Unit-2 Python Programming P.N.Varalakshmi.

K
Assoc., Prof., CSE

UNIT-2:

Control Statement: Definite iteration for Loop Formatting Text for output, Selection if and if else
Statement Conditional Iteration The While Loop

Strings and Text Files: Accessing Character and Substring in Strings, Data Encryption, Strings

and Number Systems, String Methods Text Files.

Data Encryption:
1. Data encryption to protect information transmitted on networks. Some application protocols
have been updated to include secure versions that use data encryption. Examples of such
versions are FTPS and HTTPS, which are secure versions of FTP and HTTP for file transfer and
Web page transfer, respectively.

2. Encryption techniques are as old as the practice of sending and receiving messages. The sender
encrypts a message by translating it to a secret code, called a cipher text.

3. At the other end, the receiver decrypts the cipher text back to its original plaintext form.

4. Both parties to this transaction must have at their disposal one or more keys that allow them
to encrypt and decrypt messages.

Fig : Encryption and Decryption Using Symmetric Key

5. A very simple encryption method that has been in use for thousands of years is called a
Caesar cipher.
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6. The next two Python scripts implement Caesar cipher methods for any strings that
contain lowercase letters and for any distance values between 0 and 26.

7. Here we are using the ord function returns the ordinal position of a character value in
the ASCII sequence, whereas chr is the inverse function.
Example-1:
“””
File:encrypt.py
Encrypts an input string of lowercase letters and prints the result.
The other input is the distance value.
“””
Program:
plain_text=input('Enter Plain Text:') Output:

key=int(input('Enter KEY Value:')) Enter Plain Text: hello!(#

Cipher_Text=""
Enter KEY Value: 2
for i in plain_text:
ordvalue=ord(i) jgnnq#*%
ciphervalue=ordvalue+key
Cipher_Text+=chr(ciphervalue)
print(Cipher_Text)

Example-2:
“””
File: decrypt.py
Decrypts an input string of lowercase letters and prints the result.
The other input is the distance value.
“””
Program:
ciphertext=input("enter cipher text: ") Output:

key=int(input("enter key value: ")) enter cipher text: jgnnq#*%

plain=" "
enter key value: 2
for i in ciphertext:
ordvalue=ord(i) hello!(#
plainvalue=ordvalue-key
plain+=chr(plainvalue)
print(plain)
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String Methods
• Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings.
• Note: All string methods returns new values. They do not change the original string.

S.No Method Description

1 capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case

2 casefold() Converts string into lower case

3 center() Returns a centered string

4 count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a

string
5 encode() Returns an encoded version of the string

6 endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value

7 expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string

8 find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found

9 index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found

10 isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are

alphanumeric
11 isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the
alphabet

12 isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals

13 isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits

14 isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier

15 islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case

16 isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric

17 isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable

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18 isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces

19 istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title

20 isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case

21 join() Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string

22 ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string

23 lower() Converts a string into lower case

24 replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a

specified value

25 split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a

list
26 startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value

27 strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string

28 swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice
versa
29 title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case

30 upper() Converts a string into upper case

31 rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
last position of where it was found

32 rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
last position of where it was found

33 rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string

34 rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a

list
35 rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string

36 splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list

37 translate() Returns a translated string

38 zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the

beginning

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1. capitalize ():
• Converts the first character to upper case

Syntax: string.capitalize()
Example: 1
>>> str="python is a trending programming language"
>>> str.capitalize()
Output:'Python is a trending programming language'

Example: 2
>>> txt='522616 is a pincode'
>>> txt.capitalize()
Output: '522616 is a pincode'

2. casefold ():
• Converts string into lower case
• This method is similar to the lower() method, but the casefold()
method is stronger, more aggressive, meaning that it will convert
more characters into lower case, and will find more matches when
comparing two strings and both are converted using the casefold()
method.

