A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED IN PARITIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

BY
(Students Name in alphabetical order, capital Times new roman Black bold 12)

Students Name EXAM No.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Name of Guide

(Faculty Name Times new roman 12)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PES’s MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

PUNE -05

Year: 2020-21
 A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED IN PARITIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SAVITIRBAI PHULE UNIVERSITY PUNE

BY
(Students Name in alphabetical order, capital Times new roman 12)

Students Name EXAM No.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Name of Guide

(Faculty Name Times new roman 12)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PES’s MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

PUNE -05
3) College/Department certificate.

PES’s MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Shivajinagar, Pune-5
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled Title of the project:

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Has been carried out successfully by

Students Name EXAM No.

(Student Name capital Times new roman 12)

It is bonafied work carried out by them under supervision of Prof.- Guide Name and is
approved for the partial fulfillment of requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune University , for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering.

Date:

Approved

Prof. Dr. (Mrs.) N.R.Kulkarni (Name of Project Guide)

Head of Electrical Department

Signature of External Examiner

Date:
 INDEX

SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1 Problem statement

1.2 Objectives

1.3 Scope

1.4 Methodology

2. Literature review

3. System description

3.1Working principle

3.2 System components

4. Calculations

5. Software design

6. Advantages and disadvantages

7. Applications

8. Future scope

9. Conclusion

10. References
ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays the major role in economics and survival of people in India. The purpose of this
project is to provide embedded based system for soil monitoring and irrigation to reduce the manual
monitoring of the field and get the information via mobile application. The system is proposed to
help the farmers to increase the agricultural production. The soil is tested using various sensors such
as pH sensor, temperature sensor, and humidity sensor. Based on the result, the farmers can
cultivate the appropriate crop that suits the soil. Traditional agriculture is remodeling into
resourceful agriculture with the advancement of the internet of Things (IoT). Low-cost and low-
power are the prime factors to make any IoT network advantageous and admissible to the farmers.

Keyword:Agriculture,pH,sensor,humidity.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

By using the concept of modern irrigation system a farmer can save water up to 50%. This concept
depends on two irrigation methods those are: conventional irrigation methods like overhead
sprinklers, flood type feeding systems i.e. wet the lower leaves and stem of the plants. The area
between the crop rows become dry as the large amount of water is consumed by the flood type
methods, in which case the farmer depends only on the incidental rainfalls. The crops get infected by
the leaf mold fungi as the soil surface often stays wet and is saturated after irrigation is completed.
Overcoming these drawbacks new techniques are required to be adopted in the irrigation techniques,
through which small amount of water applies to the parts of root zone of a plant. The plant soil
moisture stress is prevented by providing required amount of water resources frequently or often daily
by which the moisture condition of the soil will retain well. The traditional techniques like sprinkler
or surface irrigation require / use nearly half of water sources, whereas more precise amount of water
could be supplied for plants. As far as the foliage is dry the plant damage due to disease and insects
will be reduced, which further reduces the operating cost. The dry rows between plants will lead to
continuous federations during the irrigation process. Fertilizers can be applied through this type of
system, and the overall cost required for farming will also reduce. The erosion of soil and wind is
much reduced by the recent techniques when compared with overhead sprinkler systems. The soil
characteristics will define the form of the dripping nature in the root zone of a plant which receives
moisture.

As the method of automatic dripping will reduce huge water losses it will become a popular
method by reducing the labor cost and increasing the yields. When the components are
activated, all the components will read and give the output signal to the controller, and the
information will be displayed to the user (farmer). The sensor readings are analog in nature so
the ADC pin in the controller will convert the analog signals into digital format. Then the
controller will access information and when the motors are turned On/Off it will be displayed
on the LCD display.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Irrigation of plants is usually a very time- consuming activity, to be done in a reasonable
amount of time, it requires a large amount of human resources. Traditionaly all the steps
were executed by humans. Nowadays, some systems use technology to reduce the number
of workers or the time required to water the plants. With such systems, the control is very
limited, and many resources are still wasted. Water is one of these resources that are used
excessively. Irrigation is one method used to water the plant. This method represents
massive losses since the amount of water given is in excess of the plant’s needs.

OBJECTIVE

There is an urgent need for a system that makes the agricultural process easier and
burden free for a farmer. With the recent advancement of technology it has become necessary
to increase the annual crop production for country like india which is entirely agro-centric
economy. The ability to conserve the natural resources as well as giving a splendid boost to
the production of the crops is one of the main aims of incorporating such technology into the
agricultural domain of the country to save farmers effort, water and time as well as money.
Irrigation management is a complex decision making process to determine when and how
much water to apply to a growing crop to meet specific management objectives. If the farmer
is far from the agricultural land he will not beable to notice current conditions in the farm. So,
efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping
systems.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

IoT-based
Intelligent
Irrigation
Control
System
IoT-based
Intelligent
Irrigation
Control
System
IoT-based
Intelligent
Irrigation
Control
System
IoT-based
Intelligent
Irrigation
Control
System
Jol-Shinchon: Design and development of a sensor based intelligent auto irrigation system,

Author :- K. M. R. Haque, M. A. Muyeed, S. Sadat and R. Palit

Agriculture is the mainstay for Bangladesh and the provision of water is an important factor
that determines the output of the agriculture sector. Since natural water availability is prone
to many aspects of nature such as rain and capacity of rain-water reservoir, irrigation or
alternative supply of water becomes a critical element in agriculture. The existing irrigation
mechanisms through the motor-pumps are heavily dependent on fossil fuel regarded as an
offender in the carbon footprint debacle. The poor farmers find themselves with
insurmountable hurdles as they are constrained by the financial cost on fuel. The profit
maximization gets a major setback due to the exorbitant amount of expenditure due to fuel
consumption. An innovative approach to do away with such limitation is the utilization of
natural resource for irrigation purpose, an intelligent auto irrigation system which is based on
the concept of harnessing the power of sun. Through the use of panel, sunlight is captured
into the photovoltaic cells and transferred to a battery to be charged during the day. All this
setting is facilitated by circuits one associated with the panel and the other one for detecting
the presence of sunlight during the day since the system would not allow any water to flow
unless it is the night time. In order to drive the pump into action, two conditions need to be
fulfilled one darkness, detected by a photo resistor and the second one is the dryness of soil,
to be determined by a moisture sensor, and this setting would be programmed by a platform
both hardware and software with Arduino Uno. Although the charging time of the battery by
panel would be a little lengthy, the long exposure to the sun would provide enough time and
charging volume to the battery. The battery would comfortably provide a considerable
duration of power to the water pump that can supply sufficient amount of water to
agricultural land of any decent size.

