OPTIMIZATION AND DETERMINATION OF BLAST DESIGN

PARAMETERS FOR AN OPENCAST MINE

1
Dr. H. K. Naik, former Head and Associate Professor
2
Rahul Kumar, M.Tech.,
Department of Mining Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

Abstract
According to the study of performance analysis of various unit operations on opencast mines,
transporting and excavating equipments are primarily dependent upon the blast results, most
importantly to controlling the fly rock, fragmentation, stress distribution, rock factor etc. Therefore,
real life blast configuration is a fundamental factor that influences the cost of entire mining activities.
As we know blasting and drilling are the most important unit operations in opencast mining, blasting
still holds to rule the production of a mine. Consequently to cut down the cost of production and get
most suitable fragmentation of rock, coal or any mineral from any opencast mine appropriate blasting
design is an essential component of mine design principles. The proper method of blasting and
drilling can make a contribution extensively in the direction of benefit and subsequently improvement
of these parameters is essential. In this paper an attempt is made mainly to deal with uncontrollable
and controllable parameters, which have a significant effect on opencast blast design. The Mine
excellence software model which is developed by Dr. Sushil Bhandari is being tried for this model
too. The developed optimization model is tested for three different coal mines and is found that some
changes are required in blast design parameters. Software was used to optimize the fly rock which is
in result helped in the optimization of fragmentation of coal. After optimization suitable parameters
found, was used for developing the computational approach optimization Model. It can predict the
blasting parameters and also compare the given details and give best results according to cost
parameter. This paper gives examples of predicted parameters and changes which can be made
before blasting to control adverse environmental impacts too.

1. Introduction
Drilling and blasting are the maximum cost-efficient strategies used to excavate the minerals like ores,
coal, and limestone etc. from the earth’s crust. It takes a huge amount of energy to break the rock. The
Energy which is required in a blast, which isn't utilized for rock breakage, is squandered as clean
scattering, fly rock, ground vibration, noise, back break, air blast etc. But blasting optimization is
extremely essential as the fracture got in this way affect the cost of the entire range of interrelated
mining activities, for example, blasting, loading, drilling, crushing and hauling, & to some extent
grinding. So Appropriate selection of blasting and drilling can make contribution notably towards
profitability and therefore optimizations of parameters like the burden, spacing, bench height etc. are
more important. Choice of blasting pattern is a completely critical challenge for mining project. The
choice is made according to many important criteria; hence, mine to mine, there may be a big variant
within the decided blasting pattern. The most dominant factors are yearly mine production, required
geotechnical characteristics of the area, rock fragmentation, ground water condition and physico-
mechanical and geological properties of surrounding coal. The determination of blasting parameters
along with the whole mining process is performed both economically and technically and the
explosive energy might now not totally eat up favourably in displacement of coal or rock and
fragmentation. The other most important blasting operation side effect is fly rock. It can be described
as uncontrollable throw of the blasted rocks beyond the blast surface area. Preparing the working site
susceptible, appearance of this phenomenon also shows that the explosive energy isn’t always
completely carried out for the close goal objective of displacement of rocks blasting and
fragmentation. From ancient data, we found that the most of the accidents happened related blasting
are in reference to flyrock and most of the reports details available on hazards for both equipment and
personnel. Workman and safety officers of mines concluded that on the basis of pervious hazards that

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insufficient burden, inadequate stemming, unfavourable geological conditions, high powder factor,
improper delay timing, drilling deviation, and existence of much more back break are the most
crucial factors in generating flyrock.

2. Aim of Blasting Optimization

Optimization implies desired objective to get the better result i.e. to accomplish minimum or
maximum value of the operating parameters. Blast Optimization is reliant on a large group of
complex factors identified with explosive, the rock, drill-hole parameters, initiation, and their design.
The significant targets are:

