NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
LABORATORY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Estancia, Iloilo

Science 8
Quarter 4

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 Module3
Digestion: Interaction with other Organ
Systems

LESSON
The human body contains trillions of cells, 78 different organs and more
than 60,000 miles of blood vessels if you stretched them end-to-end. Incredibly, all
of these cells, vessels and organs work together to keep you alive.
Every cell in the body needs energy to perform its duties and stay alive. Cells
use energy when they have the nutrients they need to perform.The digestive system
converts bulk foods like bread and meat into their simple components, and absorbs
them into the bloodstream through the intestines. The circulatory system moves the
nutrients from the intestines to the cells that need them.

The respiratory system provides the oxygen necessary for cells to metabolize,
and the circulatory system moves the oxygen around the body and to the cells.

The excretory system and respiratory system both get rid of waste products.
The excretory system disposes of all food not absorbed by the body, and any foods
that the digestive system couldn't break down. The respiratory system removes
carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cell, from the circulatory system.

Integration of Systems

When the stomach is empty and blood glucose levels are low, the digestive
system receptors and the brain respond by making you feel hungry—your stomach
may “growl,” and you may feel pain or discomfort in your midsection. These
sensations prompt you to eat, which provides new nutrient sources to raise blood
glucose levels. The exocrine part of the pancreas produces enzymes that help digest
the nutrients you have eaten so they can be absorbed by the small intestine into the
blood. The circulatory system is important in transporting the glucose and
pancreatic hormones in blood to all body cells.

When your blood circulates through your digestive system, it picks up the
nutrients your body absorbed from your last meal. Your blood also carries oxygen
inhaled by the lungs. Your circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the
other cells of your body then picks up any waste products created by these cells,
including carbon dioxide, and delivers these waste products to the kidneys and lungs
for disposal. Meanwhile, the circulatory system carries hormones from the endocrine
system, and the immune system’s white blood cells that fight off infection.

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 Each of your body systems relies on the others to work well. Your respiratory
system relies on your circulatory system to deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the
muscles of your heart cannot function without the oxygen they receive from your
lungs. The bones of your skull and spine protect your brain and spinal cord, but your
brain regulates the position of your bones by controlling your muscles. The
circulatory system provides your brain with a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood
while your brain regulates your heart rate and blood pressure.

Another example, the cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems all help
the body control water balance. The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems transport
fluids throughout the body and help sense both solute and water levels and regulate
pressure. If the water level gets too high, the urinary system produces more dilute
urine (urine with a higher water content) to help eliminate the excess water. If the
water level gets too low, more concentrated urine is produced so that water is
conserved. The digestive system also plays a role with variable water absorption

Cellular respiration is the intracellular process that breaks down glucose with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP molecules. It is the
process by which cells obtain usable energy to power other cellular processes. Which
organ systems are involved in cellular respiration? The glucose needed for cellular
respiration comes from the digestive system via the cardiovascular system. The oxygen
needed for cellular respiration comes from the respiratory system also via the
cardiovascular system. The carbon dioxide produced in cellular respiration leaves the
body by the opposite route. In short, cellular respiration requires at a minimum the
digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.

Activity 1 - Take a Break…. And Search Me.

Introduction: After a mind boggling discussion on how the organ systems interact
with each other to maintain internal stability and thereby making us safe and
healthy. Let’s pause for a while and simply do this activity.
Direction: Look for at least ten (10) words that we used in our lesson for today.
I N T E G R A T I O N H
A B C X D E E F N X U G
J I K C L S M N T Y T O
H E A R T P P T E G R N
Q R S E T I U R S E I O
V W X T Y R Z O T N T I
B R A I N A B P I C I T
D E F O G T H S N I O S
A B E N G O E N E L N E
L U N G S R U A T O M G
K I D N E Y S R E N T I
S L I E W A S T E W I D

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WRAP-UP
Digesting food requires teamwork between the digestive system and
several other organ systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, and muscular
systems. When you eat a meal, the organs of the digestive system need more blood to
perform their digestive functions. Food entering the digestive systems causes nerve
impulses to be sent to the brain; in response, the brain sends messages to the
cardiovascular system to increase heart rate and dilate blood vessels in the digestive
organs. Food passes through the organs of the digestive tract by rhythmic
contractions of smooth muscles in the walls of the organs, so the muscular system is
also needed for digestion. After food is digested, nutrients from the food are absorbed
into the blood of the vessels lining the small intestine. Any remaining food waste is
excreted through the large intestine.