based plant irrigation system

Author :- G. Alex and M. Janakiranimathi

energy has emerged as viable source of renewable energy over the past few decades and is
now used for various applications such as emergency lighting, water heaters, and industrial
application. It is a cheap source of energy. Unlike hydroelectricity it does not cause national
or any conflicts because sun is the only renewable source which is available to everyone. This
paper proposes a based automatic irrigation system. The main objective is to design an low
cost and time based irrigation system with the help of microcontroller. Irrigation Scheduler
measures various parameters such as humidity, temperature and soil moisture. In this paper
the new type of panel is used i.e.. Spin Cell, which produces 20 times more current than the
traditional flat panels and also in the irrigation system the irrigation pump controlled in two
modes :- Automatic mode and GSM mode.

Water usage optimization of Smart Farm Automated Irrigation System using artificial neural
network

Author :- J. R. dela Cruz, R. G. Baldovino, A. A. Bandala and E. P. Dadios,

Limited water resources had become the main constraint to be considered in farming. Optimizing this
has become one of the interests in researches relating to precision agriculture. In this paper, the
researchers use Neural Network in optimizing the water usage in the smart farm by incorporating it to
the proposed Smart Farm Automated Irrigation System (SFAIS) by implementing an expert system.
Simulations were done using the MATLAB Neural Network toolbox and results show that neural
network is a useful tool.

Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module

Author:- Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, and

Miguel Ángel Porta- Gándara

The automatic system was tested for 136 days and save 90% compared with traditional irrigation
system. Three replicas of the automated system have been used successfully in other places for 18
months. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful in
water limited geographically isolated area.

Automated Irrigation System Using Power

Author :- Jia Uddin, S.M. Taslim Reza, Qader Newaz, Jamal Uddin, Touhidul Islam, and
Jong-Myon Kim,“
 This paper design a model of automatic irrigation system which is based on
microcontroller and power was used only for source of power supply. Various sensor are
placed in paddy field. Sensors sense water level continuously and give the information to
farmer through cellular phone. Farmer controls the motor using cellular phone without
going in paddy field. If the water level reaches at danger level, automatically motor will
be off without conformation of farmer.

Smart Irrigation System

Author: S. Darshna, T.Sangavi , Sheena Mohan, A.Soundharya, Sukanya Desikan

Water requirements in irrigation being large, there is a need for a smart irrigation system
that can save about 80% of the water. This prototype aims at saving time and avoiding
problems like constant vigilance. It also helps in water conservation by automatically
providing water to the plants/gardens depending on their water requirements. It can also
prove to be efficient in Agricultural fields, Lawns & Parks. As technology is advancing,
there is always a chance of reducing risks and making work simpler. Embedded and
micro controller systems provide solutions for many problems. This application precisely
controls water system for gardens by using a sensor micro controller system. It is
achieved by installing sensors in the field to monitor the soil temperature and soil
moisture which transmits the data to the microcontroller for estimation of water demands
of plants.

Smart Irrigation Using Internet of Things

Author: Benahmed Khelifa and Douli Amel, Bouzekri Amel, Chabane Mohamed, Benahmed
Tarek

The Algerian economy is currently experiencing a significant deterioration because of its

dependence on oil revenues, which drops in prices recently. Therefore, it is necessary to revive
the Algerian economy with other important sectors, mainly agricultural sector especially in the
south of Algeria. The southern Algeria Contain all necessary conditions for agriculture, which are
the large agricultural areas, water resources and good illumination (sunlight).The mismanagement
of irrigation water affects negatively the agricultural production of Algeria because of the
shortage of irrigation water. Thus, with the benefit of the Internet of Things and the smart
technologies, we will propose in this paper a new strategy for smart irrigation in southern Algeria
regions, to optimize the water consumption, and to provide a remote control and monitoring for
the irrigation system. Tests were realized to prove the validity of our proposed system by using
Contiki-Cooja simulator.

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
• AT-Mega 328
• Moisture sensor
• LM-35
• Humidity sensor
• IOT
• GSM

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
• Arduino IDE
• Tinker CAD
• Flash Magic

BLOCK DIAGRAM

LCD
CT
 PT

MAX GSM
MOISTURE

DRY-WAIT AT-MEGA
328
TEMPERAT MOTOR
RELAY
URE

LDR

LEVEL
SENSOR

POWER

SUPPLY

Working Principle

 Arduino used as a controller. Various sensor are used “ soil moisture sensor, temperature
sensor, humidity sensor water level sensor. Soil moisture sensor check moisture of soil. If
it is dry than motor will on Temperature sensor check temperature of environment
Humidity check humidity of environment Water level sensor for checking level of water in
a tank If water level is below 3rd level then motor will on And if any sensor exceeds than
set threshold value Gsm send sms on particular mobile no. Give power through panel.

 In this project we are using ARDUNIO MEGA, voltage and current sensor, rtc ,and level
sensor with dry wet sensor to detect the moisture condition automatically display their
values with the help of in built Analog to digital converter and the people can access the
 information of sensors with the help of simple SMSs by using GSM technology.
Depending upon the humidity sensors the Submersible motor will automatically on and
off. And LDR sensor is also used to know whether it is day or night modes.

 This project uses two power supplies, one is regulated 5V for modules and other one is
3.3V for ARDUNIO MEGA. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage
regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of
230/12V step down transformer.

COMPONENTS DETAILS
 ATMEGA 328Arduino

 Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming.
As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to
adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to
products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments.


