Active and Reactive Power
Active and Reactive Power
Laymans guide
What is Power Factor?
Power is used most efficiently if the current is aligned with the voltage. Some light bulbs and heaters draw current exactly synchronized to voltage, but most other loads tend to draw current with a delay (lag). It takes more current to deliver a fixed amount of power when the current is lagged or delayed.
In c r e ase i n Cu r r e n t w i th Po o r Po w e r F ac to r
220% 200%
Beer (kW) 80%, Froth (kvar) 20%, Your pint (kVA) 100%. Why pay for froth? Reducing the percentage of froth allows you to have almost a full pint. You cant get rid of all the froth but a little is ok!
Current
18 0 % 16 0 % 140 %
10 0 % 1 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5
12 0 %
The ratio of the actual power transmitted real power (kW) to the apparent power (kVA) that could have been transmitted if the same current were in phase and undistorted is known as the power factor. The delay or phase shift is caused by a requirement for active power (kW) and reactive power (kvar). Reactive power is required by motors, transformers etc to magnetise the circuit. This reactive power can either be supplied by the electricity supplier in the form of penalties or by capacitors connected to the system.
Technical Notes
Example
A site in the South East of England purchases their electricity from Southern Electric, but is connected to the local EDF network. The site has a Maximum Demand (M.D.) of 354kVA and a Power Factor of 0.79. Installing a 150kvar Low Voltage PFC bank increased the power factor to 0.97, saved the company 67kVA, and 21,711kvarh units per month. Based on their current tariff they realised 1,615.30 p.a. total savings:
KW = kVA x p.f. KW = 354 x 0.79 = 279.6kW Kvar = kVA2 - kW2 = 125316-78176 = 217.1kvar adding 150kvar makes site kvar 67.1. KVA = kW2 + kvar2 = 78176 + 4502 = 287kVA Saving 67kVA or 19%
100%
Standard or De-tuned?
The choice of equipment is dependent upon the nature of the loads connected. If there are any non-linear loads connected these may adversely affect the equipment: Absorb harmonic currents, leading to premature failure Make the power quality for connected equipment worse. While standard PFC is approximately half the price of the equivalent de-tuned type if installed in site with a considerable amount of non-linear load its operating life is cut to months.
Percentage of non-linear loads such as Computers, Variable Speed Drives, UPS etc.
General rules of thumb; if total non-linear load percentage exceeds 15%, detuned PFC must be used. Exceeding 50% requires a special filter.
Contact us:
Power Quality Management Ltd PO BOX 76 Blakeney, GL15 4WU Phone: 01594 510670 Fax: 01594 516170 E-mail: [email protected] www.pqmanagement.co.uk