ORGANIC

TESTS

JEETENDRA ARYA

ot
7077-6066-22
 1. BROMINE WATER TEST
Organic compounds containing >C=C< and/or —C≡C– bonds are called unsaturated
compounds.
To identify Thesegroups
the functional compounds
presentundergo addition
in an organic reaction with bromine water or the solution of
compound.
bromine in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform or glacial acetic acid. Addition of bromine to an
alkene results in the formation of vicinal dibromide. The reddish orange colour of the solution of
bromine in carbon tetrachloride disappears on reaction with an alkene.

Organic compounds containing > C = C < and / or — C ≡ C – bonds are called

unsaturated compounds. These compounds undergo addition reaction with
bromine water or the solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform or
NOTEacid.
glacial acetic :- Phenol & Aniline
Addition also show
of bromine Bromine
to an alkenewater testin
results , form white ppt . of
the formation
vicinal dibromide. The reddish orange colour of the solution of bromine in carbon
etrachloride disappears on reaction with an alkene. The reaction is as follows :

2. BAYER’S TEST
Cold dil. neutral / alkaline KMnO4 solution is called
Bayer’s
Alkenes reagentthe
decolourise . neutral/alkaline KMnO4 solution and vicinal glycols
are formed (Bayer’s test). Reaction takes place as follows :
Alkenes decolourise the neutral/alkaline KMnO4

Both the above reactions are used as tests for unsaturation.

3. TOLLEN’S TEST ( Ammonical AgNO3 solution )
This test is also known as Silver Mirror Test .
This test is mainly known for aldehydes but some alcohols and
hydrocarbons (terminal alkynes) show this reaction positive .
Tollens' reagent can also be used to test for terminal alkynes (RC2H).
A white precipitate of the acetylide (AgC2R) is formed in this case
–
≡
H-C C-R + [Ag (NH3)2] + OH
+
≡
Ag-C C-R + NH3 + H2O
NOTE :- In this reaction is not called silver mirror test because silver is not precipitated .

4. AMMONICAL CUROUS CHLORIDE TEST ( Cu2Cl2 + NH4OH )

Copper acetylide is obtained as a red precipitate when acetylene is
passed through an ammoniacal solution of cuprous chloride.

≡
H-C C-H + Cu2Cl2 + NH4OH ≡
Cu-C C-Cu + NH4Cl + H2O

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

1. ACTIVE METAL TEST
Alcohol produced H2 gas when it reacts with active metal like Na, K etc .
If a small piece of sodium is dropped into some ethanol, it reacts steadily to give off
bubbles of hydrogen gas and leaves a colourless solution of sodium ethoxide ,
CH3CH2ONa. Sodium ethoxide is known as an alkoxide
2 CH3CH2-OH + 2 Na 2 CH3CH2O-Na + H2
2 (CH3)3C-OH + 2 Na 2 (CH3)3C-O-Na + H2
Note :- 10 alcohol > 20 alcohol > 30 alcohol

2. CERIC AMMONICAL NITRATE TEST ( C.A.N. TEST )

Reaction of alcohol with a CAN results in the formation of red colored alkoxy cerium (IV) compound.
Alcohol gives red precipitation with CAN.

3. LUCAS TEST ( anhy. ZnCl2 + conc. HCl )

It is the test to distinguish between 1o, 2o, & 3o alcohol through turbidity .
Stability of carbocation is directly proportional to turbidity .

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

4. ESTERIFICATION

When alcohol reacts with carboxylic acid produce fruity smell of ester .

5. VICTOR MEYER TEST ( HI , AgNO3 , HO-N=O , NaOH )

It is the test to distinguish between 1o, 2o, & 3o alcohol through colour .

6. IODO-FORM TEST ( I2 + NaOH )

Some alcohols may give Iodoform test positive because of mild oxidising nature of NaOI .
Iike ethanol, Isopropyl, Sec.butyl etc .

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

1. ACTIVE METAL TEST 

Phenol produced H2 gas when it reacts with active metal like Na, K etc .

2. BROMINE WATER TEST 


Phenol will form white ppt of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol .

3. NEUTRAL FeCl3 

Phenol with neutral FeCl3 gives violet colour solution . Alcohol does not give this test .