 Arduino is a single-board microcontroller to make usingelectronics in

multidisciplinary projects more accessible.
 The hardware consists of a simple open source hardware board designed around an 8-
bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. The software consists of a
standard
 programming language compiler and a bootloader that executes on the
microcontroller.
 Microcontroller:
 ATmega328
 • Operating Voltage: 5V
 • Input Voltage(recommended):7-12V
 • Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 • Digital I/O Pins: 14 (ofwhich 6 provide PWM output)
 • Analog Input Pins: 6
 • DC Current per I/O Pin: 40mA
 • DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50mA
 • Flash Memory: 32 KB(ATmega328)
 • SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 • EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 • Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it
does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means "One" in Italian and is
named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be
the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of
USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.
 Arduino microcontroller is a small computer board which is easy to use besides is
something come with open-source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and
development software is free. With Arduino, ones can write programs and freely
creating an interface circuits to read switches and other sensor, and also controlling
motors and lights with a very simple steps.
 In its simplest form, an Arduino is a tiny computer that you can program to process
inputs and outputs going into and from the chip.The Arduino is what is known as a
Physical or Embedded Computing platform, which means that it is an interactive
system, that through the use of hardware and software can interact with itʼs
environment.For example, a simple use of the Arduino would be to turn a light on for
a set period of time, letʼs say 30 seconds, after a button has been pressed (we will
build this very same project later in the book). In this example, the Arduino would
have a lamp connected to it as well as a button. The Arduino would sit patiently
waiting for the button to be pressed. When you press the button it would then turn the
lamp on and start counting. Once it had counted 30 seconds it would then turn the
lamp off and then carry on sitting there waiting for another button press. You could
use this set-up to control a lamp in an under-stairs cupboard for example. You could
extend this example to sense when the cupboard door was opened and automatically
turn the light on, turning it off after a set period of time.
 The Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or it can be
connected to a computer to retrieve or send data to the Arduino and then act on that
data (e.g. Send sensor data out to the internet).The Arduino can be connected to
LEDʼs. Dot Matrix displays, LED displays, buttons, switches, motors, temperature
sensors, pressure sensors, distance sensors, webcams, printers, GPS receivers,
Ethernet modules,The Arduino board is made of an an Atmel AVR Microprocessor, a
crystal or oscillator (basically a crude clock that sends time pulses to the
microcontroller to enable it to operate at the correctspeed) and a 5-volt linear
regulator. Depending on what type of Arduino you have, you may also have a USB
connector to enable it to be connected to a PC or Mac to upload or retrieve data. The
board exposes the microcontrollerʼs I/O (Input/Output) pins to enable you to connect
those pins to other circuits or to sensors, etc.To program the Arduino (make it do what
you want it to) you also use the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment),
which is a piece of free software, that enables you to program in the language that the
Arduino understands. In the case of the Arduino the language is C. The IDE enables
you to write a computer program, which is a set of step-bystep instructions that you
then upload to the Arduino. Then your Arduino will carry out those instructions and
interact with the world outside. In the Arduino world,programs are known as
ʻSketchesʼ.

 PIN CONFIGURATIONS:
 

 Pin Descriptions
 VCC
 Digital supply voltage
 GND
 Ground


 Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

 Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tristated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
 Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip
clock source, PB7...6 is used as TOSC2...1 input for the Asynchronous
Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
 The various special features of Port B are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of Port
B” on page 82 and ”System Clock and Clock Options” on page 27.


 Port C (PC5:0)
 Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The PC5...0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tristated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
 ‘


 PC6/RESET
 If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the
RSTDISBL Fuse is un programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this
pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock
is not running. The minimum pulse length is
 given in Table 29-11 on page 305. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a
Reset. The various special features of Port C are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of
Port C” on page 85.


 Port D (PD7:0)
 Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tristated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. The various
special features of Port D are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of Port D” on page
88.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which
are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task
of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying
the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means
that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They areused for writing different
messages on a miniature LCD.

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in
two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation
marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user
makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance
of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
Pins Functions

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background
light is built in). Their function is described in the table below:

Logic
Function Pin Number Name Description
State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd

D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

Write data (from controller to

0 LCD)
Control of 5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to
operating
controller)

0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred
0 to LCD

Data / 7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

commands
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3

11 D4 0/1 Bit 4
 12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

LCD screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot
matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin
marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of
displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor
for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as
data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor
addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying
position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the
address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands

which LCD recognizes are given in the table below:

Execution
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Write to CGRAM or
1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
DDRAM

Read from CGRAM or

1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
DDRAM

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right

 0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left

S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line

U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots

0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots

B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift

LCD Initialization:

Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by
default. This means that:

1. Display is cleared

2. Mode

DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface

N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line

F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots

3. Display/Cursor on/off

D = 0 Display off

U = 0 Cursor off

B = 0 Cursor blink off

4. Character entry

ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1

S = 0 Display shift off

Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any
reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in thecourse of 10mS, display will start
perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit can not meet this condition or if it is
needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new
reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied. Algorithm according to the
initialization is being performed depends on whether connection to the microcontroller is
through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done after that is to give basic commands and
of course- to display messages.

Fig: Procedure on 8-bit initialization.

CONTRAST CONTROL:

To have a clear view of the characters on the LCD, contrast should be adjusted. To adjust the
contrast, the voltage should be varied. For this, a preset is used which can behave like a
variable voltage device. As the voltage of this preset is varied, the contrast of the LCD can be
adjusted.

Fig: Variable resistor

Potentiometer

Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected.

This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a
circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals
at the ends of the track are connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will
provide a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.
 Potentiometer Symbol
 

Presets

These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be
mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For
example to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A
small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets.

Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used
in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.

Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw
must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other,
giving very fine control.

Preset Symbol
 
 IOT Module(ESP8266)

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266
is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. This module comes with AT commands firmware which
allows you to get functionality like arduino wifi shield, however you can load different
firmwares to make your own applicaiton on the modules' memory and processor. Its a very
economic module and has a huge and growing community support.
 
This module has onboard 80Mhz low power 32 bit processor which can be used
for custom firmwares. This also means that you can host small webpages without any
external controller. For more details see : NODEMCU . The ESP8266 supports APSD for
VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF
allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.
ESP8266 is transforming the world with its low cost and high features which
makes it an ideal module for Internet Of Things (IOT). It can be used in any application
where you need to connect a device to your local network or internet.
The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-
01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows
microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections
using Hayes-style commands. However, at first, there was almost no English-language
documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. [2] The very low price and the fact
that there were very few external components on the module, which suggested that it could
eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, the
chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation.

