International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management

Vol. 1, No.1, PP. 18-24, 2016

Received on: 28.11.2016
Revised on: 20.12.2016
www.ijoaem.com

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Authors: M. Mukherjee
International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management, India
e-mail: [email protected]

Subject Category: Management

Sub Category: System Management

Editor: Sahadev Roy

Volume 1 Issue 1 December 2016

Keywords: Activity diagram;

Activities performed in object-oriented analysis;
Object-oriented analysis;
Object-oriented design;
UML Diagram.

IJOAEM/3/1/1/3

M . Mukherjee, "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design," International Journal of Advanced Engineering and
Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-24, 2016. 18
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Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

M Mukherjee

Abstract
This study mainly focuses on how object-oriented analysis makes compatible with newly develop or other
existing business computing application in a better way. This study also focuses on the modelling of the exact
procedure or near to the exact procedure within its application domain which may model by using different
objects class. Objects are basically structured into different classes of objects which are generally related to
behaviours and characteristics. These methodologies may use different generalization, classification, and
different aggregation as a structure object assemblies for the target actions like services or activities which are
related to the objects. There are numerous misconceptions related to object oriented analysis which are
required to address when we consider the use of any object-oriented method. In this paper, try to represent
different advantages and various application of the UML. The platform presented here is a comprehensive
range of the different UML templates with all other required information.

1. Introduction
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a globally accepted technical process for manipulative an
application specific, business or system model, and simple graphical diagram for analyzing and product quality
improvement by applying the object-oriented prototype method [1]. Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) is basically
collected works of concurring or cascading system modelling, incorporate various requirements and pre and post
analysis methodology for software systems. These methodologies are primarily influenced by different object-
oriented programming, data modelling and systematic interconnections [2]. Fundamental idea behind OOA is a
streamline software design and development by considering all model as a discreet objects, classes, methods and by
linking these one can designs and implement all kind of business requirements [3]. It mainly focused on the system
development and analysis. This study also focus on how it make compatible with newly develop or other existing
business computing application in better way. In the late 80‘s and 90‘s there were many different object-oriented
methods and modelling techniques used what limited sharing of models across projects (reduced reusability) and
hampered communication between team members and users. The main objective of any model is to build a distinct,
globally accepted standard procedure for object-oriented systems software [4]. Unified Modelling Language
(UML) is one of the standard widely accepted languages, generally is used for modelling any system considering as
objects for better analysis [5]. Such techniques mainly focus on the modelling of the exact procedure or near to the
exact procedure within its application domain which may model by using different objects class. These
methodologies may used different generalization, classification and different aggregation as a structure object
assemblies for the target actions like services or activities which are related with the objects. It can be implemented
by MATLAB also [6]. The major difficulty of preventing object oriented code and reuse code by different attackers
is a major challenge [7]. State changes may be affected the actions which are performed by that objects. There are
numerous misconceptions related to object oriented analysis which are required to address when we consider the
use of any object-oriented method.
2. Some Familiar Terms Related to OOA
a) Object
It may sensed by one or more by our sensing organs like vision, touched, etc. or by which users able to store
data and correlate its behaviour.
b) Attributes
This is basically all the information and different types of data which are used to describe the object
characteristics of interest.
c) Behaviour
It is basically refers to as a methodology, procedure, operation or service that the object able to correspond to
any functions which may be operate on the object‘s attributes or data.