• Efficient utilization of blasting energy, less throw of materials

• Reduced blasting cost
 By less explosive consumption
 By less wastage of explosive energy
• Reduction in blast vibration leading to stability to the nearby structures
• Greater degree of safety
2.1. Classification of Basic Parameters of Blasting
a. Explosive parameters
a. VOD of explosive, Density, Characteristics impedance, Energy output
b. Explosive type (Special gelatin, NG based, Gun powder, Slurry explosive, ANFO,
Emulsion)
b. Geo-mechanical parameters of rock mass
a. P-wave velocity, b. Density of rock mass, c. S-wave velocity
d. Tensile strength, e. Compressive strength, f. RQD
g. Q (Rock quality factor), h. Dip direction and Dip amount
c. Blast geometry parameters
a. Spacing, b. Burden, c. Bench height, d. Depth of hole
e. Diameter of hole, f. Stemming length and type, g. Loading density
h. Length vs. area, i. Charge factor
d. Parameters related to initiation pattern
a. Delay pattern or connection, b. Delay interval

2.2. Blast Design

Blast design is most important parameter that not only influence blasting cost but also influences
fragmentation, vibration and air blast etc. The blast design parameters are hole diameter, burden,
stemming height, bench height, spacing, etc.

2.2.1 Blast Hole Diameter

The factors that are considered at the time of selecting blast hole diameter are: Rock mass properties,
Rock pile characteristics, Bench height, Explosive distribution, and Relative economics of different
type of drilling equipment.
2.2.2 Bench Height
Bench height is defined as vertical separation between the upper and lower surface of each bench
called bench height. Bench height should not be more than 62 times the hole diameter. Because the
use of large diameter blast holes in shallow faces prevents the efficient charge distribution while small
diameter blast holes in high faces can be ineffective due to effect of blast hole deviation.

2.2.3 Burden
It may be defined as the shortest distance to relief at the time the hole is detonated in any blasting
operation. It is the most critical parameter because of the following:

• If the burden is very small, then the rock will be thrown to a considerable distance
from the face, air blast level will be high and excessive fine will be produced.
• Excess burden will produce severe back break and shattering on the back wall.

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2.2.4. Spacing
It is the distance between boreholes or charges in the same row. Spacing should be determined in
relation to burden, joints of rocks and hole depth. The following formulae may be used as a broad
guideline for the determination of spacing: S= (1.2-1.5) B.
In some opencast mines it has been noticed that S/B ratio of 3 also work well.
• S<B is used in cast blasting, smooth blasting and cushion blasting and in places where the
specific requirement is to get bigger size boulders.
• Very small spacing may cause excessive crushing amongst charges and shallow pit breakage,
huge blocks in front of the blast hole would occur and the issue can't be overruled.
2.2.5 Stemming
This is essential in blasting in order to check emission of gas, reduce air shock waves, increase of
blasting efficiency or dampen any open flames. The stemming length (St) varies from twelve times of
the bore hole diameter for hard competent rock to 30 times of the diameter for soft competent rock.
2.2.6 Sub-drilling (Jm)
When sub-drilling is used there will be a larger zone of maximum tension and it will occur close to
the floor level which must be sheared for good breakage. Sub-drilling may be used as per the
following relation, Jm = 0.1 to 0.25 times the burden (B).

2.2.7. Powder Factor

Powder factor is defined as volume of rock broken (m3) per unit charge amount (kg) consumption and
depends on parameters as volume of rock, charge amount, explosive strength, drilling diameter, rock
type, geological weaknesses, etc. Specific charge is just reciprocal of powder factor. Powder factor
depends upon rock type, explosive strength, degree of mechanization, drill hole diameter, pattern of
drilling, explosive density etc.

2.2.8. Hole Inclination & Drilling

It is always advisable to drill blast holes making some angle usually 5 to 10 degree with vertical and
as much as to avoid some clearly visible fracture lines.
2.2.9. Delay Interval
The following guidelines should be observed for fruitful blast results. The delay interval should be
such that the burden from previously fired holes has enough time to move out to make next row to
have adequate relief. Insufficient relief will result in fly rock and back breaks.

• As a general guideline the delay interval between consecutive rows may be chosen as 6-12 ms
of the burden.
• Delay neither should be too short nor be too long which may lead to bad fragmentation. But it
should be optimum to get the desired results.
3. Blast Design in SURPAC
3.1. Requirements of Software to Blast Design: SURPAC 6.3.2
GEOVIA Surpac™ is the world's most well-known geography and mine planning software,
supporting open pit and underground tasks and exploration or investigation project in excess of 120
Nations. The software delivers effectiveness and precision through convenience, capable of 3-D
graphics and work process automation that can be adjusted to organization of particular procedures
and information streams. Surpac tends to every one of the necessities of surveyors, geologists and
mining engineers in the resource area and is sufficiently adaptable and reasonable for each ore body,
mining technique and commodity. Its multilingual capacities enable worldwide organizations to help a
common solution across their operations.

