Scribd
Upload
147 views

Lecture-1 Basics of Ordinary Differential Equations

This document provides an overview of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) including definitions, examples, and solution methods. It defines ODEs as differential equations involving one independent variable. It describes order and degree of ODEs. It also defines linear and non-linear ODEs. The document then discusses the variable separable method for solving first-order ODEs and provides examples of applying this method. It concludes by defining homogeneous first-order ODEs and providing examples.

Uploaded by

Tech Lucky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
147 views

Lecture-1 Basics of Ordinary Differential Equations

This document provides an overview of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) including definitions, examples, and solution methods. It defines ODEs as differential equations involving one independent variable. It describes order and degree of ODEs. It also defines linear and non-linear ODEs. The document then discusses the variable separable method for solving first-order ODEs and provides examples of applying this method. It concludes by defining homogeneous first-order ODEs and providing examples.

Uploaded by

Tech Lucky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

MTH166

Lecture-1
Basics of Ordinary Differential
Equations
Unit 1: Ordinary Differential Equations

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Jain and Iyengar,Chapter-4)

Topic:

Separable form (ODE)

Learning Outcomes:

1. Definition of Ordinary Differential Equation.

2. Solution of ODE by Variable separation method

3. First order Homogeneous Differential Equations.


Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
A differential equation can be defined as an equation containing derivatives
of various orders and the variables.
A differential equation which involves only one independent variable is called
an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
Let 𝑦 be the dependent variable and 𝑥 be an independent variable.
We denote the derivatives as:
2𝑦 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑦 ′ , 2 = 𝑦 ′′ , 3 = 𝑦 ′′′ , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
Order: The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order
derivative occurring in the equation.
Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the degree (power) of the
highest order derivative occurring in the equation, after the equation has been
made free of radicals and functions in its derivatives.
Linear: A differential equation is linear, when the dependent variable and its
derivatives occur only in first degree and no products of the dependent
variable and its derivatives or of various order derivatives occur.
Non-Linear: A differential equation which is not linear, is called non-linear.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
Some examples of ordinary differential equations are:
1. 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2
Order = 1, Degree = 1, Linear.
2. 𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 2𝑥
Order = 2, Degree = 1, Linear.
3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = log 𝑥
Order = 2, Degree = 1, Linear.
4. 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2
Order = 2, Degree = 1, Non-Linear.
Polling Quiz
The equation: y𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0 is a:

(A) A linear ODE with order 1 and degree 1

(B) A non-linear ODE with order 1 and degree 1

(C) A linear ODE with order 1 and degree 2

(D) A non-linear ODE with order 2 and degree 2


ODE Solvable by Variable Separable form

Let the given ODE be:


𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( Separating the variables)
ℎ 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
⟹‫׬‬ = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬ (Integrating both sides)
ℎ 𝑦

⟹ 𝐴 𝑦 = 𝐵 𝑥 + 𝐶 which is the required solution.


Solve the following differential equations:
Problem 1: 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝒚′ = 𝒚
𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 =𝑦 (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⟹ = (Separating the variables)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥

1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⟹ ‫𝑦 ׬‬ =‫׬‬ (Integrating both sides)
log 𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥)
⟹ log 𝑦 = log log 𝑥 + log 𝑐 ‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬ = log 𝑓(𝑥)

⟹ log 𝑦 = log 𝑐 log 𝑥


⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐 log 𝑥 Answer.
Problem 2: 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒚

𝑑𝑦
Solution: = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (Separating the variables)
𝑒𝑦

⟹ ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (Integrating both sides)

𝑥3
⟹ −𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + +𝑐
3

𝑥3
⟹ 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 + +𝑐 =0 Answer.
3
Problem 3: 𝒂𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒃𝒚, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎

𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
⟹ = (Separating the variables)
𝑦 𝑎 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ‫𝑦 ׬‬ = ‫𝑥׬‬ (Integrating both sides)
𝑎

𝑏
⟹ log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑎

𝑏Τ
⟹ log 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥 𝑎

𝑏Τ
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑎 Answer.
First order Homogeneous ODE

A first order ODE: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be a homogeneous equation,


if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous function, that is, ODE is of the form:
′ 𝑦
1. 𝑦 = (Homogeneous function)
𝑥

𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2. 𝑦 ′ = (Homogeneous function)
𝑥𝑦

𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑥 2 𝑦
3. 𝑦 ′ = (Homogeneous function)
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 −𝑦 2 𝑥
The equation: 𝑦 ′ = is Homogeneous:
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3

(A)Yes (Answer)

(B) No

You might also like