4. LIEBERMANN NITROSO AMINE TEST 


This is the only test of 2o amine but Phenol also gives this test +ve by forming indophenol .
Note: This test is given by phenols which contain a free para position.
Phenol reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite forms a yellow colour quinone
monoxime complex. With excess of phenol and sulfuric acid a deep red indophenol complex is
formed. On dilution a red colour indophenol is formed which turns to deep blue colour sodium salt
solution of indophenol on treatment with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

5. Phthalein Dye Test
Phenol on heating with phthalic anhydride in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid forms
v
a colourless condensation compound called phenolphthalein.
On further reaction with dilute sodium hydroxide solution gives a pink colour fluorescent
compound called fluorescein.

NOTE :-
The colours produced by different phenolic compounds in phthalein dye test is listed below.

6.  PHENOL NOT GIVES NaHCO3 TEST 


This test is given by compound which is more acidic than phenol . 


MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

1. 2,4- DNP TEST ( 2,4–Dinitrophenyl hydrazine / Brady's reagent )
Aldehyde & Ketone both will give red / orange / yellow

2. TOLLEN`S REAGENT TEST ( Silver Mirror Test )

Tollen’s reagent is ammoniacal silver nitrate. (Silver (I) ions in Basic medium)
It will distinguish between linear aldehyde & aromatic aldehyde from ketone .
This test is mainly known for aldehydes but some alcohols and hydrocarbons (terminal alkynes)
along with some alpha-hydroxy ketone which can tautomerize into aldehyde. Show this reaction
positive .
In a positive test, the diaminesilver(I) complex oxidizes the aldehyde to a carboxylate ion and in
the process, is reduced to elemental Ag and aqueous ammonia.
The elemental silver precipitates out of solution, occasionally onto the inner surface of the
reaction vessel, giving a characteristic "silver mirror".

3. FELHING TEST ( CuSO4 + Tartarate ions + NaOH )

Only aliphatic aldehyde not aromatic aldehyde .
RCHO + 2 Cu(C4H4O6)22− + 5 OH− → RCOO− + Cu2O + 4 C4H4O62− + 3 H2O

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

 4. BENDICT`S TEST ( CuSO4 + Citrate ions )
Only aliphatic aldehyde not aromatic aldehyde .
Benedict’s test can be used to find out the amout of reducing sugar .

5. SCHIFF`S TEST
Aldehyde restore the pink colour of schiff`s reagent .

T h e s t r u c t u re o f t h e The structure of the The structure of the restored

"Colorized" Schiff reagent. "decolorized" Schiff reagent. “Colorized" Schiff reagent.

6. IODO-FORM TEST
Given by some carbonyl compound and form yellow precipitate .
Iodine solution is added to a small amount of aldehyde or ketone, followed by just enough sodium
hydroxide solution to remove the colour of the iodine. If nothing happens in the cold, it may be
necessary to warm the mixture very gently.
A positive result is the appearance of a very pale yellow precipitate of triiodomethane (previously
known as iodoform) - CHI3.

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

1. ACTIVE METAL TEST
Carboxylic acid produces H2 gas when it reacts with active metal like Na, K etc .

2. ESTERIFICATION REACTION
When carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol, it produces fruity smell of ester .

3. NaHCO3
When —COOH reacts with NaHCO3 , CO2 gas will be librated from NaHCO3 with brisk-
effervescence .

NOTE : - This test is given by compound which is more acidic than phenol .

4. LITMUS PAPER TEST

It will turn blue litmus paper into red . (B-R-A) (Blue change into Red in Acidic medium)

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22



1. CARBYLAMINE

TEST ( CHCl3 + alc. KOH ) 

The test is given by only 1o amine through pungent smell .

2. LIEBERMANN NITROSO AMINE TEST 


The test is given by only 2o amine .
Libermann’s nitroso test is is used as a test for secondary amines.Secondary amines (aliphatic as
well as aromatic) reacts with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosoamines.
(CH3)2>N-H + HONO ------------> (CH3)2>N-N=O + H2O
Where (CH3)2N-N=O is N-Nitrosodimethyl amine.
Nitrosoamines are water soluble yellow oils and when warmed with phenol and few drops of
conc.H2SO4 produce a green colour solution which turns blue on adding alkali.
This
reaction is called Libermann’s nitroso reaction.
Primary &Tertiary amine do not react with nitrous acid

3. HOFMANN MUSTARD OIL TEST ( CS2 + HgCl2 ) 


CH3-NH2 + CS2 ——> CH3-NH-CS-SH + HgCl2 ——> CH3-N=C=S

( Isothiocyanide )( Musturd oil odour )

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

4. HINSBERG REAGENT TEST ( Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride ) 

It is the test for distinguish between 1o, 2o, & 3o amine through the solubilty of product in
alkaline .
1o amine — soluble in alkaline

2o amine — insoluble in alkaline

3o amine — Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride does not react with 3o amine .
Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) reacts with primary and secondary amines to produce
sulphonamides.
1. The reaction of benzene-sulfonyl chloride with primary amine yields N-ethyl benzene-
sulfonyl amide. The hydrogen attached to the nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic
due to the presence of strong electron withdrawing sulfonyl group. Hence, it is soluble in
alkali.