SURPAC System
This Surpac System is used for
• Resource estimation, Drill hole data management, Block modeling
• Mine planning , Geological modeling , Geo-statistics , Mine design

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3.2. Sample Details Collected
• It is an opencast mine, Rock type: laterite
• Burden: 4 m , Spacing: 6m
• Hole depth= bench height+ sub drill = 9+1.5=10.5 m
• Stemming length : 1.5 m
• Explosive used: ANFO 0.8 and ANFO 0.9
• Detonator: Excel LP , Booster: AZOMEX G
• Delay: 200 ms , Blast pattern: Diagonal And V-Pattern
3.3. Drilling pattern for blasting
a. Create the ore body and mine boundary using string function and then save it
b. Bring the “blast design” menu bar
c. Create a “blast database” where all the information will be stored
d. Apply the “drill and blast settings” which contains information about drilling, charging, rock
type and firing
e. Display the ore body in the graphics
f. “Create blast pattern” over the ore body and give required information i.e. burden, spacing,
blasting pattern, sub-drill, collar and bottom elevation
g. After creation of pattern upload this into the blast database
3.4. Charging & Firing
a. Display the ore body by dragging into the graphics.
b. “Download the blast hole data” from database.
c. “Charge all the holes” by giving certain information such as stemming length, explosive type,
detonator type, booster type & delay time.
d. Give the “firing sequence”.
e. Again “upload the charging data” into the blast database.
3.5. Blasting
a. Before blasting create a “blast boundary” which will resist the movement of rock beyond this.
b. Then generate the “blast solid” which will show you the blasted volume of rock and save this
as DTM file.
3.6. Report generation
a. Generate a “blast summary report” by selecting the DTM file created in above step. This
report will generate all the information i.e. amount of explosive used per hole as well as total
drilling cost, blasting cost, powder factor etc.
b. A “work order” can also be generated which will give order to the shot firer about where and
when to blast and how will be the charge pattern.
3.7. Results
Table 1: Results on the basis of above sample details
SL. No. Details ANFO (0.8 Kg) ANFO (0.9 Kg)
1 Blasted volume 175403.82 m3 175403.82 m3
2 Blasted mass 385888414.34kg 385888414.34kg
3 No. of Blasted Holes 490 490
3
4 Powder factor 0.100 kg/m 0.113 kg/m3
5 Total drilling cost 89011.44 89011.44
6 Total explosive cost 13411.26 15933.92
7 Total detonator cost 1470.00 17515
8 Total drilling and blasting cost 103892.70 106660.36
9 Cost per unit drill length 29.45 30.23

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4. Optimization of Blasting Parameter on Collected Field Data
Optimization implies desired objective to get the best results i.e. to accomplish minimum and
maximum value of the operating parameters. Blast optimization is reliant on a large group of complex
factors identified with explosive, the rock, initiation, drill-hole parameters and their design. The
significant targets are: Less throw of materials, Greater degree of safety, Stability to the nearby
structures.
4.1. Analysis of Flyrock by Using Mine Excellence Software
Fly-rocks are the undesirable ejection of rock particles projected beyond the normal blast area. A few
blasts generated fly-rock in vertical upward direction because of improper stemming and water in the
blast hole; however it was confined to blasting patch itself. The detailed experimentation proved that
the stemming length to burden (SL/B) ratio greater than 1.0 would efficiently reduce the extent of fly-
rocks. With this observation in hand, it was planned to maintain SL/B ratio greater than 1.0 and
consequently fly-rock could not be observed.

4.2. Mine excellence Software (Or Smart Blast App.)

Mine Excellence software is building up itself as a worldwide pioneer blasting and drilling software
innovation space. It has an online and mobile based stage which gives all insight into the hands of
normal blasters, senior mine administration, and blast supervisor. The innovation enhances and
optimizes the blasting which can bring about huge advantages operationally and dispose of potential
dangers/issues amid blasting. Web/Mobile based innovation stage for blasting which covers blasting
lifecycle in a coordinated way useable across all locales. It looks for blasting lifecycle - blast data
collection, Blast Design, and advanced analysis, optimizers (fragmentation, air/ground vibration,
pattern simulation), and blast data collection, explosive inventory management etc. Mobile APP
works without internet access and has significant capability. Versatile APP works without web get
and have a significant capacity.