POSTTEST
1. When our blood circulates through the digestive system, it picks up the
soluble food absorbed by the small intestine and sometimes the water level is
too low. Which of the following will likely to happen?
A. More sweat is produced
B. More dilute urine is produced
C. More concentrated urine is produced
D. Nothing changed

2. When the stomach is empty it may growl as pain and discomfort may be felt.
What prompted this sensation?
A. The aroma of food C. stomach
B. Brain D. small intestine

3. Cellular respiration is a process of breaking down glucose with the

presence of oxygen to produce energy and by product of carbon dioxide.
This will require the interaction of what organ system/s?
A. Cardiovascular C. Respiratory
B. Digestive D. All of the above

4. Integration and interaction among organ systems are important. What does it
mean?
A. Each organ system is independent
B. The processes like ingestion, digestion etc. need the coordination of other
organ systems
C. The vital organs need to be protected
D. The disorder of one tissue/organ can not affect the entire body.

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5. Why do we need to break the food that we eat and take in the needed servings
?
A. It can fit in our stomach
B. Body need specific calories and nutrients based on our age
C. Bodies’ enzymes has something to do.
D. For convenience purposes

Module 4
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

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Interphase (Cell Resting & Preparation Phase)
In G1 the cell increases in size in preparation for cell division, essential molecule
and proteins needed for making DNA are produced. The next phase is the S Phase
where DNA is produced and chromosomes are replicated. And lastly, in the G2, the cell
“double checks” and continues to produce essential molecules and proteins and
increase in size.

M Phase (Cell Division Phase)

Mitotic Phase or Mitosis can be easily remembered with the acronym PMAT.

Chromosome Sister chromatids Chromatid

Centrioles

Spindle fiber

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/mention-the-stages-of-mitosis-with-the-help-of-diagrams/

Prophase- Chromosomes become visible, centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of

the cell.
Metaphase- Spindle fibers align the chromosomes at the equatorial plate or along the
middle of the cell. This helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes
are separated, each new cell will receive one copy of each chromosome. Anaphase- The
paired chromosomes or sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the
cell.
Telophase- Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new nuclear membranes
form around the daughter nuclei (karyokinesis) to form two daughter cells as the
cytoplasm divides into two (cytokinesis).
Mitosis Facts to Remember:

It involves the division of body or somatic cells such as; bone cells, blood
cells, skin cells, (all cells of the body except egg and sperm cell).

Its purpose is for body growth and repair.

One parent cell produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.

The parent cell has a diploid number (2N) of chromosomes as well as each
daughter cell. The chromosome number will not change.

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 ACTIVITY # 1
THE CELL CYCLE
Direction: Label the stages of the cell cycle. Write the stage being described in
the following important events.

VALUING
ARTICLE READING
How do cancer cells grow and spread?
Source: InformedHealth.org
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279410/
Created: November 6, 2013 Last Updated: June 19, 2019

The human body is made up of billions of cells. Cells are the tiny building
blocks of our tissues and organs. We all started life as a single cell. That cell made an
internal copy of itself (replication) and then divided into two cells.

Those two cells then also replicated and divided, so the two cells became four
cells. The four cells replicated as well and divided into eight cells, and so on. Cells
specialize to perform particular tasks. Some cells will cluster together to form a finger,
for example. Others create skin and heal the skin when it is wounded. Cells get old
and die after a certain amount of time (“programmed cell death,” or apoptosis), and
replication ensures that new cells are made to take their place.

Cells become abnormal if their DNA – which carries the instructions they need
– becomes damaged. Then the cells that come from them will be different from healthy
cells. They look different, and they may also have different properties. If these kinds of
abnormal cells grow in body tissue – such as skin, for example – it is referred to as
dysplasia. As long as there are very few abnormal cells and they're kept under control
by our immune system, they won't harm us. Sometimes these kinds of cells will also
go away on their own. It is only when they keep on changing and start to divide

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uncontrollably, forming lumps or growths, that one of the more than 200 diseases
called cancer develops. Growths like this are called tumors.

The main differences between malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-

cancerous) tumors are that malignant ones can;

spread into the surrounding tissue,

destroy the surrounding tissue, and

cause other tumors to develop.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_how_cancer_cells_keep_on_reprod
ucing_to_form_a_tumour_CRUK_127.svg

POSTTEST
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the Interphase?
a. It has 3 substages; G1, S and G2.
b. It is also called the cell’s resting phase.
c. It is the actual phase where the cell divides.
d. It is the phase that prepares the cell for division.

2. Which of the following describes the cell during the G 1 Phase?

a. cell increases in size
b. chromosomes are doubled
c. the cell is divided into two new cells
d. the cell continuously produces essential molecules

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 3.
4. Ana observes an onion root cell under a
compound microscope and notice that there are
dark stained chromosomes at the center. In what
phase of mitosis does the cell undergo?
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase

4. What is the correct sequence of important events in a cell in mitotic phase?

I. Sister chromatids will separate and will move toward the opposite pole of
the cell.
II. The chromosomes become visible as they are duplicated.
III. The chromosomes will align at the center of the cell.
IV. Two daughter cells will form.