Syntax: string.casefold()
Example: 1
>>> str='PYTHON IS A TRENDING PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE'
>>> str.casefold()
Output: 'python is a trending programming language'

3. center ():
• The center() method will center align the string, using a specified character
(space is default) as the fill character.

Syntax: string.center(length, character)

Here,
length = Required. The length of the returned string.
Character = Optional. The character to fill the missing space on each side. Default is
" " (space)
Example-1: Print the word "Engineering", taking up the space of 128 characters, with
" Engineering " in the middle:
str1="Engineering"
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>>> str1.center(128)
Output: ' Engineering '

>>> str1.center(28)
Output: ' Engineering '

Example-2: Using the letter "O" as the padding character:

>>>str1="Engineering"
>>>str1.center(28,'o')
Output: 'ooooooooEngineeringooooooooo'

4. count ():
• The count() method returns the number of times a specified value appears in
the string.

Syntax: string.count (value, start, end)

Here,
Value =Required. A String. The string to value to search for
Start = Optional. An Integer. The position to start the search. Default is 0
end = Optional. An Integer. The position to end the search.
Default is the end of the string
Example-1: Return the number of times the value "is" appears in the string:
>>> str2='my favourite subject is programming, python is a programming language'
>>> str2.count('is')
Output: 2

Example-2: Search from position 10 to 24:

>>> str2='my favourite subject is programming, python is a programming language'
>>>str2.count('is',20,40)
Output: 1

5. encode ():

• The encode() method encodes the string, using the specified encoding.
• If no encoding is specified, UTF-8 will be used.

Syntax: string.encode(encoding=encoding, errors=errors)

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Here,
encoding = Optional. A String specifying the encoding to use. Default is UTF-8
errors = Optional. A String specifying the error method.
Legal values are:
• 'backslashreplace' - uses a backslash instead of the character that
could not be encoded
• 'ignore'- ignores the characters that cannot be encoded
• 'namereplace'- replaces the character with a text explaining the
character
• 'strict' - Default, raises an error on failure
• 'replace'- replaces the character with a questionmark
• 'xmlcharrefreplace' - replaces the character with an xml character

Example-1:
txt = "My name is Ståle"
print(txt.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="backslashreplace"))
print(txt.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="ignore"))
print(txt.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="namereplace"))
print(txt.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="replace"))
print(txt.encode(encoding="ascii",errors="xmlcharrefreplace"))
Output:
b'My name is St\\xe5le'
b'My name is Stle'
b'My name is St\\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE}le'
b'My name is St?le'
b'My name is Ståle'

6. endswith():
• The endswith() method returns True if the string ends with the specified value,
otherwise False.
Syntax: string.endswith(value, start, end)

Here,
value Required. The value to check if the string ends with
start Optional. An Integer specifying at which position to start the search
end Optional. An Integer specifying at which position to end the search

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Example-1:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.endswith("my world.")
print(x)

Output: True

Example-2:

txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."

x = txt.endswith("my world.", 5, 11)
print(x)
Output: False

7. expandtabs():
• The expandtabs() method sets the tab size to the specified number of
whitespaces.
Syntax: string.expandtabs(tabsize)
Here,
tabsize Optional. A number specifying the tabsize.
Default tabsize is 8

Example-1: txt = "H\te\tl\tl\to"

x = txt.expandtabs(2)
print(x)
Output: H e l l o

Example-2: txt = "H\te\tl\tl\to"

print(txt)
print(txt.expandtabs())
print(txt.expandtabs(2))
print(txt.expandtabs(4))
print(txt.expandtabs(10))
Output:
H e l l o
H e l l o
Hello
H e l l o
H e l l o
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8. find():
• The find() method finds the first occurrence of the specified value.
• The find() method returns -1 if the value is not found.
• The find() method is almost the same as the index() method, the only difference
is that the index() method raises an exception if the value is not found. (See
example below).