4.3. Sample Detail, Calculation and Results

Table 2 – Calculation and Results of Bharatpur Opencast Mine on Flyrock analysis
Bharatpur Opencast Mine
General Details of Mine To calculate the charge mass
bench height=12 m, hole diameter=160 mm
hole angle =45 burden=4.5
Sub-grade=0.45 m stemming height = 1.9 m
3
explosive density = 1.35 kg/m charge mass = 27.14 kg/m

Figure 1: Sample Figure of Calculation Using Mine excellence Software

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 Figure 2: Sample Figure of Calculation Using Mine excellence Software

Table 3: Basic Design Parameter

By changing burden parameter:-

Plant Personal Throw in Throw

Charge Drill hole Drill hole Stemming
Burden (m) Constant Equipment Safety front of behind
mass angle diameter(mm) Height(m)
Saftey factor Factor face(m) face(m)
3 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 42.85 140.51
3.5 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 28.7 140.51
4 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 20.28 140.51
4.5 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 14.93 140.51
5 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 11.35 140.51
5.5 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 8.86 140.51
6 27.14 8 160 1.9 10 2 4 7.07 140.51

By changing stemming Height:-

By changing Constant value:-

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So Best result for this mine: - Burden should be 4.5m, Stemming height – 2.7m, Constant value – 12.
Table 4 – Calculation and Results of Basundhara Opencast Mine on Flyrock analysis
Basundhara Opencast Mine
General Details of Mine To calculate the charge mass
bench height=6 m hole diameter=100mm
Burden = 2.5m hole angle =45
subgrade=0.25 m stemming height = 1 m
explosive density = 1.12 kg/m3 Charge mass = 8.80 kg/m

By changing burden parameter: - Table 5: Basic Design Parameter

Plant Personal Throw in Throw

Charge Drill hole Drill hole Stemming
Burden (m) Constant Equipment Safety front of behind
mass angle diameter(mm) Height(m)
Saftey factor Factor face(m) face(m)
2.5 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 35.82 387.96
3 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 22.3 387.96
3.5 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 14.94 387.96
4 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 10.55 387.96
4.5 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 7.77 387.96
5 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 5.91 387.96
5.5 8.8 8 100 1 15 2 4 4.61 387.96

By changing Constant value:-

Plant Personal Throw in Throw

Charge Drill hole Drill hole Stemming
Burden (m) Constant Equipment Safety front of behind
mass angle diameter(mm) Height(m)
Saftey factor Factor face(m) face(m)

4 8.8 8 100 1 10 2 4 4.69 172.43

4 8.8 8 100 1 12 2 4 6.75 248.29
4 8.8 8 100 1 14 2 4 9.19 337.95
4 8.8 8 100 1 16 2 4 12.01 441.41
4 8.8 8 100 1 18 2 4 15.2 558.66
4 8.8 8 100 1 20 2 4 18.76 689.7

Anyone we can choose but the least throw behind face is first one. But according to this software if
we choose constant 20 then it will give the best result.
By changing stemming Height:-

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 Plant Personal Throw in Throw
Charge Drill hole Drill hole Stemming
Burden (m) Constant Equipment Safety front of behind
mass angle diameter(mm) Height(m)
Saftey factor Factor face(m) face(m)
4 8.8 8 100 1 20 2 4 18.76 689.7
4 8.8 8 100 1.5 20 2 4 18.76 240.34
4 8.8 8 100 2 20 2 4 18.76 31.37
4 8.8 8 100 2.5 20 2 4 18.76 17.56
4 8.8 8 100 3 20 2 4 18.76 10.93
4 8.8 8 100 3.5 20 2 4 18.76 7.32

So Best result for this mine: - Burden should be 4 m, Stemming height – 2.5 m, Constant value – 20.