Features:
 802.11 b/g/n
 1Mb Flash size
 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Power down leakage current of <10uA
 Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
 SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 Access Point and Station Modes

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the
direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and
weighting of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly
by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or
interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content. The relation between the
measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary depending on
environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote
sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or
gardeners.

Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water content.
Another class of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called water potential;
these sensors are usually referred to as soil water potential sensors and include densitometers
and gypsum blocks.

Water is required for the basic growth and maintenance of turfgrass and other landscape
plants. When a sufficient amount of water is not present for plant needs, then stress can occur
and ultimately lead to reduced quality or death. Irrigation is common in Florida landscapes
because of sporadic rainfall and the low water holding capacity of sandy soil. This inability of
many of Florida soils to hold substantial water can lead to plant stress after only a few days
without rainfall or irrigation. Most soil moisture sensors are designed to estimate soil
volumetric water content based on the dielectric constant (soil bulk permittivity) of the soil.
The dielectric constant can be thought of as the soil's ability to transmit electricity. The
dielectric constant of soil increases as the water content of the soil increases. This response is
due to the fact that the dielectric constant of water is much larger than the other soil
components, including air. Thus, measurement of the dielectric constant gives a predictable
estimation of water content.

This sensor measures the volumetric content of water inside the soil and gives us the moisture
level as output. The sensor is equipped with both analog and digital output, so it can be used
in both analog and digital mode. In this article, we are going to interface the sensor in both
modes. So let’s begin our tutorial on interfacing Arduino and Soil moisture sensor.

Working of Sensor

The soil moisture sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure the volumetric
content of water. The two probes allow the current to pass through the soil and then it gets the
resistance value to measure the moisture value.

When there is more water, the soil will conduct more electricity which means that there will
be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be higher. Dry soil conducts electricity
poorly, so when there will be less water, then the soil will conduct less electricity which
means that there will be more resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be lower.

This sensor can be connected in two modes; Analog mode and digital mode. First, we will
connect it in Analog mode and then we will use it in Digital mode.

Specifications

Input Voltage 3.3 – 5V

Output Voltage 0 – 4.2V
Input Current 35mA
Output Signal Both Analog and Digital
Pin Out – Soil Moisture Sensor
The soil Moisture sensor has four pins

VCC: For power

A0: Analog output

D0: Digital output

GND: Ground

The Module also contains a potentiometer which will set the threshold value and then this
threshold value will be compared by the LM393 comparator. The output LED will light up
and down according to this threshold value.
DHT11 SENSOR

DHT11 is a part of DHTXX series of Humidity sensors. The other sensor in this series is
DHT22. Both these sensors are Relative Humidity (RH) Sensor. As a result, they will
measure both the humidity and temperature. The DHT11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor
consists of 3 main components. A resistive type humidity sensor, an NTC (negative
temperature coefficient) thermistor (to measure the temperature) and an 8-bit microcontroller,
which converts the analog signals from both the sensors and sends out single digital signal.

DHT11 Humidity Sensor consists of 4 pins: VCC, Data Out, Not Connected (NC) and GND.
The range of voltage for VCC pin is 3.5V to 5.5V. A 5V supply would do fine. The data from
the Data Out pin is a serial digital data.

WHAT IS RELATIVE HUMIDITY?

The DHT11 measures relative humidity. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in
air vs. the saturation point of water vapor in air. At the saturation point, water vapor starts to
condense and accumulate on surfaces forming dew.

The saturation point changes with air temperature. Cold air can hold less water vapor before
it becomes saturated, and hot air can hold more water vapor before it becomes saturated.

Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage. At 100% RH, condensation occurs, and at 0%

RH, the air is completely dry.

HOW THE DHT11 MEASURES HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE

The DHT11 detects water vapor by measuring the electrical resistance between two
electrodes. The humidity sensing component is a moisture holding substrate with electrodes
applied to the surface. When water vapor is absorbed by the substrate, ions are released by
the substrate which increases the conductivity between the electrodes. The change in
resistance between the two electrodes is proportional to the relative humidity. Higher relative
humidity decreases the resistance between the electrodes, while lower relative humidity
increases the resistance between the electrodes.

The following image shows a typical application circuit for DHT11 Humidity and
Temperature Sensor. DHT11 Sensor can measure a humidity value in the range of 20 – 90%
of Relative Humidity (RH) and a temperature in the range of 0 – 500C. The sampling period
of the sensor is 1 second i.e.All the DHT11 Sensors are accurately calibrated in the laboratory
and the results are stored in the memory. A single wire communication can be established
between any microcontroller like Arduino and the DHT11 Sensor.

Also, the length of the cable can be as long as 20 meters. The data from the sensor consists of
integral and decimal parts for both Relative Humidity (RH) and temperature.

The data from the DHT11 sensor consists of 40 – bits and the format is as follows:

8 – Bit data for integral RH value, 8 – Bit data for decimal RH value, 8 – Bit data for integral
Temperature value, 8 – Bit data for integral Temperature value and 8 – Bit data for
checksum.

Application

DHT11 Relative Humidity and Temperature Sensor can be used in many applications like:
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Systems
Weather Stations
Medical Equipment for measuring humidity
Home Automation Systems
Automotive and other weather control applications

TEMPERATURE SENSOR
 LM35 is a three-terminal linear temperature sensor from National semiconductors, whose
output voltage varies according to the temperature around it. The temperature it can measure
should be anywhere between -55°C to 150°C. It is a low-cost sensor that is easily available in
the market. We can also interface it with any Microcontroller that has an analog to digital
conversion function.
The voltage output of the LM35 increases by 10mV per degree Celsius rise in temperature. It
provides an output voltage in Centigrade (Celsius), so it has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin as it does not require any external calibration
circuitry. The temperature output of LM35 is also more precise than the thermistor output.

LM35 Pinout

Pin Name Description

VCC +5 V input voltage is applied at this Pin.

Out We get the output voltage at this Pin.

GND Connect this Pin, to the Ground of the circuit

Features of LM35

 The current Drain is less than 60-µA

 It typically operates at 5V but maximum and minimum input voltages are 30 V and 4 V
respectively.

 It is available in TO-220, TO-CAN, TO-92 and SO IC packages.

 The temperature range it can measure is −55°C to 150°C.

 It is a Low-Cost temperature sensor due to Wafer-Level Trimming.

 Reading is directly calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade).

 It is suitable for remote applications.

 Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor

 Output impedance is low, 0.1 Ω for 1-mA Load.

 0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at 24°C)

Applications

 It can be used to measure the temperature of a particular environment.

 It can be used in circuits to monitor the temperature of the battery or HVAC system.

GSM

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication. Today, GSM is used by more
than 800 million end users spread across 190 countries which represents around 70 percent
of today’s digital wireless market. So, let’s see how it works.
In GSM, geographical area is divided into hexagonal cells whose side depends upon power
of transmitter and load on transmitter (number of end user). At the center of cell, there is a
base station consisting of a transceiver (combination of transmitter and receiver) and an
antenna.
Architecture :
Image of GSM Architecture :
Function of Components :

1. Mobile station (MS) : It refers for mobile station. Simply, it means a mobile phone.
2. Base transreceiver system (BTS) : It maintains the radio component with MS.
3. Base station controller (BSC) : Its function is to allocate necessary time slots between
the BTS and MSC.
4. Home location register (HLR) : It is the reference database for subscriber parameter ike
subscriber’s ID, location, authentication key etc.
5. Vistor location register (VLR) : It contains copy of most of the data stored in HLR
which is temporary and exist only until subscriber is active.
6. Equipment identity register (EIR) : It is a database which contains a list of valid mobile
equipment on the network.
7. Authentication center (AuC) : It perform authentication of subscriber.
Working :
GSM is combination of TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency
Division Multiple Access) and Frequency hopping . Initially, GSM use two frequency
bands of 25 MHz width : 890 to 915 MHz frequency band for up-link and 935 to 960 MHz
frequency for down-link. Later on, two 75 MHz band were added. 1710 to 1785 MHz for
up-link and 1805 to 1880 MHz for down-link. up-link is the link from ground station to a
satellite and down-link is the link from a satellite down to one or more ground stations or
receivers. GSM divides the 25 MHz band into 124 channels each having 200 KHz width
and remaining 200 KHz is left unused as a guard band to avoid interference.
What is GSM Technology?

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970.  It is a
widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operate at the 850MHz,
900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz frequency bands.

GSM technology was developed as a digital system using the time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique for communication purposes. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then
sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own
particular time slot. The digital system has the ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data
rates.

POWER SUPPLY

RESISTOR:

Resistors "Resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the value of resistance
(measured in ohms) the lower the current will be. Resistance is the property of a component
which restricts theflow of electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the
component drives the current through it and this energy appears as heat in the component.
Colour Code:
 CAPACITOR:

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because
it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies
by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors
easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

Circuit symbol:   

Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the correct wayround, at
least one of their leads will be marked + or -.

Examples:  

DIODES:

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol
shows the direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve
and early diodes were actually called valves.

Circuit symbol:   

Diodes must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labeled a or + for
anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is marked by
a line painted on the body. Diodes are labeled with their code
in small print; you may need a magnifying glass to read this on
small signal diodes.

Example:       
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED):

The longer lead is the anode (+) and the shorter lead is the cathode (&minus). In the
schematic symbol for an LED (bottom), the anode is on the left and the cathode is on the
right. Light emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics.

They are manufactured in different shapes, colors and sizes. For their low price, low
consumption and simple use, they have almost completely pushed aside other light sources-
bulbs at first place.

It is important to know that each diode will be immediately destroyed unless its current is
limited. This means that a conductor must be connected in parallel to a diode. In order to
correctly determine value of this conductor, it is necessary to know diode’s voltage drop in
forward direction, which depends on what material a diode is made of and what colors it is.
Values typical for the most frequently used diodes are shown in table below: As seen, there
are three main types of LEDs. Standard ones get full brightness at current of 20mA.
LowCurrent diodes get full brightness at ten time’s lower current while Super Bright diodes
produce more intensive light than Standard ones.

Since the ArduinoAtmega 328s can provide only low input current and since their pins
are configured as outputs when voltage level on them is equal to 0, direct confectioning to
LEDs is carried out as it is shown on figure (Low current LED, cathode is connected to
output pin).

Switches and Pushbuttons:

A push button switch is used to either close or open an electrical circuit depending on the
application. Push button switches are used in various applications such as
industrial equipment control handles, outdoor controls, mobile communication terminals, and
medical equipment, and etc. Push button switches generally include a push button disposed
within housing. The push button may be depressed to cause movement of the push button
relative to the housing for directly or indirectly changing the state of an electrical contact to
open or close the contact. Also included in a pushbutton switch may be an actuator, driver, or
plunger of some type that is situated within a switch housing having at least two contacts in
communication with an electrical circuit within which the switch is incorporated.
 Typical actuators used for contact switches include spring loaded force cap actuators
that reciprocate within a sleeve disposed within the canister. The actuator is typically coupled
to the movement of the cap assembly, such that the actuator translates in a direction that is
parallel with the cap. A push button switch for a data input unit for a mobile communication
device such as a cellular phone, a key board for a personal computer or the like is generally
constructed by mounting a cover member directly on a circuit board. Printed circuit board
(PCB) mounted pushbutton switches are an inexpensive means of providing an operator
interface on industrial control products. In such push button switches, a substrate which
includes a plurality of movable sections is formed of a rubber elastomeric. The key top is
formed on a top surface thereof with a figure, a character or the like by printing, to thereby
provide a cover member. Push button switches incorporating lighted displays have been used
in a variety of applications. Such switches are typically comprised of a pushbutton, an opaque
legend plate, and a back light to illuminate the legend plate.

Block Diagram For Regulated Power Supply (RPS):

Figure: Power Supply

Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
Figure: Transformer Symbol

(or)

Transformer is a device that converts the one form energy to another form of energy like a
transducer.

Figure: Transformer

Basic Principle

A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the
voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
Figure: Basic Principle
Transformer Working

A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an iron core, as shown
in figure below. There is no electrical connection between the coils; instead they are linked
by a magnetic field created in the core.

Figure: Basic Transformer

Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another with minimal loss of
power. They only work with AC (alternating current) because they require a changing
magnetic field to be created in their core. Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well
as reduce voltage (step-down).