Syntax: string.find(value, start, end)

Here,
value Required. The value to search for
start Optional. Where to start the search. Default is 0
end Optional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the string

Example-1:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.find("welcome")
print(x)
Output: 7

Example-2:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.find("e", 5, 10)
print(x)
Output: 8

Example-3:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
print(txt.find("q"))
print(txt.index("q"))
Output:
-1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "demo_ref_string_find_vs_index.py", line 4 in <module>
print(txt.index("q"))
ValueError: substring not found.

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9. index()
• The index() method finds the first occurrence of the specified value.
• The index() method raises an exception if the value is not found.
• The index() method is almost the same as the find() method, the only difference is that the
find() method returns -1 if the value is not found. (See example below)
Syntax: string.index(value, start, end)
Here,
value Required. The value to search for
start Optional. Where to start the search. Default is 0
end Optional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the string
Example-1:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.index("welcome")
print(x)
Output: 7
Example-2:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.index("e")
print(x)
Output: 1

10. isalnum():
• The isalnum() method returns True if all the characters are alphanumeric, meaning alphabet
letter (a-z) and numbers (0-9).
• Example of characters that are not alphanumeric: (space)!#%&? etc.

Syntax: string.isalnum()
Example-1:
txt = "Company12"
x = txt.isalnum()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
txt = "Company 12"
x = txt.isalnum()
print(x)
Output: False , because white space before 12.

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11. isalpha():
• The isalpha() method returns True if all the characters are alphabet letters (a-z).
• Example of characters that are not alphabet letters: (space)!#%&? etc.

Syntax: string.isalpha()
Example-1:
txt = "CompanyX"
x = txt.isalpha()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
txt = "Company10"
x = txt.isalpha()
print(x)
Output: False

12. isdecimal():
• The isdecimal() method returns True if all the characters are decimals (0-9).
• This method is used on unicode objects.

Syntax: string.isdecimal()

Example-1:
txt = "\u0033" #unicode for 3
x = txt.isdecimal()
print(x)
Output: True

Example-2:
a = "\u0030" #unicode for 0
b = "\u0047" #unicode for G
print(a.isdecimal())
print(b.isdecimal())
Output:
True
False

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13. isdigit():
• The isdigit() method returns True if all the characters are digits, otherwise False.
• Exponents, like ², are also considered to be a digit.
Syntax: string.isdigit()
Example-1:
txt = "50800"
x = txt.isdigit()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
a = "\u0030" #unicode for 0
b = "\u00B2" #unicode for ²
print(a.isdigit())
print(b.isdigit())
Output:
True
True

14. isidentifier():
• The isidentifier() method returns True if the string is a valid identifier, otherwise False.
• A string is considered a valid identifier if it only contains alphanumeric letters (a-z) and (0-9), or
underscores (_).
• A valid identifier cannot start with a number, or contain any spaces.
Syntax: string.isidentifier()
Example-1:
txt = "Demo"
x = txt.isidentifier()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
a = "MyFolder"
c = "2bring"
print(a.isidentifier())
print(c.isidentifier())
Output:
True
False
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15. islower():
• The islower() method returns True if all the characters are in lower case, otherwise False.
• Numbers, symbols and spaces are not checked, only alphabet characters.
Syntax: string.islower()
Example-1:
txt = "hello world!"
x = txt.islower()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
a = "Hello world!"
b = "hello 123"
c = "mynameisPeter"
print(a.islower())
print(b.islower())
print(c.islower())
Output:
False
True
False

16. isnumeric():
• The isnumeric() method returns True if all the characters are numeric (0-9), otherwise False.
• Exponents, like ² and ¾ are also considered to be numeric values.
Syntax: string.isnumeric()
Example-1:
txt = "565543"
x = txt.isnumeric()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
a = "\u0030" #unicode for 0
b = "\u00B2" #unicode for ²
c = "10km2"
Output:
print(a.isnumeric())
True
print(b.isnumeric())
True
print(c.isnumeric())
False
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17. isprintable():
• The isprintable() method returns True if all the characters are printable, otherwise False.
• Example of none printable character can be carriage return and line feed.
Syntax: string.isprintable()
Example-1:
txt = "Hello! Are you #1?"
x = txt.isprintable()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
txt = "Hello!\nAre you #1?"
x = txt.isprintable()
print(x)
Output: False

