assumption is that large companies sometimes
talk about long-term strategy truthfully in public as a positive signal to analysts and hedge fund
managers alike, so one should be able to extract valuable information and align oneself with the
leadership by researching public information.
With all the notes in hand, I identified industry trends that both align with the core strategy and
can lead to non-intuitive, breakthrough insights. For example, I saw the rise of embedded
finance (e.g., Uber creating a credit card for drivers) and Uber’s doubling down on Eats
business as a new Delivery segment. Although Uber paled back on fintech initiatives seemingly
out of a necessity due to the pandemic, the thesis on supply-side innovation to attract and
maintain the best SMB partners still holds water. This way, I have a couple of talking points
during the interview given my understanding of Uber’s business and potential opportunities.
Finally, I found it super helpful to look up resources and guides written by others. A quick
Google search would link you to a few Medium articles on the Uber APM interview process. In
particular, I want to highlight this guide written by Adi Raju (Uber APM class of 2020) where he
covered the structure of the program in detail along with interview tips.
3. Did Uber do anything in their interview process that stood out to you as unique, or
different from other companies?
First, Uber interviewers thoroughly impressed me with thoughtful interview questions and
follow-up. From the very first interview, I was asked questions unlike any I found in interview
prep books by people at least with the title of Senior Product Manager or above. Once I had a
second-round APM interview with a company that sent out a recently graduated APM as the
sole interviewer, so how much Uber cares about its APM program quality from the very
beginning genuinely touched me.
Second, Uber interviews were more interactive and conversational than what I saw in PM mock
interview YouTube channels. Since Uber operates in between the physical and the digital,
go-to-market strategies (e.g., how one would launch a product) are more tangible and important
than at a fully digital company (think a gaming or social media company). How much the
interview simulates the real job of figuring out, say, how to deploy a fleet of autonomous
vehicles, makes me feel excited as a mere interviewee.
Finally, Uber was awesome in terms of communicating each step of the interview before and
after. The whole process took me about two months from submitting the take-home challenge to
getting the offer.
Overall, the PM interview is being increasingly taught as an in-depth consulting case interview
with an almost formulaic methodology. On that front, Uber interview questions are refreshingly
practical and down-to-earth. More often than not, what you’re asked is what the interviewer has
dealt with or tackled at some point in their Uber career.
4. Anything else you’d like to add that would help aspiring PMs prepare and stand
out in the interview process!
My advice is to start from Uber’s mission and vision, the entire product suite, and read up on
recent product launches (usually posted on the official website). If you want to do extra
homework, look at Uber’s earnings call transcripts or any major conferences that senior
leadership attends to understand the strategy and how Uber hopes to realize it.
Be prepared to connect dots with your prior design / PM / technical work when discussing your
passion for Uber. The behavioral aspect of the interview cannot be ignored for Uber. Company
values mean nothing if there are no specific practices that reflect those values.
Each company is unique so be sure to understand what makes Uber PMs special (and
respectable within the tech industry). There are tons of tweets and blog posts on good vs great
PMs at work. Knowing the difference between a strong and an outstanding PM candidate would
increase the slim odds of getting that offer.
I also offer PM interview prep (and MBA application consulting) on the side. Please reach out
and I’d love to help figure out a package that works for you.
Twitter APM Interview Process by Lily Li
1. Do you feel that you did anything special to ensure a first-round interview at
Twitter (referral, your background, connection to the product, etc.)?
I was a Product Management Intern at Twitter (Summer 2020). After interning at Twitter, I
wanted to come back as an APM full-time. Here, I will speak about how I got my first round
interview for Twitter’s PM internship.
Context: When I was applying to Twitter’s internship, I did have a referral; however, many of my
peers who got the PM internships and APM full-time positions at Twitter did not have referrals!
Different from most tech companies, Twitter seems to be a place where a referral is not
required. I have talked to APMs in my class and the previous class -- the majority of the APMs
applied without referrals at Twitter.
Here are the steps that I took to put my best foot forward to get a first-round interview:
- I reflected on why I wanted to join Twitter. There’s a section where we could write a short
paragraph to the hiring manager and the recruiting team (like a cover letter) in the
application. I put my story there.
- Before sending my application, I polished my resume and tailored it to the PM internship
position at Twitter.
- I have been a Twitter user. I played around with the Twitter app to think about what
features would I bring to the team, as well as some product strategies that I want to
suggest even before I receive the first round of interviews.
