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1 Cell Cycle

The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the cell nucleus and chromosomes are divided. In prophase the chromosomes condense. In metaphase the chromosomes align. In anaphase the sister chromatids are separated. In telophase the nuclei reform. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.

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96 views31 pages

1 Cell Cycle

The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the cell nucleus and chromosomes are divided. In prophase the chromosomes condense. In metaphase the chromosomes align. In anaphase the sister chromatids are separated. In telophase the nuclei reform. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.

Uploaded by

Akshit Bindhani
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis

B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell


cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases
of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal
cytokinesis.

The cell cycle is a repeated pattern of growth


and division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
This cycle consists of three phases: G1, S, G2
The first phase represents cell growth while the
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

KEY CONCEPT
Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and
normal functions.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

The cell cycle has four main stages.


• The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA
replication, and cell division.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2,
and mitosis.
– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
– DNA synthesis (S): copies
DNA
– Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth (chromatids
become replicated
– chromosomes)
Mitosis (M): includes
division of the cell nucleus
(mitosis) and division of the
cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
• Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA
undamaged.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Interphase

Cells spend the majority of their cell cycle in


interphase.

The purpose of interphase is for cell growth.

By the end of interphase a cell has two full sets


of DNA (chromosomes) and is large enough to
begin the division process.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Sister
chromatids

How does 6.5 feet of DNA condense into a chromosome?


Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Materials:
Capsule- nucleus
String – DNA

Objective:
With your group, figure out a way to fit all of
the DNA into the nucleus. You may use
various tools, but ALL DNA needs to fit into
the closed nucleus.

Show me when you are done! 


Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.


• DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.
• Ina typical human cell, there is about 6.5 feet of DNA!

DNA double DNA and Chromatin Supercoiled


helix histones DNA
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis
•The purpose of mitosis is cell division: making
two cells out of one.
• Each cell has to have its own cytoplasm and
DNA.
•The DNA is replicated in interphase when two
chromosome strands became four strands (two
strands per chromatid).
•In mitosis the four strands (two sister chromatid)
have to break apart so that each new cell only
has one double-stranded chromosome.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cell size is limited.


• Volume increases faster than surface area.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Prophase is characterized by four events:

1. Chromosomes condense and are more


visible.
2. The nuclear membrane (envelope)
disappears.
3. Centrioles have separated and taken
positions on the opposite poles of the cell.
4. Spindle fibers form and radiate toward the
center of the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• DNA plus proteins is called chromatin.


telomere
chromatid
• One half of a duplicated
chromosome is a chromatid.
• Sister chromatids are held
together at the centromere.
centromere
• Telomeres protect DNA and do
not include genes.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=x1zw6uRxKYU telomeres and aging

telomere

Condensed, duplicated chromosome


Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.


– During prophase, chromosomes condense and
spindle fibers form.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Metaphase (the shortest phase of mitosis) is


characterized by two events:

1. Chromosomes line up across the middle of


the cell.
2. Spindle fibers connect the centromere of
each sister chromatid to the poles of the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.


– During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Anaphase is characterized by three events:

1. Centromeres that join the sister chromatids


split.
2. Sister chromatids separate becoming
individual chromosomes.
3. Separated chromatids move to opposite
poles of the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.


– During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to
opposite sides of the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Telophase (the last phase of mitosis) consists of


four events:

1. Chromosomes (each consisting of a single


chromatid) uncoil.
2. A nuclear envelope forms around the
chromosomes at each pole of the cell.
3. Spindle fibers break down and dissolve.
4. Cytokinesis begins.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.


– During telophase, the new nuclei form and
chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

•Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into


two individual cells.
•The process of cytokinesis differs somewhat in
plant and animal cells.
•In animal cells the cell membrane forms a
cleavage furrow that eventually pinches the cell
into two nearly equal parts, each part containing
its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Animal Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.


– In animal cells, the
membrane pinches
closed.
– In plant cells, a
cell plate forms.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical


daughter cells.
Parent cell

• Interphase prepares
the cell to divide. centrioles

• During interphase,
the DNA is
duplicated.

spindle fibers

centrosome

nucleus with
DNA
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Plant Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cells divide at different rates.


• The rate of cell division varies with the need for those
types of cells.

• Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).


Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Diploid
• Autosomal cells – body cells or any non- sex cell.

• A cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes.


-The number is represented as 2n (n= number of
chromosomes)

Humans have 2 sets of 23 chromosomes for a total of 46


chromosomes. 2n or 2(23)=46
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Somatic Cells
• In any given somatic cell there are 22 pairs of regular
chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Karyotype – the number and appearance of chromosomes


• What do you notice
about the…
– Size
– Centromere
– Telomere
– Sex
– Number

Homologous pair:
Why are there 2 of
each
chromosome?
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes that


are the same. This happens because diploid organisms
have two of each chromosome. Each of the pairs is a
homologous pair. One of the homologous chromosomes
was inherited from the individual's mother and the other
one was inherited from the individual's father. For
example, the two chromosomes #1 are homologous.
However, a chromosome #1 and a chromosome #2 are
not homologous because they are different
chromosomes.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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