2.
In the reaction with a secondary amine, N,N-diethyl- benzenesulfonamide is formed.

Since N,N- diethyl benzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen atom attached
to a nitrogen atom, it is not acidic and hence insoluble in alkali.

3. Tertiary amines do not react with benzene-sulfonyl chloride.

5. NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC

1o amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> librate N2 gas .

2o amine

+ NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> Nitrosoamine (Yellow colour)
This reaction is called Libermann’s nitroso reaction.







3o amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> Salt

1o Aromatic amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> Diazonium salt + beta napthol —> red Dye

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

 EXTRA
Test for Cyanide and Isocyanide :
1. CYANIDE + REDUCING AGENT —————> 1o AMINE 

CH3-CN + LiAlH4 ————> CH3-CH2-NH2 

2. ISOCYANIDE + REDUCING AGENT —————> 2o AMINE 

CH3-NC + LiAlH4 ———-—> CH3-NH-CH2 


Test for Carbohydrates:

1. Molisch’s test – Given sample food + Molisch’s reagent → Purple or violet ring
confirms the presence of carbohydrate.
2. Fehling’s test – Given sample food + Fehling’s reagent → Red precipitate
confirms the presence of carbohydrates
3. Benedict’s test – Given sample food + Benedict’s reagent → Red precipitate
confirms the presence of carbohydrates.
4. Tollen’s test – Given sample food + Tollen’s reagent → Silver mirror confirms the
presence of carbohydrates.
5. Iodine test – Given sample food + Iodine solution → Blue colour solution
confirms the presence of starch.
6. Bromine Water test — Glucose and Fructose gives bromine water test positive .

Test for Proteins, Nitro Group, Amide & Urea :

1. Protein — Ninhydrin test
Given sample food + Pyridine solution of ninhydrin → Violet colour solution confirms the
presence of proteins.

2. Amide Urea and Protein — BIURET TEST

3. Nitro Group — MULLIKEN`S TEST

It is a test for a nitro group. In this test, Nitro compound on the reduction with zinc dust and
ammonium chloride yield N-arylhydroxylamines.
Since N-arylhydroxylamines are reducing agent, they give silver mirror when treated with
Tollen’s Reagent . This forms the basis of Mulliken’s test for a nitro group .
C6H5-NO2 + 2 Zn + 4 NH4Cl ———> C6H5-NH-OH + 2 ZnCl + H2O + 4 NH3
N-Phenylhydroxylamine
C6H5-NH-OH + Ag2O ———> 2 Ag + C6H5-N=O
Reducing Agent

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA K ARYA MOB:- 7077 6066 22

1. TEST OF UNSATURATION
a) BROMINE WATER TEST
Brown colour of Br2 decolourised .
b) BAEYER`S REAGENT TEST ( cold dil. alkaline KMnO4 )
Dark Pink / Violet colour of KMnO4 is decolourised by alkenes & alkynes and brown colour
of MnO2 gets form .
c) TOLLEN`S REAGENT TEST
Only for terminal alkynes .
d) AMMONICAL CUPROUS CHLORIDE ( Cu2Cl2 + Base )
Only for terminal alkynes .

2. TEST OF ALCOHOL
a) ACTIVE METAL TEST
Alcohol produced H2 gas when it reacts with active metal like Na, K etc .
b) CERRIC AMMONICAL NITRATE TEST ( C.A.N. TEST )
Alcohol gives red precipitation with CAN .
c) LUCAS TEST ( anhy. ZnCl2 + conc. HCl )
It is the test to distinguish between 1o, 2o, & 3o alcohol through turbidity .
d) ESTERIFICATION
When alcohol reacts with carboxylic acid produce fruity smell of ester .
e) VICTOR MEYER TEST ( P+I2 , AgNO3 , HO-N=O )
It is the test to distinguish between 1o, 2o, & 3o alcohol through colour .
f) IODO-FORM TEST ( I2 + NaOH )
Some alcohols may give Iodoform test positive because of mild oxidising nature of NaOI .
Iike ethanol, Isopropyl, Sec.butyl etc .