A. I, II, III, IV C. IV, I, III, II

B. IV, III, II, I D. II, III, I, IV

5. Which of the following cells will NOT divide thru Mitosis?

A. Bone cell C. Sperm cell
B. Skin cell D. Blood cell

Module 5
Meiosis
LESSON
Every species has a specific number of chromosomes. The chromosomal
number is either diploid number (2N) or haploid number (N). Diploid means the
nucleus of a cell contains two sets of homologous chromosomes, half of which are
given by a female organism and the other half from the male organism. Homologous
chromosomes are pair of chromosomes having the same appearance carrying both the
genes that control the same traits except for reproductive or sex cells (gametes)— egg
cell and sperm cell. Gametes are haploid in number. Haploid cells contain
chromosomes in single set; thus, it is equal to the half of the diploid number. Look at
the following illustrations to better understand homologous chromosome, haploid and
diploid.

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 Humans have 46 chromosomes; 23 of these came from the father’s sperm cell
while the other 23 from the mother’s egg cell. During sexual reproduction, the haploid
sperm cell (N=23) unites with a haploid egg cell (N=23) to form a fertilized egg or
zygote, which is diploid (2N= 46). The zygote will grow and develop into a multicellular
adult by mitosis. For sexual reproduction to happen, gametes (egg and sperm cell)
which are haploid must always be available. What makes it possible to produce
haploid cells? The answer is MEIOSIS!

Stages of Meiosis
Just like mitosis, meiosis stars with an interphase as well as the other stages of
cell division as what we have been discussed in the previous module. But, in meiotic
division, the parent cell divides twice in which we called Meiosis I and Meiosis

Each meiotic division, Meiosis I and II have stages Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase and Telophase. Study the diagram of meiosis below.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meiosis_Stages.svg

The major difference between mitosis and meiosis occurs in the Prophase I
stage of Meiosis I. Notice that in meiosis, chromosomes pair with their homologues.
The homologous chromosomes pair and intertwine in the process we called, synapsis.
As the synapsis occurs, non-sister chromatids (refer to the diagram) overlaps and
exchange genetic material, a process now we called as crossing-over. It results to the

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change in genetic recombination (genetic material between parent cell and daughter
cells will not be strictly identical) this event leads to variation.

In Metaphase I, homologous chromosomes at the equatorial plate then undergo

Anaphase I and Telophase I. Take note that the number of chromosomes in each
daughter cell after Meiosis I is now reduced into half or haploid in number. Then
each cell will now proceed to Meiosis II passing once again through the stages;
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. Since the cell now is in
haploid number unlike in Meiosis I where the parent cell is diploid, each cell will now
produce 2 haploid daughter cells, so that all in all there are four haploid daughter
cells produced at the end of the entire process of Meiosis.

Importance of Meiosis

All organisms have diploid number of chromosomes. Without Meiosis, the

chromosomal number will continue to increase. Hence, meiosis ensures that all the
chromosome number of organisms remains the same generation after generation.

Meiosis also safeguards that each daughter cell receives a copy of each kind of kind of
chromosomes; thus, each daughter cell would receive each kind of genes. The
occurrence of crossing-over and the independent-assortment of chromosomes during
fertilization ensure that the chromosomes are distributed to the daughter cells in
different combinations, bringing about remarkable variations in the characteristics of
the organisms. These variations in characteristics is very helpful for the organisms to
adapt in their changing environment.
Meiosis and Sex Cells

Gametogenesis is the process where sex cells undergo meiosis to form sperm
cells (spermatogenesis) in male and egg cells (oogenesis) in female.

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POSTTEST
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following BEST describes meiosis as a type of cell division?
A. It involves the division of body cells.
B. It involves the division of sperm cell and egg cell.
C. It is the division of sex cells to produce haploid daughter cells.
D. It is the division of sex cells to produce diploid daughter cells.

2. What do you call the exchange of genetic material between non-sister

chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Prophase I?
A. Variation C. Cytokinesis
B. Synapsis D. Crossing over

3. If there are 2 oogonia, how many ova or egg cell will be produced after
meiosis?
A. 1 egg cell C. egg cells
B. egg cells D. egg cells

4. Which of the following statement is FALSE about spermatogenesis and

oogenesis?
A. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are both the division of somatic or body
cells.
B. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are both the division of gametes or sex
cells.
C. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are meiotic division of sex cells.

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 D. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis produce haploid sex cells.

5. Which of the following important event in meiosis explains the variation in

characteristic among organisms?
A. The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.
B. The reception of a copy of each kind of chromosome by each daughter
cell.
C. The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.
D. The production of haploid daughter cells.