- I reached out to Tweeps (employees at Twitter) to learn more about the company
beforehand. It’s not about referrals, but more to genuinely learn about the culture,
values, product, and teams at Twitter.
My background:
- I studied Data Science and minored in Education at UC Berkeley.
- I came from a PM background. Before becoming a product management intern at
Twitter, I had 3 PM internships (NETGEAR, Kohl’s, and a tech real estate company) and
2 marketing internships (a virtual reality start-up and an NGO).
- Very active on-campus at different student organizations. Big on student leadership.
2. What was your interview process like? (How many rounds, what type of questions,
etc.).
3. Did Twitter do anything in their interview process that stood out to you as unique,
or different from other companies?
4. Anything else you’d like to add that would help aspiring PMs prepare and stand
out in the interview process!
- Mock interviews helped me a lot. Simulating the APM interview environment made me
become more confident and allowed the product thinking mindset to come naturally.
- As a PM intern who has worked at Twitter in Summer 2020, I wholeheartedly
recommend this company. Very diverse team, dedicated and talented manager and
mentors, large scopes that you could own as a PM, friendly and energetic working
environment, fantastic company culture, and challenging + interesting user problems.
Here’s a podcast that you can listen to learn more about my PM internship experience at
Twitter: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1kpjgrCIfbgVS7bnjKBGy9
- “Tech Twitter” is a great resource! Tech twitter refers to tweets on Twitter that are either
written by people who work in tech, or communities on Twitter that help and support one
another. Many product leaders like sharing their thoughts on Twitter, and I learned a lot
about product management & tech by using Twitter and following those thought leaders.
If you want to reach out to Tweeps (Twitter employees), Twitter DM is an amazing
channel -- you may have more success to grab an informational chat with a Tweep than
reaching out on LinkedIn. I wished that I knew about it earlier!
While we aren’t going to include a sample answer for a product execution question here, please
check out some of the videos linked in this article on our favorite interview videos for some great
examples.
You may be asked how you would prioritize projects with limited resources. These questions
normally won’t take the whole interview time compared to Product Design and Product
Execution. For these questions, it is good to approach them with a framework. There are many
you can use, but here are examples:
Value: revenue, user benefit, impact/reach, alignment with company goals, ROI, the likelihood of
success
Effort: cost, time, risk, complexity, engineers/designers needed
Question Bank
● You are the PM for UberEats; cancellations on orders are up 15%. What do you do?
● How would you measure the success of YouTube stories?
● How would you measure the success of Coinbase Earn?
● You are the PM for Zynga; ARPDAU (average revenue per daily active user) is down,
and your user count has been stagnant over the past week. What could be responsible
for this change?
● You are the PM for Lyft, and ride cancellations are up by 10% over the past week.
Investigate this increase in cancellations and what could be causing it.
These questions are a great exercise in applying structured thinking to a problem. Interviewers
are typically looking to see a clear, logical thought process in understanding what makes great
products and the ability to design user-focused products -- and a little creativity never hurts
either! Using frameworks is key to having well-structured, impressive answers.
Question Bank
● You are a PM at Zillow. How would you design a new feature to increase app usage by
first-time homebuyers?
● Design a tool or application to help people buy cheese (this is a real question that was
asked at Facebook).
● You are the PM for Shopify, a platform aimed at enabling small businesses to market
themselves, sell products, and collect payment. What tool do you build next to help our
customers (merchants) succeed?
● Why do you think Zillow has two apps: Zillow (for buying homes and condos), and Zillow
Rentals? This is a less traditional design question, but a good thought exercise
nonetheless.
● How would you go about designing a productivity tool for college students?
● How would you improve the DMV experience?
Here’s a shortened version of what an answer to a product sense question could look like:
You are a PM at Zillow. How would you design a new feature to increase app usage by
first-time homebuyers?
My general framework for going about a product design question like this would be:
1. Ask clarifying questions, and validate assumptions
2. Outline my process for discovering a solution (and signpost along the way)
3. Brainstorm pain points of the customer segment and prioritize them
4. Brainstorm solutions to pain points
5. Prioritize solutions (take into account how well they are currently solved by the product,
how big of a problem they are solving, how much effort the solution would take)
6. Explain tradeoffs and risks of solutions
7. Propose feature and method of measuring success by choosing a north star metric
After outlining my process for going about discovering a solution, I would dive into
understanding the customer segment. Looking at the target customer segment, first-time
homebuyers are likely younger than the typical homeowner, perhaps in their late 20s and 30s.
