0% found this document useful (0 votes)
97 views

ch02 - Introduction To Java Applications Input-Output and Operators

This document provides an introduction to writing Java applications, including input/output, primitive data types, variables, and decision making statements. It discusses creating a simple Hello World program, accepting user input, and modifying programs. Key concepts covered include classes, methods, strings, arithmetic operators, and conditional logic.

Uploaded by

Lộc Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
97 views

ch02 - Introduction To Java Applications Input-Output and Operators

This document provides an introduction to writing Java applications, including input/output, primitive data types, variables, and decision making statements. It discusses creating a simple Hello World program, accepting user input, and modifying programs. Key concepts covered include classes, methods, strings, arithmetic operators, and conditional logic.

Uploaded by

Lộc Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 57

Chapter 2

Introduction to
Java Applications;
Input/Output and
Operators
From the textbook
Java How to Program 11/e

Instructor: Hoang Ngoc Long


Objectives

• Write simple Java applications.


• Use input and output statements.
• Learn about Java’s primitive types.
• Understand basic memory concepts.
• Use arithmetic operators.
• Learn the precedence of arithmetic operators.
• Write decision-making statements.
• Use relational and equality operators.
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of Text
3. Modifying Your First Java Program
4. Displaying Text with printf
5. Another Application: Adding Integers
6. Memory Concepts
7. Arithmetic
8. Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
1 Introduction

• Java application programming


• Use tools from the JDK to compile and run programs
• Videos help you get started with Eclipse, NetBeans and IntelliJ IDEA
integrated development environments.
§ Dive Into® Eclipse: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKJMWpMKev8
§ Dive Into® IntelliJ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyvEg0sJ_3M
§ Dive Into® NetBeans: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W31CpPzbJUY
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text
• Java application
§ A computer program that executes when you use the java command to launch
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Sample program in Fig. 2.1 displays a line of text.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Commenting Your Programs
}Comments
// Fig. 2.1: Welcome1.java
§ // indicates that the line is a comment.
§ Used to document programs and improve their readability.
§ Compiler ignores comments.
§ A comment that begins with // is an end-of-line comment—it
terminates at the end of the line on which it appears.
}Traditional comment, can be spread over several lines as in
/* This is a traditional comment. It
can be split over multiple lines */
§ This type of comment begins with /* and ends with */.
§ All text between the delimiters is ignored by the compiler.
2 Our First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
• Javadoc comments
§ Delimited by /** and */.
§ All text between the Javadoc comment delimiters is ignored by the compiler.
§ Enable you to embed program documentation directly in your programs.
§ The javadoc utility program reads Javadoc comments and uses them to
prepare program documentation in HTML format.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Using Blank Lines
} Blank lines, space characters and tabs
§ Make programs easier to read.
§ Together, they’re known as white space (or whitespace).
§ White space is ignored by the compiler.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Declaring a class
} Class declaration
public class Welcome1
§ Every Java program consists of at least one class that you define.
§ class keyword introduces a class declaration and is immediately followed by
the class name.
§ Keywords (Appendix C) are reserved for use by Java and are always spelled
with all lowercase letters.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Filename for a public Class
} A public class must be placed in a file that has a filename of the
form ClassName.java, so class Welcome1 is stored in the file
Welcome1.java.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Class Names and Identifiers
}By convention, begin with a capital letter and capitalize
the first letter of each word they include (e.g.,
SampleClassName).
}A class name is an identifier—a series of characters
consisting of letters, digits, underscores (_) and dollar
signs ($) that does not begin with a digit and does not
contain spaces.
}Java is case sensitive—uppercase and lowercase letters are
distinct—so a1 and A1 are different (but both valid)
identifiers.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Class Body
} A left brace, {, begins the body of every class declaration.
} A corresponding right brace, }, must end each class declaration.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Declaring a Method
public static void main( String[] args )
}Starting point of every Java application.
}Parentheses after the identifier main indicate that it’s a program
building block called a method.
}Java class declarations normally contain one or more methods.
}main must be defined as shown; otherwise, the JVM will not
execute the application.
}Methods perform tasks and can return information when they
complete their tasks.
}Keyword void indicates that this method will not return any
information.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
• Body of the method declaration
§ Enclosed in left and right braces.
• Statement
System.out.println("Welcome to Java Programming!");
§ Instructs the computer to perform an action
• Display the characters contained between the double quotation marks.
§ Together, the quotation marks and the characters between them are a string—
also known as a character string or a string literal.
§ White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler.
§ Strings cannot span multiple lines of code.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
• System.out object
§ Standard output object.
§ Allows a Java application to display information in the command window
from which it executes.
• System.out.println method
§ Displays (or prints) a line of text in the command window.
§ The string in the parentheses the argument to the method.
§ Positions the output cursor at the beginning of the next line in the command
window.
• Most statements end with a semicolon.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Compiling Your First Java Application
} Open a command window and change to the directory where the program
is stored.
} Many operating systems use the command cd to change directories.
} To compile the program, type
javac Welcome1.java
} If the program contains no compilation errors, preceding command
creates a.class file (known as the class file) containing the platform-
independent Java bytecodes that represent the application.
} When we use the java command to execute the application on a given
platform, these bytecodes will be translated by the JVM into instructions
that are understood by the underlying operating system.
2 Your First Program in Java: Printing
a Line of Text (Cont.)
Executing the Welcome1 Application
} To execute this program in a command window, change to the directory
containing Welcome1.java
} Next, type java Welcome1.
} This launches the JVM, which loads the Welcome1.class file.
} The JVM calls class Welcome1’s main method.
3 Modifying Your First Java Program
• Class Welcome2, shown in Fig. 2.3, uses two statements to produce the
same output as that shown in Fig. 2.1.
• System.out’s method print displays a string.
• Unlike println, print does not position the output cursor at the
beginning of the next line in the command window.
3 Modifying Your First Java Program
(Cont.)
• Newline characters indicate to System.out’s print
and println methods when to position the output cursor
at the beginning of the next line in the command window.
• Newline characters are whitespace characters.
• The backslash (\) is called an escape character.
§ Indicates a “special character”
• Backslash is combined with the next character to form an
escape sequence—\n represents the newline character.
• Complete list of escape sequences
§ https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.6
4 Displaying Text with printf
• System.out.printf method
§ f means “formatted”
§ displays formatted data
• Multiple method arguments are placed in a comma-separated list.
• Calling a method is also referred to as invoking a method.
• Java allows large statements to be split over many lines.
§ Cannot split a statement in the middle of an identifier or string.
• Method printf’s first argument is a format string
§ May consist of fixed text and format specifiers.
§ Fixed text is output as it would be by print or println.
§ Each format specifier is a placeholder for a value and specifies the type of
data to output.
• Format specifiers begin with a percent sign (%) and are followed
by a character that represents the data type.
• Format specifier %s is a placeholder for a string.
5 Another Application: Adding Integers