Alternating current flowing in the primary (input) coil creates a continually changing
magnetic field in the iron core. This field also passes through the secondary (output) coil and
the changing strength of the magnetic field induces an alternating voltage in the secondary
coil. If the secondary coil is connected to a load the induced voltage will make an induced
current flow. The correct term for the induced voltage is 'induced electromotive force' which
is usually abbreviated to induced e.m.f.

The iron core is laminated to prevent 'eddy currents' flowing in the core. These are currents
produced by the alternating magnetic field inducing a small voltage in the core, just like that
induced in the secondary coil. Eddy currents waste power by needlessly heating up the core
but they are reduced to a negligible amount by laminating the iron because this increases the
electrical resistance of the core without affecting its magnetic properties.
Transformers have two great advantages over other methods of changing voltage:

1. They provide total electrical isolation between the input and output, so they can be
safely used to reduce the high voltage of the mains supply.
2. Almost no power is wasted in a transformer. They have a high efficiency (power out /
power in) of 95% or more.

Classification of Transformer

 Step-Up Transformer
 Step-Down Transformer

Step-Down Transformer

Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is
greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down" the voltage
applied to it. For instance, a step down transformer is needed to use a 110v product in a
country with a 220v supply.

Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase configuration
usually down to a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation, power
distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. Step down transformers typically
rely on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current
levels.

Step down transformers are made from two or more coils of insulated wire wound around a
core made of iron. When voltage is applied to one coil (frequently called the primary or
input) it magnetizes the iron core, which induces a voltage in the other coil, (frequently called
the secondary or output). The turn’s ratio of the two sets of windings determines the amount
of voltage transformation.
 Figure: Step-Down Transformer

An example of this would be: 100 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary, a ratio
of 2 to 1.

Step down transformers can be considered nothing more than a voltage ratio device.

With step down transformers the voltage ratio between primary and secondary will mirror the
"turn’s ratio" (except for single phase smaller than 1 kva which have compensated
secondary). A practical application of this 2 to 1 turn’s ratio would be a 480 to 240 voltage
step down. Note that if the input were 440 volts then the output would be 220 volts. The ratio
between input and output voltage will stay constant. Transformers should not be operated at
voltages higher than the nameplate rating, but may be operated at lower voltages than rated.
Because of this it is possible to do some non-standard applications using standard
transformers.

Single phase step down transformers 1 kva and larger may also be reverse connected to step-
down or step-up voltages. (Note: single phase step up or step down transformers sized less
than 1 KVA should not be reverse connected because the secondary windings have additional
turns to overcome a voltage drop when the load is applied. If reverse connected, the output
voltage will be less than desired.)

Step-Up Transformer

A step up transformer has more turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a larger
induced voltage in the secondary coil. It is called a step up transformer because the voltage
output is larger than the voltage input.
Step-up transformer 110v 220v design is one whose secondary voltage is greater than its
primary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps up" the voltage applied to it. For instance, a
step up transformer is needed to use a 220v product in a country with a 110v supply.

A step up transformer 110v 220v converts alternating current (AC) from one voltage to
another voltage. It has no moving parts and works on a magnetic induction principle; it can
be designed to "step-up" or "step-down" voltage. So a step up transformer increases the
voltage and a step down transformer decreases the voltage.

The primary components for voltage transformation are the step up transformer core and coil.
The insulation is placed between the turns of wire to prevent shorting to one another or to
ground. This is typically comprised of Mylar, nomex, Kraft paper, varnish, or other materials.
As a transformer has no moving parts, it will typically have a life expectancy between 20 and
25 years.

Figure: Step-Up Transformer

Applications:

Generally these Step-Up Transformers are used in industries applications only.

Types of Transformer

Mains Transformers

Mains transformers are the most common type.  They are designed to reduce the AC
mains supply voltage (230-240V in the UK or 115-120V in some countries) to a safer low
voltage. The standard mains supply voltages are officially 115V and 230V, but 120V and    
240V are the values usually quoted and the difference is of no significance in most cases.

Figure: Main Transformer

To allow for the two supply voltages mains transformers usually have two separate primary
coils (windings) labeled 0-120V and 0-120V. The two coils are connected in series for 240V
(figure 2a) and in parallel for 120V (figure 2b). They must be wired the correct way round as
shown in the diagrams because the coils must be connected in the correct sense (direction):
Most mains transformers have two separate secondary coils (e.g. labeled 0-9V, 0-9V) which
may be used separately to give two independent supplies, or connected in series to create a
centre-tapped coil (see below) or one coil with double the voltage.

Some mains transformers have a centre-tap halfway through the secondary coil and they are
labeled 9-0-9V for example. They can be used to produce full-wave rectified DC with just
two diodes, unlike a standard secondary coil which requires four diodes to produce full-wave
rectified DC.

A mains transformer is specified by:

1. Its secondary (output) voltages Vs.

2. Its maximum power, Pmax, which the transformer can pass, quoted in VA (volt-amp).
This determines the maximum output (secondary) current, Imax...

...where Vs is the secondary voltage.  If there are two secondary coils the maximum
power should be halved to give the maximum for each coil.

3. Its construction - it may be PCB-mounting, chassis mounting (with solder tag

connections) or toroidal (a high quality design).

Audio Transformers

Audio transformers are used to convert the moderate voltage, low current output of an audio
amplifier to the low voltage, high current required by a loudspeaker.  This use is called
'impedance matching' because it is matching the high impedance output of the amplifier to
the low impedance of the loudspeaker.

Figure: Audio transformer

Radio Transformers

Radio transformers are used in tuning circuits. They are smaller than mains and audio
transformers and they have adjustable ferrite cores made of iron dust. The ferrite cores can be
adjusted with a non-magnetic plastic tool like a small screwdriver. The whole transformer is
enclosed in an aluminum can which acts as a shield, preventing the transformer radiating too
much electrical noise to other parts of the circuit.

Figure: Radio Transformer

Turns Ratio and Voltage

The ratio of the number of turns on the primary and secondary coils determines the ratio of
the voltages...

...where Vp is the primary (input) voltage, Vs is the secondary (output) voltage, Np is the
number of turns on the primary coil, and Ns is the number of turns on the secondary coil.

Diodes

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction.  The arrow of the circuit symbol shows
the direction in which the current can flow.  Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and
early diodes were actually called valves.
Figure: Diode Symbol

A diode is a device which only allows current to flow through it in one direction.  In this
direction, the diode is said to be 'forward-biased' and the only effect on the signal is that there
will be a voltage loss of around 0.7V.  In the opposite direction, the diode is said to be
'reverse-biased' and no current will flow through it.