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Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-24, 2016. 19
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d) Inheritance
It may consider as general model or methods which may be reused by another object class intrinsically.
e) Encapsulation
It is basically binding or packaging of a number of items and operation together into a single unit which is also
known as to as the information biding. Different attributes and characteristics of the target object, both are both are
considered as the part of the target object and also packed together. The only possible technique to change or
access any attributes by changing specified behaviours of that object‘s which may consider as different object.
f) Class
It is basically a collection of different objects or objects set which are share their behaviour and attributes. It is
also known as object class.
g) Generalization/specialization
It is basically a process or technique for widely reuses of inheritance, where the common attributes and
characteristics of several object classes are merging or clubbing together to form a general class. Sometimes it
referred as generalization class. The particular or set of methods and attributes of the mother object class are known
as specialization.
h) Object/class relationship
In general business organization may exists different relations among one or more objects or classes. Many
developers consider the class diagrams are complicated ones.
i) Multiplicity
It described how different instances of the particular object or class may associate with particular instance of the
other object or class.
j) Aggregation
It may describe as a special kind of relationship, which shows that some objects or classes are prepared by using
other objects or classes. By recognizing proper aggregation and interactions, one can able to separate any
complicated object by assigning different characteristics and attributes to the individual class or objects. There are
two types of aggregation relationships: (i) composition aggregate relationships among object classes all part-objects
make up and live in the whole-object, (ii) shared aggregation relationships, which imply that parts may be shared
with others.
k) Message
The message required to pass mainly when one of the objects requested for information from the one or more of
different objects for some particular action or a set of actions [8].
l) Polymorphism
It generally used for ―many forms‖ which are mainly applied any object-oriented process. The same attribute,
behaviour or characteristics are accomplished by other objects or classes. What is important in message sending is
that the requested object or slave object previously knows what type of services to request come and from where.
3. UML diagrams
UML generally offers a graphical model of a system by using different groups based on its functionality. All
UML diagram or models prepared by the development expert are based on the various perspectives of the data and
information system [9]. The different types of UML diagrams and their objects are briefly discussed here:
(i) Use Case Diagrams: By using various type of graph, the structure illustrate the connections among the internal
systems and also different external systems along with end users [10]. It also graphically explains where this
model use and the various ways the end user may interact with the target system.
(ii) Class Diagrams: They represent the fundamental structure of the system‘s objectives. This may show how
object classes is smartly composed and maintain both inter and intra relationships between different object classes
purposefully.
(iii) Object Diagrams: It is quite analogous to the class diagrams but instead of describe the object classes it
replicate the actual object characteristics.
Sequence Diagrams: It illustrates graphically how different objects may interact or communicate between them via
passing various messages in the time of execution for any use case type operations. It also describe how messages
are transmitted and how it received maintaining the predefine sequence.
(v) Collaboration Diagrams: It is analogous to the sequence diagrams only the difference it is not follow timing and
progression of messages. It may used to represent the inter communication between different objects in the
network.

M. Mukherjee, "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design," International Journal of Advanced

Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-24, 2016. 20
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(vi) Activity Diagrams: It is basically used for graphically modelling illustrates the sequential dataflow of various
activities may be business progression or any use case.
(vii) State Diagrams: It is used for modelling the various dynamic behaviour of any particular object or class. It
may also describe a particular object‘s life cycle. The different states of the object may be considered as events
which cause state transaction.
(viii) Component Diagrams: This diagram frequently used for graphically describe any system physical
architecture.
Deployment Diagrams: It is used for represent the physical architectures of the both software and hardware of
any particular system. Different popular symbolic notations are used in UML class diagrams are shown in Fig. 1

Figure 1. Popular symbolic notations are used in UML class diagrams.

4. Activities Performed in Object-Oriented Analysis

There are four general activities are essential for any object-oriented analysis which are briefly discussed here.
a) Functions Modelling Techniques
These processes are usually used for modelling of the functional characteristics of the target systems [11]. The
Use Case modelling basically is the common method of any kind of system‘s functions modelling related to any
business events. It basically correlated between all events creators, and also how the system provides responds for
any particular events. Usually the Use Case behaviourally correlated all sequence of scenario or steps among the
both automated and manual procedure for implementation a particular business task. This may triggered or initiated
by any external users or by any systems, popularly known as Actors. The Actor may be representing anything
which are required to interact or communicate with the system for information exchange. In many business events
related information systems are automatically triggered by the particular date and time which is known as temporal
event.
The Use Cases structure have few advantages like (i) it help to identify different objects easily and also their
different responsibilities and high-level relationships, (ii) it may provide a clear view of the system performance,
(iii) it may use an helpful tool for validating different requirements, (iii) it may use as an effective communication
tool and as a user‘s guide or manual.
Steps involved in use case modelling are (i) identify different factors and all type of use cases, (ii) required to
construct a diagram using simple graphically model by using Use Case. It simply illustrate different system scope
and its boundaries, which characterized the required relationships among the factors and the Use Cases for the all
business subsystems, (iii) document the use case course of the events – only general information about the business
event (typical and alternative courses), which is called requirements use case, (iv) define the analysis use cases –
more information regarding each use case, which specifies the systems functionality in detail but without any