18. isspace():
• The isspace() method returns True if all the characters in a string are whitespaces, otherwise
False.
Syntax: string.isspace()
Example-1:
txt = " "
x = txt.isspace()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
txt = " s "
x = txt.isspace()
print(x)
Output: False

19. istitle():

• The istitle() method returns True if all words in a text start with a upper case letter, AND
the rest of the word are lower case letters, otherwise False.

• Symbols and numbers are ignored.

Syntax: string.istitle()

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Example-1:
txt = "Hello, And Welcome To My World!"
x = txt.istitle()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
a = "HELLO, AND WELCOME TO MY WORLD"
b = "Hello"
c = "22 Names"
d = "This Is %'!?"
print(a.istitle())
print(b.istitle())
print(c.istitle())
print(d.istitle())
Output:
False
True
True
True

20. isupper()
• The isupper() method returns True if all the characters are in upper case, otherwise False.
• Numbers, symbols and spaces are not checked, only alphabet characters.

Syntax: string.isupper()
Example-1:
txt = "THIS IS NOW!"
x = txt.isupper()
print(x)
Output: True
Example-2:
a = "Hello World!"
b = "hello 123"
c = "MY NAME IS PETER"
print(a.isupper())
print(b.isupper())
print(c.isupper())
Output:
False
False
True

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21. join():
• The join() method takes all items in an iterable and joins them into one string.

• A string must be specified as the separator.

Syntax: string.join(iterable)
Here,
iterable Required. Any iterable object where all the returned values are strings
Example-1:
myTuple = ("John", "Peter", "Vicky")
x = "#".join(myTuple)
print(x)

Output: John#Peter#Vicky
Example-2:
myDict = {"name": "John", "country": "Norway"}
mySeparator = "TEST"
x = mySeparator.join(myDict)
print(x)

Output: nameTESTcountry

22. ljust():
• The ljust() method will left align the string, using a specified character (space is default)
as the fill character.

Syntax: string.ljust(length, character)

Here,
length Required. The length of the returned string
character Optional. A character to fill the missing space (to the right of the
string). Default is " " (space).
Example-1:
txt = "banana"
x = txt.ljust(20)
print(x, "is my favorite fruit.")
Output: banana is my favorite fruit.

Example-2:
txt = "banana" Output:
x = txt.ljust(20, "O")
print(x) bananaOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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Example-3:

txt = "banana"
x = txt.ljust(20, "so")
print(x)
Output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./prog.py", line 3, in <module>
TypeError: The fill character must be exactly one character long

23. lower():
• The lower() method returns a string where all characters are lower case.
• Symbols and Numbers are ignored.

Syntax: string.lower()
Example-1:
txt = "Hello my FRIENDS"
x = txt.lower()
print(x)
Output: hello my friends

24. replace():
• The replace() method replaces a specified phrase with another specified phrase.
• Note: All occurrences of the specified phrase will be replaced, if nothing else is specified.

Syntax: string.replace(oldvalue, newvalue, count)

Here,
oldvalue Required. The string to search for
newvalue Required. The string to replace the old value with
count Optional. A number specifying how many occurrences of the old value you
want to replace. Default is all occurrences.
Example-1:
txt = "I like bananas"
x = txt.replace("bananas", "apples")
print(x)

Output: I like apples

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Example-2:
txt = "one one was a race horse, two two was one too."
x = txt.replace("one", "three", 2)
print(x)

Output: “three three was a race horse, two two was one too.”