3.2.2 Rectifier

The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into a DC waveform (OR) Rectifier

converts AC current or voltages into DC current or voltage.  There are two different
rectification circuits, known as 'half-wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers.  Both use components
called diodes to convert AC into DC.

The Half-wave Rectifier

The half-wave rectifier is the simplest type of rectifier since it only uses one diode, as shown
in figure.

Figure: Half Wave Rectifier

Figure 2 shows the AC input waveform to this circuit and the resulting output.  As you can
see, when the AC input is positive, the diode is forward-biased and lets the current through. 
When the AC input is negative, the diode is reverse-biased and the diode does not let any
current through, meaning the output is 0V.  Because there is a 0.7V voltage loss across the
diode, the peak output voltage will be 0.7V less than Vs.

Figure: Half-Wave Rectification

While the output of the half-wave rectifier is DC (it is all positive), it would not be suitable as
a power supply for a circuit.  Firstly, the output voltage continually varies between 0V and
Vs-0.7V, and secondly, for half the time there is no output at all. 

The Full-wave Rectifier

The circuit in figure 3 addresses the second of these problems since at no time is the output
voltage 0V.  This time four diodes are arranged so that both the positive and negative parts of
the AC waveform are converted to DC.  The resulting waveform is shown in figure 4.
Figure: Full-Wave Rectifier

Figure: Full-Wave Rectification

When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while diodes C and D are
reverse-biased.  When the AC input is negative, the opposite is true - diodes C and D are
forward-biased, while diodes A and B are reverse-biased.

While the full-wave rectifier is an improvement on the half-wave rectifier, its output still isn't
suitable as a power supply for most circuits since the output voltage still varies between 0V
and Vs-1.4V.  So, if you put 12V AC in, you will 10.6V DC out.
Capacitor Filter

The capacitor-input filter, also called "Pi" filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letterpi, is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or undesired
frequencies from a signal.

Figure: Capacitor Filter

A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter capacitor C1, connected across the rectifier
output, an inductor L, in series and another filter capacitor connected across the load.

1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier output
while it offers infinite reactance to the DC component. As a result the capacitor shunts
an appreciable amount of the AC component while the DC component continues its
journey to the inductor L
2. The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component but it offers almost zero
reactance to the DC component. As a result the DC component flows through the
inductor while the AC component is blocked.
3. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component which the inductor had failed to block.
As a result only the DC component appears across the load RL.

Figure: Centered Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter

Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages. There are two types of regulator are they.

 Positive Voltage Series (78xx) and

 Negative Voltage Series (79xx)

78xx:
’78’ indicate the positive series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7805 produces
the maximum 5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is 5V.

79xx:
’78’ indicate the negative series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7905
produces the maximum -5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is -5V.

These regulators consists the three pins there are

Pin1: It is used for input pin.

Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator

Pin3: It is used for output pin. Through this pin we get the output.

Figure: Regulator

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1. ARDUINO software is used

 HOW TO START WITH ARDUINO SOFTWARE

1. | Get an Arduino or Genuino board and USB cable. ...

2. | Download and install the Arduino Software (IDE) ...
3. | Connect the board. ...
4. | Install the board drivers. ...
5. | Launch the Arduino Software (IDE) ...
6. | Open the blink example. ...
7. | Select your board. ...
8. | Select your serial port.

1. Get an Arduino or Genuino board and USB cable

In this tutorial, we assume you're using an Arduino or Genuino Uno or an Arduino or
Genuino Mega 2560 . If you are using a retired board as Arduino
Duemilanove, Nano or Diecimila please refer to the driver installation instructions end of this
document. If you have another board, read the corresponding page linked in the main getting
started page.
 2. Download and install the Arduino Software (IDE)
Get the latest version from the download page. You can choose between the Installer (.exe)
and the Zip packages. We suggest you use the first one that installs directly everything you
need to use the Arduino Software (IDE), including the drivers. With the Zip package you
need to install the drivers manually.

When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow the driver
installation process.
Choose the components to install

Choose the installation directory (we suggest to keep the default one)
 The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properly the Arduino
Software (IDE)

3. Connect the board

The USB connection with the PC is necessary to program the board and not just to power it
up. The Uno and Mega automatically draw power from either the USB or an external power
supply. Connect the board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED
(labelled PWR) should go on.

4. Install the board drivers

If you used the Installer, Windows - from XP up to 10 - will install drivers automatically as
soon as you connect your board.

If you downloaded and expanded the Zip package or, for some reason, the board wasn't
properly recognized, please follow the procedure below.

 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel.

 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System. Once the
System window is up, open the Device Manager.
 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO
(COMxx)". If there is no COM & LPT section, look under "Other Devices" for "Unknown
Device".
 Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COmxx)" port and choose the "Update Driver Software"
option.
 Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option.
 Finally, navigate to and select the driver file named "arduino.inf", located in the "Drivers"
folder of the Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-directory). If you
are using an old version of the IDE (1.0.3 or older), choose the Uno driver file
named "Arduino UNO.inf"
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there.

5. Launch the Arduino Software (IDE)

Double-click the Arduino icon (arduino.exe) created by the installation process. (Note: if the
Arduino Software loads in the wrong language, you can change it in the preferences dialog.

6. Open the blink example

Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >01.Basics > Blink.
 7. Select your board
You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your Arduino or
Genuino board.
 8. Select your serial port
Select the serial device of the board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to
be COM3 or higher (COM1 andCOM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To
find out, you can disconnect your board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears
should be the Arduino or Genuino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
 9. Upload the program
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should
see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading." will appear in the status bar.

A few seconds after the upload finishes, you should see the pin 13 (L) LED on the board start
to blink (in orange). If it does, congratulations! You've gotten Arduino or Genuino up-and-
running
 1. PROTEUS

What Is Proteus ??

Basically PROTEUS is also a simulating software but it helps you attach many
components with the Arduino. Like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, LCDs, keypads,
ICs etc. and these are just few that I have named in general. It has a complete library
and you will find everything that you will ever need. You can design your complete
circuit and then simulate it to view the final output. This means that after perfecting
your project on the programming side in KEIL, you'll need to simulate it on
PROTEUS to determine the output of the hardware components and change it if need
be. This will completely ensure your project's success.

