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    Knowledge Representation - 2

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    Ayush Mehra
    Knowledge representation refers to how knowledge is structured and organized in a manner that enables machines to understand, reason with, and apply knowledge. There are several approaches to knowledge representation including simple relational knowledge which stores facts in columns, inheritable knowledge which organizes data in a hierarchical structure using inheritance, and inferential knowledge which represents knowledge through formal logic to derive new facts. Frame representation structures knowledge using frames that divide knowledge into stereotypical situations defined by slots and slot values.

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    Knowledge Representation - 2

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Mehra
    32 views12 pages
    Knowledge representation refers to how knowledge is structured and organized in a manner that enables machines to understand, reason with, and apply knowledge. There are several approaches to knowledge representation including simple relational knowledge which stores facts in columns, inheritable knowledge which organizes data in a hierarchical structure using inheritance, and inferential knowledge which represents knowledge through formal logic to derive new facts. Frame representation structures knowledge using frames that divide knowledge into stereotypical situations defined by slots and slot values.

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    Knowledge representation refers to how knowledge is structured and organized in a manner that enables machines to understand, reason with, and apply knowledge. There are several approaches to knowledge representation including simple relational knowledge which stores facts in columns, inheritable knowledge which organizes data in a hierarchical structure using inheritance, and inferential knowledge which represents knowledge through formal logic to derive new facts. Frame representation structures knowledge using frames that divide knowledge into stereotypical situations defined by slots and slot values.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views12 pages

    Knowledge Representation - 2

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Mehra
    Knowledge representation refers to how knowledge is structured and organized in a manner that enables machines to understand, reason with, and apply knowledge. There are several approaches to knowledge representation including simple relational knowledge which stores facts in columns, inheritable knowledge which organizes data in a hierarchical structure using inheritance, and inferential knowledge which represents knowledge through formal logic to derive new facts. Frame representation structures knowledge using frames that divide knowledge into stereotypical situations defined by slots and slot values.

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    of 12

    Knowledge Representation

    What is knowledge representation?


    • Knowledge is cognizance or understanding expanded by experiences of
    facts, data, and circumstances.
    • Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting
    knowledge. But how machines will be able to do all these comes under
    knowledge representation and reasoning.
    Following are the types of knowledge in artificial intelligence:
    • Declarative Knowledge
    • Procedural Knowledge
    • Meta-knowledge
    • Heuristic knowledge
    • Structural knowledge
    AI Knowledge Cycle
    Approaches to Knowledge
    Representation
    1. Simple Relational Knowledge:
    • It is the simplest way of storing facts which uses the relational method, and each
    fact about a set of the object is set out systematically in columns.
    • This approach of knowledge representation is famous in database systems where
    the relationship between different entities is represented.
    • This approach has little opportunity for inference.
    • Example:

    Player Weight Age

    Player1 65 23

    Player2 58 18

    Player3 75 24
    2. Inheritable knowledge:
    • In the inheritable knowledge approach, all data must be stored into a hierarchy of
    classes.
    • All classes should be arranged in a generalized form or a hierarchal manner.
    • In this approach, we apply inheritance property.
    • Elements inherit values from other members of a class.
    • This approach contains inheritable knowledge which shows a relation between
    instance and class, and it is called instance relation.
    • Every individual frame can represent the collection of attributes and its value.
    • In this approach, objects and values are represented in Boxed nodes.
    • We use Arrows which point from objects to their values.
    Example:
    3. Inferential knowledge:
    • Inferential knowledge approach represents knowledge in the form of formal logics.
    • This approach can be used to derive more facts.
    • It guaranteed correctness.
    • Example: Let's suppose there are two statements:
    – Marcus is a man
    – All men are mortal
    Then it can represent as;
    man(Marcus)
    ∀x :man (x)→mortal (x)
    4. Procedural knowledge:
    • Procedural knowledge approach uses small programs and codes which describes
    how to do specific things, and how to proceed.
    • In this approach, one important rule is used which is If-Then rule.
    • In this knowledge, we can use various coding languages such as LISP language and
    Prolog language.
    • We can easily represent heuristic or domain-specific knowledge using this
    approach.
    • But it is not necessary that we can represent all cases in this approach.
    Requirements for knowledge
    Representation system
    • Representational Accuracy: Ability to represent all kind of required
    knowledge.
    • Inferential Adequacy: Ability to manipulate the representational
    structures to produce new knowledge corresponding to existing structure.
    • Inferential Efficiency: Ability to direct the inferential knowledge appliance
    into the most productive orders by storing suitable guides.
    • Acquisitional Efficiency- The ability to obtain the new knowledge easily
    using instinctive methods.
    Techniques of Knowledge
    Representation

    1. Logical Representation
    2. Semantic Network Representation
    3. Frame Representation
    4. Production Rules
    1. Logical Representation
    2. Semantic Network Representation
    3. Frame Representation
    • The structure of frame is like record which contains collection of attributes and its
    values to describe an entity in the world. Frames are the AI data structure which
    divides knowledge into substructures by representing stereotypes situations. It
    consists of a collection of slots and slot values. These slots may be of any type and
    sizes. Slots have names and values which are called facets.
    • A frame is also known as slot-filter knowledge representation in artificial
    intelligence.
    Example: Frame for a book
    Slots Filters

    Title Artificial Intelligence

    Genre Computer Science

    Author Peter Norvig

    Edition Third Edition

    Year 1996

    Page 1152
    4. Production Rules

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