25. split():
• The split() method splits a string into a list.
• You can specify the separator, default separator is any whitespace.
• Note: When maxsplit is specified, the list will contain the specified number of elements plus
one.
Syntax: string.split(separator, maxsplit)
Here,
separator Optional. Specifies the separator to use when splitting the string. By default any
whitespace is a separator
maxsplit Optional. Specifies how many splits to do. Default value is -1, which is "all occurrences"

Example-1:
txt = "welcome to the jungle"
x = txt.split()
print(x)
Output: ['welcome', 'to', 'the', 'jungle']
Example-2:
txt = "apple#banana#cherry#orange"
x = txt.split("#")
print(x)
Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

26. startswith():
• The startswith() method returns True if the string starts with the specified value, otherwise
False.
Syntax: string.startswith(value, start, end)
Here,
value Required. The value to check if the string starts with
start Optional. An Integer specifying at which position to start the search
end Optional. An Integer specifying at which position to end the sear
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Example-1:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.startswith("Hello")
print(x)
Output: True

Example-2:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.startswith("wel", 7, 20)
print(x)
Output: True

27. strip():
• The strip() method removes any leading (spaces at the beginning) and trailing (spaces at the
end) characters (space is the default leading character to remove)

Syntax: string.strip(characters)
Here,
characters Optional. A set of characters to remove as leading/trailing characters.
Example-1:
txt = " banana "
x = txt.strip()
print("of all fruits", x, "is my favorite")

Output: of all fruits banana is my favorite

Example-2:
txt = ",,,,,rrttgg.....banana....rrr"
x = txt.strip(",.grt")
print(x)

Output: banana

28. swapcase():
• The swapcase() method returns a string where all the upper case letters are lower case and
vice versa.
Syntax: string.swapcase()

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Example-1:
txt = "Hello My Name Is Purple"
x = txt.swapcase()
print(x)
Output: hELLO mY nAME iS pURPLE

29. title() :
• The title() method returns a string where the first character in every word is upper case. Like a
header, or a title.
• If the word contains a number or a symbol, the first letter after that will be converted to upper
case.

Syntax: string.title()
Example-1:
txt = "Welcome to my world"
x = txt.title()
print(x)
Output: Welcome To My World

Example-2:

txt = "hello b2b2b2 and 3g3g3g"

x = txt.title()
print(x)
Output: Hello B2B2B2 And 3G3G3G

30. upper():
• The upper() method returns a string where all characters are in upper case.
• Symbols and Numbers are ignored.

Syntax: string.upper()
Example-1:
txt = "Hello my friends"
x = txt.upper()
print(x)

Output: HELLO MY FRIENDS

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31. rfind():

• The rfind() method finds the last occurrence of the specified value.
• The rfind() method returns -1 if the value is not found.
• The rfind() method is almost the same as the rindex() method. See example below.

Syntax: string.rfind(value, start, end)

Here,
value Required. The value to search for
start Optional. Where to start the search. Default is 0
end Optional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the string

Example-1:
txt = "Mi casa, su casa."
x = txt.rfind("casa")
print(x)
Output: 12

Example-2:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.rfind("e", 5, 10)
print(x)
Output: 8

Example-3:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
print(txt.rfind("q"))
print(txt.rindex("q"))
Output:
-1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "demo_ref_string_rfind_vs_rindex.py", line 4 in <module>
print(txt.rindex("q"))
ValueError: substring not found

32. rindex():
• The rindex() method finds the last occurrence of the specified value.
• The rindex() method raises an exception if the value is not found.
• The rindex() method is almost the same as the rfind() method. See example below.

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Syntax: string.rindex(value, start, end)

Here,
value Required. The value to search for
start Optional. Where to start the search. Default is 0
end Optional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the string
Example-1:
txt = "Mi casa, su casa."
x = txt.rindex("casa")
print(x)
Output: 12

Example-2:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.rindex("e", 5, 10)
print(x)
Output: 8

33. rjust():
• The rjust() method will right align the string, using a specified character (space is default) as
the fill character.
Syntax: string.rjust(length, character)
Here,
length Required. The length of the returned string
character Optional. A character to fill the missing space (to the left of the string). Default is
" " (space).
Example-1:
txt = "banana"
x = txt.rjust(20)
print(x, "is my favorite fruit.")
Output: banana is my favorite fruit.