USING PROTEUS

PROTEUS is designed to be user-friendly and you will get the hold of it instantly. There is no
need to worry about some complex configuration / settings prior to simulation. Here are the
basic steps.

 Place your components from the library

 Connect them accordingly
 Load HEX file (if Arduino is involved)
 Simulate the circuit

UNDERSTAND EACH STEP IN DETAIL

1. PLACING COMPONENTS

 Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure
 Select any category
 Select item from the list
 Click OK

 After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then
click again to place it

2. CONNECTING
COMPONENTS
 Place all the required components
 Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points

3. LOAD HEX FILE

 Double click the Arduino component to open its properties

 Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal
oscillator to the Atmega 328. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be
adjusted in the properties window as well.
 4. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT

 The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time

The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON /
OFF) through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just
see the LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.
Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.

PCB DESIGN

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic

components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components – capacitors, resistors or
active devices – are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain
components embedded in the substrate.

PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected with vias. Multi-
layer PCBs allow for much higher component density.

FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate. A basic building block of the PCB is an
FR-4 panel with a thin layer of copper foil laminated to one or both sides. In multi-layer
boards multiple layers of material are laminated together.

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to
PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design
effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated.
Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as
components are mounted and wired with one single part.A minimal PCB with a single
component used for easier modeling is called breakout board.

When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA).
The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),[2] and for
assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for
bare and assembled boards.

ExpressPCB is a free CAD software , specially designed to help us to create printed circuit
board. ExpressPCB is the program that will be used to design printed circuits boards and
ExpressSCH is a program that can be used do design a circuit diagram ( to draw circuits) ..
 Steps To Start With Express SCH

Step 1- Select the Components

Begin your schematic by placing the components. Select the parts from the Component
Manager dialog box.ExpressSCH includes a large library with hundreds of component
symbols (ICs, resistors, capacitors…) that you can use to draw your electronic circuits.

Step 2- Position the Components

Drag each component to the desired location on the page. The Snap to grid feature makes it
easy to neatly align the symbols.If all of the components do not fit on a single page, add
additional sheets. All the sheets of a schematic are linked together and saved in one file.

Step 3- Add the Wires 

Now draw the wires to connect the parts together. Add each wire by clicking on a
component’s pin, then dragging the wire to the pin it connects to.
 

Step 4- Edit the Schematic

Making changes to a schematic is simple using standard commands such as Copy, Cut and
Paste. Rearranging the components is easy by dragging them with the mouse. Wires always
stay connected to their pins, even when you move things around
Step 5- Link the Schematic and PCB
After you complete your schematic, it can be linked to your circuit board layout file.
This image of the ExpressPCB layout program shows how it guides you in designing your
board by highlighting in blue the pins that should be wired together.

Steps To Start With Express PCB

Step 1- Select the Components

Begin your layout by adding the components. Select the parts from the Component Manager
dialog box. Many components (such as connectors) include Digi-key part numbers to make
ordering easy.

Step 2:- Position the Components

Drag each component to the desired location on your board. The Snap to grid feature makes
it easy to neatly align the parts.
 

Step 3:-Add the Traces

Now add each trace by clicking on the pin of a component and dragging the trace to another
pin. If you link your schematic file to the PCB, then the ExpressPCB program highlights the
pins that should be wired together in blue.
Step 4- Edit the Layout

Making changes is simple using standard commands such as Copy, Cut and Paste. Rearrange
the parts by dragging them with the mouse. Traces always stay connected to their pins, even
when you move things around.You can set the properties of items in your layout by double-
clicking on them. For example, double-click on a trace to change its layer or width.

Step 5:-

Completing PCB layout in Express PCB.

 

BOARD LAYOUT
1. Arduino development Board
2. LCD Display

3. Power supply circuit

4. Buzzer
 CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES

ADVANATGES

1.Limiting the wastage of resources by optimizing the resources with time and quantity.

2. Removes the headache of the farmers by continuously accessing there farm lands by applying
smart farming in agriculture.
 conclusion:

By implementing this idea, we can improve the traditional way of agriculture irrigation system in
different region of India. In the present era, the farmers use irrigation technique through the manual
control, in which the farmers irrigate the land at regular intervals .This process seems to consume more
water and results in water wastage. Moreover in dry areas where there is inadequate rainfall, irrigation
becomes difficult.
REFERENCES
 K. M. R. Haque, M. A. Muyeed, S. Sadat and R. Palit, "Jol-Shinchon: Design and
development of a sensor based intelligent auto irrigation system," 2017 IEEE 7th
Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las
Vegas, NV, 2017, pp. 1-5
 G. Alex and M. Janakiranimathi, " based plant irrigation system," 2016 2nd
International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Electronics, Information,
Communication and Bio-Informatics (AEEICB), Chennai, 2016, pp. 425-428

 J. R. dela Cruz, R. G. Baldovino, A. A. Bandala and E. P. Dadios, "Water usage

optimization of Smart Farm Automated Irrigation System using artificial neural
network," 2017 5th International Conference on Information and Communication
Technology (ICoIC7), Malacca City, 2017, pp. 1-5

 Suraj S.Avatade1, Prof.S. P. Dhanure2 “Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor

Network and GPRS” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication EngineeringVol. 4, Issue 5, May 2015.

 T.Ramya1, P. Uma Mageswari2, K.Balaji3 “Automated Irrigation System Using a

Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module” International Journal of Innovative
Research in Computer and Communication Engineering An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified
Organization Vol.3, Special Issue 8, October 2015

 KAVITA BHOLE 1 DIMPLE CHAUDHARI2 “ POWERED SENSOR BASE

IRRIGATION SYSTEM” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016.

 G. Merlin Suba, Y M Jagadeesh, S Karthik and E Raj Sampath “SMART

IRRIGATION SYSTEM THROUGH WIRELESSSENSOR NETWORKS” VOL. 10,
 NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 2015 ISSN 1819-6608ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences

 R.suresh, S.Gopinath, K.Govindaraju, T.Devika, N.Suthanthira Vanitha, GSM based

Automated Irrigation Control using Raingun Irrigation System, International Journal
of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering ,Vol. 3, Issue 2,
February 2014.