Table 6 – Calculation and Results of Anant Opencast Mine on Flyrock analysis

Ananta Opencast Mine
General Details of Mine To calculate the charge mass
bench height=7 m hole diameter=160 mm
hole angle =45 burden = 4
Sub-grade=1.4 m stemming height = 4.5 m
explosive density = 1.14 kg/m3 charge mass = 22.92 kg/m

Table 7: Basis Design Parameter

By changing burden parameter:-

Plant
Drill hole Personal Throw in Throw
Charge Drill hole Stemming Equipme
Burden (m) diameter Constant Safety front of behind
mass angle Height(m) nt Saftey
(mm) Factor face(m) face(m)
factor
3 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 34.4 3.31
3.5 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 23.04 3.31
4 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 16.28 3.31
4.5 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 11.99 3.31
5 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 9.11 3.31
5.5 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 7.11 3.31
6 22.92 6 160 4.5 10 2 4 5.67 3.31

Both of them are good. By changing stemming Height:-

Plant
Drill hole Personal Throw in Throw
Charge Drill hole Stemming Equipment
Burden (m) diameter Constant Safety front of behind
mass angle Height(m) Saftey
(mm) Factor face(m) face(m)
factor
3 22.92 6 160 1.8 10 2 4 34.4 129.82
3.5 22.92 6 160 2.1 10 2 4 23.04 86.95
4 22.92 6 160 2.4 10 2 4 16.28 61.45
4.5 22.92 6 160 2.7 10 2 4 11.99 12.47
5 22.92 6 160 3 10 2 4 9.11 7.15
5.5 22.92 6 160 3.3 10 2 4 7.11 5.58
6 22.92 6 160 3.6 10 2 4 5.67 4.45

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Both of them are good. But according to the cost cutting factor, less waste of coal,Out of both, the
best one is having burden 4.5m.
By changing Constant value:-

Anyone we can choose but the least throw behind face is first one. But according to this software if
we choose constant 20 then it will give the best result. So Best result for this mine:- Burden should be
4.5 m, Stemming height – 2.7 m, Constant value – 20.

4.4. Optimization Methodology

In the proposed method performed in the current project work, the need is given to the explosive type,
the number of holes, rock factors, and the desired powder factor. These factors combinedly consider
the energy result of the explosive, the explosive types and density used. The principal significance
here is to the cost optimization with the desired production. The equation expressed for the
optimization is from the fundamental information available from the mines and the best combination
and according to the ideal guidelines. In the present case, since the drill holes are settled and can't be
differed as they rely upon the accessible drill machines, this is taken as an input to the procedure.
According to the client's requirements, the fragmentation estimate should be steady which differs by
the powder factor, so that powder factor is made constant or input information. The explosive cost
which is the driving information is likewise to be considered as information. According to the
optimization models observed till now; the spacing, the length of the hole, burden, and height of
bench can be effortlessly related with the diameter of the drill hole by some simple derivation and
equations. From all the past information the total cost of the configuration and the charge per hole can
be determined. The constants utilized as a part of the equation are expressed from the field
information available from some Indian coal mines and some optimized equation officially applied in
coal and metal mines. The input parameters are that accessible explosive information from the coal
mines in India. The prepared model programme was written using visual basic on PHP platform.
Some sample presentation of the input and output parameters are as shown below:

Starting Screen:
In the starting page, the user have to enter value for type of explosive, rock types, powder factors,
basic parameters (Drill hole diameter, Cost of explosive and No. of holes) & further calculation.

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Input Page:
In this page user can enter as much as number of data to find best value among all the input value
given. So you have to enter some number of option available boxes to find the best one. After that this
software will calculate them according to given input data then it will compare among all the
calculated data then it will give the best result.

Output Page:
In the output page, after calculation, it will show the important parameter value for blast design. The
important parameters are Bench height, burden, sub drilling, spacing, stemming, hole length,
explosives used, volume of rock blasted, fragmentation size, charged per hole and total cost of
blasting. It’s also giving the best results among all multiple given data.