34. rsplit():
• The rsplit() method splits a string into a list, starting from the right.
• If no "max" is specified, this method will return the same as the split() method.
• Note: When maxsplit is specified, the list will contain the specified number of elements
plus one.

Syntax: string.rsplit(separator, maxsplit)

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Here,
separator Optional. Specifies the separator to use when splitting the string. By default any
whitespace is a separator
maxsplit Optional. Specifies how many splits to do. Default value is -1, which is "all
occurrences"

Example-1:
txt = "apple, banana, cherry"
# setting the maxsplit parameter to 1, will return a list with 2 elements!
x = txt.rsplit(", ", 1)
print(x)

# Note that the result has only 2 elements "apple, banana" is the first element, and "cherry" is the
last.

Output: ['apple, banana', 'cherry']

35. rstrip():
• The rstrip() method removes any trailing characters (characters at the end a string), space is
the default trailing character to remove.
Syntax: string.rstrip(characters)
Here,
characters Optional. A set of characters to remove as trailing characters.

Example-1:
txt = " banana "
x = txt.rstrip()
print("of all fruits", x, "is my favorite")
Output: of all fruits banana is my favorite

36. splitlines()
• The splitlines() method splits a string into a list. The splitting is done at line breaks.

Syntax: string.splitlines(keeplinebreaks)

Example-1:
txt = "Thank you for the music\nWelcome to the jungle"
x = txt.splitlines(True)
print(x)

Output: ['Thank you for the music\n', 'Welcome to the jungle']

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37. translate():
• The translate() method returns a string where some specified characters are replaced
with the character described in a dictionary, or in a mapping table.

• Use the maketrans() method to create a mapping table.

• If a character is not specified in the dictionary/table, the character will not be replaced.

• If you use a dictionary, you must use ascii codes instead of characters.

Syntax: string.translate(table)
Here,
table Required. Either a dictionary, or a mapping table describing how to perform
the replace
Example-1:
txt = "Hello Sam!";
mytable = txt.maketrans("S", "P");
print(txt.translate(mytable));

Output: Hello Pam!

38. zfill():
• The zfill() method adds zeros (0) at the beginning of the string, until it reaches the
specified length.

• If the value of the len parameter is less than the length of the string, no filling is done.

Syntax: string.zfill(len)
Here,
len Required. A number specifying the position of the element you want to remove.

Example-1: txt = "50"

x = txt.zfill(10)
print(x)
Output: 0000000050

Example-2: a = "hello"
b = "welcome to the jungle"
c = "10.000"
print(a.zfill(10))
print(b.zfill(10))
print(c.zfill(10))
Output:
00000hello
welcome to the jungle
000010.000
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Strings and Number Systems:

• When you perform arithmetic operations, you use the decimal number system. This
system, also called the base ten number system, uses the ten characters 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, and 9 as digits.
• The binary number system is used to represent all information in a digital computer.
The two digits in this base two number system are 0 and 1.Because binary numbers can
be long strings of 0s and 1s.
• Computer scientists often use other number systems, such as octal (base eight) and
hexadecimal (base 16) as shorthand for these numbers.

Example:

415 in binary notation 1100111112

415 in octal notation 6378

415 in decimal notation 41510

415 in hexadecimal notation 19F16

Converting Binary to Decimal

A binary number as a string of bits or a bit string. You determine the integer quantity that a
string of bits represents in the usual manner: multiply the value of each bit (0 or 1) by its
positional value and add the results.