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implementation details. When the use case contains complex functionality we can simplify it by extracting the
more complicated process for their own use cases, which are called extension use cases; an extension of the Use
Case which may be call upon only by it is extend use case. Sometimes there may be use cases performing steps of
identical functionality. They can be than extracted into separate use case of its own, which is familiar as abstract
use case. It represents a form of ―reuse‖ and may be further used for further Use Case structure which may
required its particular characteristics or functionality.
b) Finding and identifying the business objects
Steps involved in identifying and finding business objects for object modelling: (i) find the potential objects –
the best way is to review and reanalysis each and every use case to locate nouns which correspond to all business
events or entities, (ii) chose the planned objects and prepare a list contains all potential business entities. The list
time to time must be cleaned up by removing: unclear nouns which focus on really actions or attributes, nouns
which is outside the scope of the desired system, nouns without any unique activities or any external roles and also
all synonyms.
c) Organizing the objects and identifying their relationships
A class diagram is mainly used for graphically illustrate all the identified objects and also their associations and
relationships. In these graphical diagrams, user also able to include multiplicity, associations, aggregation of
generalized and specialized relationships.
Steps generally use to construct any class diagrams are discussed here:
(i) Identify associations and multiplicity: association between any two objects or classes are required to know
about the each other; to help insure that all possible relationships are identified we can create an object/class
matrix.
(ii) Identify generalization/specialization relationships: we should look for all one-to-one multiplicity relationships
between objects because they may be gen/spec relationships as well as for objects that have common attributes
and behaviours.
(iii) Identify aggregation relationships: we must remember that aggregation relationships do not imply inheritance.
The object, which is the part of another object does not inherit attributes or behaviour commencing the whole
object), but they propagate behaviours. The behaviours which are applied to the entire system are
automatically applied to the each and every part of the sub-systems and sub-modules.
(iv) Prepare the class diagram as per requirement.
d) Modelling the behaviour of the objects
All object have a state, which is the significance attributes at any time instance. An object may change it state
when something insists to changes or when it‘s any attributes change. These changes in any state may triggered by
an external or internal events [12]. Any state diagram is the models of a single object life cycle. It may illustrate
the various states of an object may have. Events causes ‘the state change of the target object by some predefine
rules that direct the object‘s state transition. State diagrams are not essentially required for all objects or class.
Typically a state diagram may assemble only for individuals ‘objects that undoubtedly have particular states and
may have composite behaviour.
5. Discussion
Using object-oriented analysis, it may possible improved reliability and flexibility, code reusability, reduced
maintenance cost and also real world modelling. Though, practically few users realize that the OOA different
benefits may not as persuasive as original. The OOA codes may reuse in comparison with other programming
language. Basically code reusability depends on how the system is defined and also a subjective thing. This method
does have the capability to minimize few major operating expense related with the model or structure, such as
system may essentially required maintenance and also continues development of the general programming template
and code data structures. We discuss here few common benefits of this approach:
a) Real-world modelling
Objects are basically structured into different classes of unique objects and generally correlated or associated
with all behaviours and characteristics. Object-oriented systems are able to model any type of business organization
or service provider as like as the real world. It generally models the whole system in a more complete fashion in
comparisons with other traditional approach.
b) Maintenance cost reduction
One of the desire goals of any object-oriented system developments are must have a larger life span at

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reasonable or very low maintenance costs. Since almost all of the processes are encapsulated, the behaviours can
reuse and it may incorporate into new characteristics or behaviours.
c) Code Reusability
Code reusability is another desired advantage of any programmer. When any new object or class is designed,
the characteristics and data attributes of the target class is automatically inherited. The new created object may also
able to inherit all the super-classes data and behaviours in which it is participate. When an end user design a new
widget, the new design object may acts as "wigitty", also it has new characteristics or behaviours which are quite
similar with parents system.
d) Reliability and flexibility improvement
In general object-oriented systems are assured its reliability than other traditional systems, above all due to new
behaviours or characteristics possible to generate from the existing objects or classes. These can be randomly and
dynamically called and also accessed. It is also possible to create a new object at any time as per requirement or as
per demand. The new objects can be able inherit all type of data and their attributes from one, or many other class
or objects. All such behaviours and characteristics may be obtained or inherited from the parents ‘class or super-
classes, and any or collective novel characteristics may be enriched by adding without affecting or changing the
existing systems or its any functions. Object-oriented Development is not considered as a technology and object; it
is not yet completely accepted by all the major vendors globally. Although many organizations are try to promote
object-oriented systems. Another challenge is less number of qualified programmers and DBA's available in this
field. When one tries to investigate the common recognition of the object-oriented systems in any organization or
any commercial marketplace, it discovers that most of the managers see that an technology approach as computer
applications, but they not train their staffs this methods.
6. Conclusion
For any systems designer or programmer, building or analyzing class diagrams are essential after the
construction of different blocks of OOA. As presented in this paper, all type of class diagram relations are very
simple and easy to realize. As a trial and error methods, design class graphical diagrams in very simple possible
ways may allows quite simple to understand and easily realized by programmer and also end user. For this target,
designer must put label to all classes or objects and different interaction as elaborative as much feasible. Lastly, the
object model or class models develop as like as the real time systems it must indicate the system change. This may
imply that we don‘t require putting all small detail in the first draft design. Generally all the model classes or
objects are interlink or interfaces and all required relationships which are essential for the system or graphical
application design may ultimately materialize as this advance process moves forward. For the developer job easier,
one can able to tally the online diagram, various application and examples offered in the different web site.
Additionally, different platform also supports various type of collaboration and able to integrate into others to keep
the new diagrams proper documented and updated for all. This tool must greatly development initiatives and also
helpful for any organization to meet their targets. Object-oriented development is one of the best solutions for any
interactive static as well as dynamic environments. Many large-scale object-oriented organizations are still under
development and much simple information are still required for systems applications.

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