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4.5. Case Study
The developed model has been tested in three mines i.e. Basundhara OCP, Bharatpur OCP, Ananta
OCP. Some of the important parameters are matching and also there are some changes required
according to prepared computational approach optimization model.
Table 8: Mines details which is necessary for prepared optimization model
Sl. Mines Name Type of Type of Blasting Powder factor Diameter of Cost of No. of
No. Explosive Rock Pattern (m3/kg) hole (mm) Explosive per Holes
Factor Kg (Rs./kg)
1 Basundhara Slurry Medium- Square 5.5 (OB), 5.6 100(OB), 17.25 30
OCP Explosive Hard (Coal) 160 (Coal)
2 Bharatpur Power Gel Medium- Square 2.2 (OB), 4.6 160 14 40
OCP B Hard (Coal)
3 Ananta OCP emulsions Medium- Square 2.78 (OB), 4.96 259(OB), 14 30
Hard (Coal) 160 (Coal)
Table 9: Desired Blasting Design parameter value for Basundhara OCP mine
Parameters Power factors and Diameter Of Drill hole
Over Burden(5.5m3/Kg) and 100mm Dia Coal(5.6m3/Kg) and 160mm Dia
Bench Height(m) 5.2 8.32
Burden(m) 3.8 6.08
Spacing(m) 4.5 7.2
Stemming Height(m) 2.28 , 3.8 3.65 , 6.08
Sub Drilling(If Required) 1.14 1.82
Length Of hole(m) 6.34 , 7 10.144 , 11.2
Fragmentation Size(cm) 47.63 60.96
Cost Of Explosive(Rs/Kg) 17.25 17.25
Charged per Hole (kg) 1.655 4.765
No. of Holes 30 30
Total Cost of blasting(Rs) 856.57 2465.87
Table 10: Desired Blasting Design parameter value for Bharatpur OCP mine
Parameters Power factors and Diameter Of Drill hole
Over Burden(2.2 m3/Kg) and 160mm Dia Coal(4.6m3/Kg) and 160mm Dia
Bench Height(m) 8.32 8.32
Burden(m) 6.08 6.08
Spacing(m) 7.2 7.2
Stemming Height(m) 3.648 3.648
Sub Drilling(If Required) (m) 1.824 , 2.88 1.824 , 2.88
Length Of hole(m) 10.144, 11.2 10.144, 11.2
Fragmentation Size(cm) 33.74 53.825
Cost Of Explosive(Rs/Kg) 14 14
Charged per Hole (kg) 9.689 5.532
No. of Holes 40 40
Total Cost of blasting(Rs) 5425.83 3098.42
Table 11: Desired Blasting Design parameter value for Ananta OCP mine
Parameters Power factors and Diameter Of Drill hole
Over Burden(2.78 m3/Kg) and 259 mm Dia Coal(4.96 m3/Kg) and 160mm Dia
Bench Height(m) 13.468 8.32
Burden(m) 9.842 6.08
Spacing(m) 11.655 7.2
Stemming Height(m) 5.91 3.645
Sub Drilling(If Required) (m) 2.95 , 4.662 1.824 , 2.88
Length Of hole(m) 16.42 , 18.13 10.144 , 11.2
Fragmentation Size(cm) 49.81 56.455
Cost Of Explosive(Rs/Kg) 14 14
Charged per Hole (kg) 24.31 5.225
No. of Holes 30 30
Total Cost of blasting(Rs) 10209.74 2194.54
As we know that, in opencast mine desired powder factors varies from 0.33 to 0.55 kg/m3 (1.82 to
2.86 m3/kg) and diameter varies from 100mm to 381mm. Therefore on the basis of present details, we
prepared some results by varying the parameters i.e. type of explosive, rock types, powder factors and
diameters. Then we can compare them among given details to know the least blasting cost. Here, in
the below table type of explosive taken ANFO and Rock types taken soft rock (<70MPa).