3. TEST OF CARBONYL
a) 2,4- DNP TEST ( 2,4–Dinitrophenyl hydrazine )
Aldehyde & Ketone both will give red / orange / yellow precipitate with 2,4–D N P .
b) TOLLEN`S REAGENT TEST ( Silver Mirror Test )
It will distinguish between linear aldehyde & aromatic aldehyde from ketone .
c) FELHING TEST ( CuSO4 + Tartarate ions )
Only aliphatic aldehyde not aromatic aldehyde .
d) BENDICT`S TEST ( CuSO4 + Citrate ions )
Only aliphatic aldehyde not aromatic aldehyde .
e) SCHIFF`S TEST
Aldehyde restore the pink colour of schiff`s reagent .
f) IODO-FORM TEST
Given by some carbonyl compound and form yellow precipitate .

4. TEST OF CARBOXYLIC ACID

a) ACTIVE METAL TEST
Carboxylic acid produces H2 gas when it reacts with active metal like Na, K etc .
b) ESTERIFICATION REACTION
When carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol, it produces fruity smell of ester .
c) NaHCO3
When —COOH reacts with NaHCO3 , CO2 gas will be librated from NaHCO3 with brisk-
effervescence .
This test is given by compound which is more acidic than phenol .
e) LITMUS PAPER TEST
It will turn blue litmus paper into red .

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA ARYA MOB :- 7077 6066 22

5. TEST OF PHENOL
a) ACTIVE METAL TEST
Phenol produced H2 gas when it reacts with active metal like Na, K etc .
b) ESTERIFICATION REACTION
When Phenol reacts with carboxylic acid, it produces fruity smell of ester .
c) BROMINE WATER TEST
Phenol will form white ppt of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol .
d) NEUTRAL FeCl3
Phenol with neutral FeCl3 gives violet colour solution .
Alcohol does not give this test .
e) LIEBERMANN NITROSO AMINE TEST
This is the only test of 2o amine but Phenol also gives this test +ve by forming indophenol (Red)
f) PHENOL + PTHALIC ACID ————> PHENOPTHALEIN

g) PHENOL NOT GIVES NaHCO3 TEST

This test is given by compound which is more acidic than phenol .

6. TEST OF AMINE
a) CARBYLAMINE TEST ( CHCl3 + alc. KOH )
The test is given by only 1o amine through pungent smell .
b) LIEBERMANN NITROSO AMINE TEST
The test is given by only 2o amine .
c) HOFMANN MUSTARD OIL TEST ( CS2 + HgCl2 )
CH3-NH2 + CS2 ——> CH3-NH-CS-SH + HgCl2 ——> CH3-N=C=S
( Isothiocyanide ) ( Musturd oil odour )
d) HINSBERG REAGENT TEST ( Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride )
It is the test for distinguish between 1o, 2o, & 3o amine through the solubilty of product in alkaline .
1o amine — soluble in alkaline
2o amine — insoluble in alkaline
3o amine — Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride does not react with 3o amine .
c) NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC
1o amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> librate N2 gas .
2o amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> Nitrosoamine (Yellow colour)
3o amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> Salt
1o Aromatic amine + NaNO2 + dil. HCl in (0-5)oC —> Diazonium salt + beta napthol —> red Dye

7. TEST OF CYANIDE & ISOCYANIDE

a) CYANIDE + REDUCING AGENT —————> 1o AMINE
CH3-CN + LiAlH4 ——> CH3-CH2-NH2
b) ISOCYANIDE + REDUCING AGENT —————> 2o AMINE
CH3-NC + LiAlH4 ——> CH3-NH-CH2

8. TEST OF PROTEIN, NITRO-GROUP, AMIDE & UREA

a) PROTEIN (AMINO-ACID) ——> NINHYDRIN TEST
b) NITRO GROUP ——> MULLIKEN`S TEST
c) AMIDE , UREA & PROTEIN ——> BIURET TEST

9. TEST OF CARBOHYDRATE
a) MOLISCH TEST
b) GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE GIVES BROMINE WATER TEST

MENTOR :- JEETENDRA ARYA MOB :- 7077 6066 22

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