Most are probably couples and may have children. They are likely at least a few years into their
career, although this may vary depending on the cost of living in different parts of the U.S. I
would bet that they experience a few main pain points, which needs are met by Zillow’s current
app in several ways:
● They wonder how much they actually can afford (this element is stressful), and want to
have clarity from a financial perspective → the current app says what the average
monthly payment should be with a 20% down payment. This is super helpful, and could
potentially be expanded to cover those that can’t afford a 20% down payment (a portion
of the first-time homebuyer market)
● Millennials don’t seem to be as excited about buying a house because of the high cost of
mortgage payment and lack of flexibility (as opposed to working remotely and moving
every few months). → Zillow is largely focused on people researching the possibility of
buying and those already decided on buying a home. Perhaps Zillow can do more to
educate millennials about the value of buying a home.
● In today’s competitive market, it can be easy to get discouraged after being outbid and
not getting the house you want → Zillow posts a “Zestimate,” estimating what the house
is worth, regardless of the listing price. However, nowadays in some hot markets houses
are going for a lot over the Zestimate. I also know that every offer on a home is a little
different, so maybe some things could be tweaked about someone’s application to make
it more likely to be accepted. There could be work to be done here. Zillow also currently
connects you with local real estate agents who know the area well, which is a plus for
customers looking for someone with local knowledge.
● It can be tough to find a home within the right price range, area, etc. within the first week
that it is listed without spending a ton of time on it→ Zillow does a pretty good job of
letting you filter based on basic characteristics here and does send emails and push
notifications alerting you of new homes that are listed
Now, I can prioritize building a solution to the above pain points based off of:
1. How pressing the problem is
2. How well Zillow currently addresses the problem
3. How much effort it takes to build the desired solution
Remember to keep the overall goal of increasing usage by first-time homebuyers in mind. The
first two problems deal with helping first-time homebuyers understand if buying is feasible and
makes financial sense, which are early activities in the overall user journey of buying a home
(you can also think about this as the activation step in the AARM funnel). I’d end up choosing
the second problem above to focus on (helping millennials see the merit of buying a home)
because it helps us add more customers at the early end of the funnel, and is a problem that
Zillow hasn’t yet applied a solution to.
Next, I’d brainstorm a few solutions to the problem, and similarly prioritize them, making sure to
mention tradeoffs to each. Finally, I’d conclude with my proposed feature, how it would address
the overall goal, and how to measure success by picking a north star metric.
These questions are the low-hanging fruit, so don’t skip preparation for them. You will get asked
these, and there is no excuse for not having a well-thought-out answer.
1. Why this company?
a. Peruse the company’s website and pay close attention to its values, mission
statement, culture, and product portfolio. If anything sticks out to you and
resonates with your values or experiences, then it is a good point to mention if
asked this question. Always give anecdotes - don’t only say “I love how your
value is continuous learning” - give an example of how you have exemplified that
value before. Another recommendation is to coffee chat with people who work at
the company - either people you know who have worked there or people you
have mutual connections with on LinkedIn. They can give you more specifics
about what it’s like to work there and what’s unique about the company.
2. Why are you interested in product management? What would make you a good
PM?
a. We would stray away from answers that are too general here such as “I like
working in a team,” “I would love to build things that people use,” etc. You want to
share something memorable and specific. Especially if you come from a
non-technical background (studied political science, business, architecture,
music, English, etc.), nailing your story here is key! Here’s a good example
answer: “I came to UC Berkeley intent on becoming a doctor, but eventually felt I
needed to explore other options before committing to such a long path of
education. I was glad that I took that time to explore! I soon joined a consulting
club and found that I excelled at condensing user feedback into high-level
recommendations for additional features and marketing strategies. While working
on a project for Venmo, I discovered something that surprised me through a
series of focus groups -- college students highly valued the aesthetic nature and
color of the card, even more so than its other features! This interest in
understanding and empathizing with customers has led me to want to work in
product management, driving forward a product with a clear focus on user needs
and filling those.
3. Tell me about a time you led a team.
4. Tell me about a time you failed.
5. Tell me about a time you dealt with conflicting stakeholder priorities.
6. How would you prioritize resources when you have two important things to do but
can’t do them both? (Asked by both Google and Salesforce)
7. What aspects of Product Management do you find the most exciting?
That’s it! Best of luck with recruiting - if you want to see any
specific content or have questions please reach out to us on our
LinkedIn profiles below.