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 Table 12: Desired Blasting Design parameter value for powder factor 1.8 m3/kg
Parameters Power factors (1.8 m3/kg) and Diameter Of Drill hole
100mm 160mm 200mm 250mm 311mm 381mm
Bench Height(m) 5.2 8.32 10.4 13 16.172 19.812
Burden(m) 3.8 6.08 7.6 9.5 11.818 14.478
Spacing(m) 4.5 7.2 9 11.25 13.995 17.145
Stemming Height(m) 2.28 , 3.8 3.65 , 6.08 4.56,7.6 5.7,9.5 7.09,11.82 8.68,14.48
Sub Drilling(If Required) 1.14,1.8 1.82,2.88 2.28,3.6 2.85,4.5 3.55,5.59 4.34,6.85
Length Of hole(m) 6.34 , 7 10.144 , 11.2 12.68,14 15.85,17.5 19.717,22 24.155,27
Fragmentation Size(cm) 23.48 29.72 33.235 37.167 41.46 45.9
Cost Of Explosive(Rs/Kg) 23.50 22 20 22 17 17.5
Charged per Hole (kg) 3.867 11.284 18.76 31.2 51.31 81.496
No. of Holes 40 40 30 30 30 30
Total Cost of blasting(Rs) 3634.6 9930.26 11258.16 20592.01 26169.88 42785.86
Table 13: Desired Blasting Design parameter value for powder factor 2 m3/kg
Parameters Power factors( 2 m3/kg) and Diameter Of Drill hole
100mm 160mm 200mm 250mm 311mm 381mm
Bench Height(m) 5.2 8.32 10.4 13 16.172 19.812
Burden(m) 3.8 6.08 7.6 9.5 11.818 14.478
Spacing(m) 4.5 7.2 9 11.25 13.995 17.145
Stemming Height(m) 2.28 , 3.8 3.65 , 6.08 4.56,7.6 5.7,9.5 7.09,11.82 8.68,14.48
Sub Drilling(If Required) 1.14,1.8 1.82,2.88 2.28,3.6 2.85,4.5 3.55,5.59 4.34,6.85
Length Of hole(m) 6.34 , 7 10.144 , 11.2 12.68,14 15.85,17.5 19.717,22 24.155,27
Fragmentation Size(cm) 25.104 31.769 35.527 39.73 44.323 49.068
Cost Of Explosive(Rs/Kg) 23.50 22 20 22 17 17.5
Charged per Hole (kg) 3.569 10.416 17.320 28.8 47.367 75.229
No. of Holes 40 40 30 30 30 30
Total Cost of blasting(Rs) 3355.05 9166.49 10392.26 19008.22 24152.07 39495.07
Table 14: Desired Blasting Design parameter value for powder factor 2.5 m3/kg
Parameters Power factors( 2.5 m3/kg) and Diameter Of Drill hole
100mm 160mm 200mm 250mm 311mm 381mm
Bench Height(m) 5.2 8.32 10.4 13 16.172 19.812
Burden(m) 3.8 6.08 7.6 9.5 11.818 14.478
Spacing(m) 4.5 7.2 9 11.25 13.995 17.145
Stemming Height(m) 2.28 , 3.8 3.65 , 6.08 4.56,7.6 5.7,9.5 7.09,11.82 8.68,14.48
Sub Drilling(If Required) 1.14,1.8 1.82,2.88 2.28,3.6 2.85,4.5 3.55,5.59 4.34,6.85
Length Of hole(m) 6.34 , 7 10.144 , 11.2 12.68,14 15.85,17.5 19.717,22 24.155,27
Fragmentation Size(cm) 28.913 36.589 40.917 45.758 51.046 56.512
Cost Of Explosive(Rs/Kg) 23.50 22 20 22 17 17.5
Charged per Hole (kg) 3.013 8.792 14.62 24.31 39.981 63.499
No. of Holes 40 40 30 30 30 30
Total Cost of blasting(Rs) 2831.96 77.7.31 8771.97 16044.59 20390.67 33337.27

5. Conclusion
The developed model is easy to understand and simple to use. One can also modify with the
developed model by changing parameters like blasting and drilling pattern and new explosives and so
on according to their requirement. In this study we first carried out blast design using SURPAC
software to know the basic blasting detail like powder factors and the cost estimation. Then, we
carried out fly rock analysis using MINEEXCELLENCE software from where we could find some
clues for optimization of some parameters like burden, stemming height and appropriate constant
value which is required for the software. MINEEXCELLENCE software has been tested on three

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different mines i.e. Basundhara OCP, Bharatpur OCP, Ananta OCP. After that, blast design model has
been created with simple methodologies which can be easily used by any mining industry to analyse
the explosive expenses and accomplish better blasting results. This model considers the regular
explosives used by large opencast mines which in turn are chosen by valuable parameters like rock
parameter, explosives parameter and in addition powder factor and other related parameters. The
model created is an easy to use one, since by keeping type of explosive, the powder factor, type of
rocks, and number of choices of explosives details available as constant and by differing the
parameters like number of holes, drill hole diameter and cost of explosives one can compare the
explosive performance and accordingly take a choice to choose the best possible kind of explosives
for blasting. The performance of the developed model can be improved with the collection of
information from a large number of mines. We are sure this model will give some help to the blasting
engineers and mine operators to accomplish the best results with a less cost of blasting.

6. References
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