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Python Program to Converts a string of bits to a decimal integer.

bstring = input("Enter a string of bits: ")

decimal = 0
exponent = len(bstring) - 1
for i in bstring:
decimal = decimal + int(i) * 2 ** exponent
exponent = exponent - 1
print("The integer value is", decimal)

output:

Enter a string of bits: 0101

The integer value is 5

Converting Decimal to Binary

• This algorithm repeatedly divides the decimal number by 2. After each division, the
remainder (either a 0 or a 1) is placed at the beginning of a string of bits.

• The quotient becomes the next dividend in the process. The string of bits is initially
empty, and the process continues while the decimal number is greater than 0.

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Python Program to Converts a decimal integer into binary .

decimal = int(input("Enter a decimal integer: "))

if decimal == 0:
print (0)
else:
print("Quotient Remainder Binary")
bstring = ""
while decimal > 0:
remainder = decimal % 2
decimal = decimal // 2
bstring = str(remainder) + bstring
print("%5d%8d%12s" % (decimal, remainder, bstring))
print("The binary representation is", bstring)

output:

Enter a decimal integer: 10

Quotient Remainder Binary
5 0 0
2 1 10
1 0 010
0 1 1010
The binary representation is 1010

Text Files and Their Format

• Using a text editor such as Notepad or TextEdit, you can create, view, and save data in a
text file. Your Python programs can output data to a text file.
• The data in a text file can be viewed as characters, words, numbers, or lines of text,
depending on the text file’s format and on the purposes for which the data are used.
• Python supports file handling and allows users to handle files i.e., to read and write
files, along with many other file handling options, to operate on files.
• Python treats file differently as text or binary and this is important.
• Each line of code includes a sequence of characters and they form text file.
• Each line of a file is terminated with a special character, called the EOL or End of Line
characters like comma {,} or newline character.

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• It ends the current line and tells the interpreter a new one has begun.
• The key function for working with files in Python is the open() function.
• The open() function takes two parameters; filename, and mode.There are four different
methods (modes) for opening a file:
1. "r" - Read - Default value. Opens a file for reading, error if the file does not exist
2. "a" - Append - Opens a file for appending, creates the file if it does not exist
3. "w" - Write - Opens a file for writing, creates the file if it does not exist
4. "x" - Create - Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists
• In addition you can specify if the file should be handled as binary or text mode
1. "t" - Text - Default value. Text mode
2. "b" - Binary - Binary mode (e.g. images)
➢ Python File Open:
• To open the file, use the built-in open() function.
• The open() function returns a file object, which has a read() method for reading the content of
the file.

Syntax: f = open("filename",”mode”)
Example: f = open("demofile.txt", "rt")

Here ,

"r" for read, and "t" for text are the default values, you do not need to specify them.

Note: Make sure the file exists, or else you will get an error. To open a file for reading it is
enough to specify the name of the file:

Example: f = open("demofile.txt")
print(f.read())
• If the file is located in a different location, you will have to specify the file path, like
this:
Example: f= open("D:\\myfiles\welcome.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
Read Only Parts of the File: By default the read() method returns the whole text, but you can
also specify how many characters you want to return. for example Return the 5 first
characters of the file:
Example: f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.read(5))

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Example: Loop through the file line by line:

f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
for x in f:
print(x)

➢ Close Files: It is a good practice to always close the file when you are done with it.
Example: Close the file when you are finish with it:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
f.close()
Note: You should always close your files, in some cases, due to buffering, changes made to a
file may not show until you close the file.

➢ Python File Write: To write to an existing file, you must add a parameter to the open()
function:
"a" - Append - will append to the end of the file
"w" - Write - will overwrite any existing content

Example:1 f = open("demofile.txt", "a")

# Write() =Writes the specified string into the file.
f.write("Now the file has more content!")
f.close()

#open and read the file after appending:

f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

Example:2 f = open("demofile3.txt", "w")

f.write("Woops! I have deleted the content!")
f.close()
f = open("demofile3.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

Note: The "w" mode will overwrite the entire file.