Module 6
Mitosis vs Meiosis

Let us go over with the different phases of mitosis and meiosis in the diagram
below.

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 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_11_01_06.jpg

Mitosis and Meiosis as type of cell division are the same as they are both
preceded by interphase, they divide according to a common pathway; Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase (PMAT), and they both split cells thru
cytokinesis.

However, there are certain vital differences which distinguish the two processes.
From the diagram we can see that meiosis is divided into two; Meiosis I and Meiosis II
because reproductive cells or sex cells divide twice unlike in Mitosis where somatic of body
cells divide only once. Aside from the type of cell involves and the number by which the
cell divides, mitosis and meiosis is different in terms of the number of daughter cell and
the chromosomal number of each daughter cell produced. After mitosis there are two (2)
diploid daughter cell while in meiosis there are four (4) haploid daughter cells. The
production of new cells with the same number of chromosomes with that of the parent cell
after mitosis ensures that new somatic cells for growth and body repair of a living thing
carries the constant chromosomal number of a certain species. While the reduction of sex
cell’s chromosomal number into half maintains the constant number of chromosomes in a
species from generation to generation. For example, humans have 46 as the diploid
number. After meiosis sperm cell and egg cell will now have only half of the number of
chromosomes (haploid) which is 23. During fertilization as the haploid sperm cell (23
chromosomes) unites with the haploid egg cell (23 chromosomes) the fertilized egg or
zygote will have 46 chromosomes (23 from the sperm cell and 23 from the egg cell) which
is the diploid chromosomal number of human beings. This number of chromosomes is
retain as living organisms reproduce. To summarize the key differences between mitosis
and meiosis we can use the mnemonics DISCOPUG.
 Division – Mitosis involves only one cell division, but meiosis requires two
cell divisions
 Independent assortment – Homologous pairs are randomly separated into
separate cells in meiosis, but not mitosis.
 Synapsis – Homologous pairs form bivalents in meiosis, but not mitosis.

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  Crossing over – Non-sister chromatids of homologous pairs may exchange
genetic material in meiosis, but not mitosis.
 Outcome – Mitosis results in the formation of two daughter cells, while
meiosis produces four daughter cells.
 Ploidy – Daughter cells produced by mitosis are diploid, while daughter
cells produced by meiosis are haploid.
 Use – Mitosis is used to clone body cells, while meiosis is used to generate
sex cells (gametes).
 Genetics – Cells produced by mitosis are genetically identical (clones), while
cells produced by meiosis are genetically distinct.

Let us have some activities to see if you have understood the lesson for today.

ACTIVITY # 1
D-I-S-C-O-P-U-G
Direction: Complete the table to show the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.

VALUING
One of the key points about meiosis is that it allows variation among
organisms. Variation is said to be the primary function of sexual recombination. It is
very helpful for the organisms to adapt in their changing environment. As much as
variation is importance for humans, it also plays significance role in plants specifically
in plant breeding. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants to
produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in
products for humans and animals and has been practiced for thousands of years,
since near the beginning of human civilization. Variation is importance for breeding
and cultivating plants because,

It is the vase for survival of plants in nature and for crop improvement.

It provides opportunity for plant breeders to develop new and improved
cultivars (a variety of plant produced by selective breeding and is maintained
by cultivation) with desirable characteristics such as high yield potential, large

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 seed, pest or disease resistant, photosensitivity, shelf-life, nutrition, durability
during packaging and shipping, and aesthetics.

To meet subsistence food requirement in a fast-growing human population.

POSTTEST
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE for both mitosis and meiosis?
a. they both preceded by interphase
b. they both split cells thru cytokinesis
c. they divide according to a common pathway
d. they are both involved in the division of somatic cells

2. How can you determine if daughter cells are produced by means of mitosis?
a. There are two daughter cells from one parent cell.
b. There are four daughter cells from one parent cell.
c. There are four diploid daughter cells from one parent cell.
d. There are four haploid daughter cells from one parent cell.

3. Which of the following shows a human cell that divides by meiosis?

a. an ovum with 23 chromosomes
b. an ovum with 46 chromosomes
c. a skin cell with 46 chromosomes
d. a blood cell with 23 chromosomes

For No. 4, refer to the diagram on the left.

4. If an organism with 16 chromosomes at the
start divides, how many chromosomes will
there be in each daughter cell at the end of
mitosis and meiosis?
A. Mitosis-8, Meiosis-16
B. Mitosis-16, Meiosis-8
C. Mitosis-16, Meiosis-16
D. Mitosis-32, Meiosis-32

5. Which of the following is NOT desirable trait for plant breeding?

A. Photosensitivity
B. High yield potential
C. Disease or pest-prone
D. Packaging and shipping durability

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