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➢ Create a New File: To create a new file in Python, use the open() method, with

"x" - Create - will create a file, returns an error if the file exist
Example: f = open("myfile.txt", "x")
Result: a new empty file is created!

➢ Python Delete File: To delete a file, you must import the OS module, and run its os.remove()
function:
Example: Remove the file "demofile.txt":
import os
os.remove("demofile.txt")
Delete Folder: To delete an entire folder, use the os.rmdir() method
Example: Remove the folder "myfolder"
import os
os.rmdir("myfolder")
➢ Python file methods:
Method Description

detach() Returns the separated raw stream from the buffer

fileno() Returns a number that represents the stream, from the operating system's perspective

flush() Flushes the internal buffer

isatty() Returns whether the file stream is interactive or not

readable() Returns whether the file stream can be read or not

readline() Returns one line from the file

readlines() Returns a list of lines from the file

seek() Change the file position

seekable() Returns whether the file allows us to change the file position

tell() Returns the current file position

truncate() Resizes the file to a specified size

writable() Returns whether the file can be written to or not

writelines() Writes a list of strings to the file

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readline() Method:
• The readline() method returns one line from the file.You can also specified how many bytes
from the line to return, by using the size parameter.
Syntax: file.readline(size)
Here,

size Optional. The number of bytes from the line to return. Default -1, which means
the whole line.

Example: 1 f = open("demofile.txt", "r")

print(f.readline())
print(f.readline())

Example: 2 Return only the five first bytes from the first line:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.readline(5))

readlines() Method:
• The readlines() method returns a list containing each line in the file as a list item.
• Use the hint parameter to limit the number of lines returned. If the total number of bytes
returned exceeds the specified number, no more lines are returned.
Syntax: file.readlines(hint)
Here,
hint Optional. If the number of bytes returned exceed the hint number, no more lines will be
returned. Default value is -1, which means all lines will be returned.

Example: f = open("demofile.txt", "r")

print(f.readlines())

output:['Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt\n', 'This file is for testing purposes.\n', 'Good Luck!']

seek() Method:
• The seek() method sets the current file position in a file stream. It also returns the new
postion.

Syntax: file.seek(offset)
Here,
offset Required. A number representing the position to set the current file
stream position.

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Example: f = open("demofile.txt", "r")

f.seek(4)
print(f.readline())

Output: o! Welcome to demofile.txt

tell() Method:
• The tell() method returns the current file position in a file stream.

Syntax: file.tell()

Example: f = open("demofile.txt", "r")

print(f.readline())
print(f.tell())

Output: Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt

32
writelines() Method:
• The writelines() method writes the items of a list to the file.
• Where the texts will be inserted depends on the file mode and stream position.
• "a": The texts will be inserted at the current file stream position, default at the end of the file.
• "w": The file will be emptied before the texts will be inserted at the current file stream
position, default 0.

Syntax: file.writelines(list)
Here,
list The list of texts or byte objects that will be inserted.

Example: f = open("demofile3.txt", "a")

f.writelines(["\nSee you soon!", "\nOver and out."])
f.close()

#open and read the file after the appending:

f = open("demofile3.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

Output:
Hello! Welcome to demofile2.txt
This file is for testing purposes.
Good Luck!
See you soon!
Over and out.
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➢ Reading Numbers from a File

• The file input operation return data to the program as strings.

• If these strings represent other types of data, such as integers or floating-point numbers, the
programmer must convert them to the appropriate types before manipulating them further.
• Python, the string representations of integers and floating-point numbers can be converted to
the numbers themselves by using the functions int and float, respectively.
• During input, these data can be read with a simple for loop. This loop accesses a line of text on
each pass. To convert this line to the integer.
• The programmer runs the string method strip to remove the newline and then runs the int
function to obtain the integer value.
Example:
f=open("numbers.txt",'r')
sum=0
for line in f:
wordlist=line.split()
for word in wordlist:
number=int(word)
sum+=number
print("The sum is",sum)

Output:
The sum is 55

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