• Integers
§ Whole numbers, like –22, 7, 0 and 1024)
• Programs remember numbers and other data in the computer’s
memory and access that data through program elements called
variables.
• The program of Fig. 2.7 demonstrates these concepts.
Fig. 2.7: Addition program that inputs two number then displays their sum
5 import Declarations

• Helps the compiler locate a class that is used in this program.


• Rich set of predefined classes that you can reuse rather than
“reinventing the wheel.”
• Classes are grouped into packages—named groups of related
classes—and are collectively referred to as the Java class library, or
the Java Application Programming Interface (Java API).
• You use import declarations to identify the predefined classes used
in a Java program.
5 Declaring and Creating a Scanner to
Obtain User Input from the Keyboard
• Variable declaration statement
Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
§ Specifies the name (input) and type (Scanner) of a variable
that is used in this program.
• Variable
§ A location in the computer’s memory where a value can be stored
for use later in a program.
§ Must be declared with a name and a type before they can be used.
§ A variable’s name enables the program to access the value of the
variable in memory.
§ The name can be any valid identifier.
§ A variable’s type specifies what kind of information is stored at
that location in memory.
5 Another Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
• Scanner
§ Enables a program to read data for use in a program.
§ Data can come from many sources, such as the user at the keyboard or
a file on disk.
§ Before using a Scanner, you must create it and specify the source of
the data.
• The equals sign (=) in a declaration indicates that the variable
should be initialized (i.e., prepared for use in the program) with
the result of the expression to the right of the equals sign.
• The new keyword creates an object.
• Standard input object, System.in, enables applications to read
bytes of data typed by the user.
• Scanner object translates these bytes into types that can be
used in a program.
5 Declaring Variables to Store
Integers
• Variable declaration statements
int number1; // first number to add
int number2; // second number to add
int sum; // sum of number1 and number2
declare that variables number1, number2 and sum hold
data of type int
§ They can hold integer.
§ Range of values for an int is –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.
§ The int values you use in a program may not contain commas.
• Several variables of the same type may be declared in one
declaration with the variable names separated by commas.
5 Prompting the User for Input

• Prompt
§ Output statement that directs the user to take a specific action.
• Class System
§ Part of package java.lang.
§ Class System is not imported with an import declaration at the beginning
of the program.

Software Engineering Observation 2.1


By default, package java.lang is imported in every Java program; thus,
classes in java.lang are the only ones in the Java API that do not
require an import declaration.
5 Obtaining an int as Input from the
User
• Scanner method nextInt
number1 = input.nextInt(); // read first number from
user
§ Obtains an integer from the user at the keyboard.
§ Program waits for the user to type the number and press the Enter key to submit the
number to the program.
• The result of the call to method nextInt is placed in variable number1
by using the assignment operator, =.
§ “number1 gets the value of input.nextInt().”
§ Operator = is called a binary operator—it has two operands.
§ Everything to the right of the assignment operator, =, is always evaluated before the
assignment is performed.
• Similarly, obtaining the second number from user
number2 = input.nextInt(); // read second number from
user
5 Another Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
• Arithmetic
sum = number1 + number2; // add numbers then store total
in sum
§ Assignment statement that calculates the sum of the variables number1 and
number2 then assigns the result to variable sum by using the assignment operator,
=.
§ “sum gets the value of number1 + number2.”
§ Portions of statements that contain calculations are called expressions.
§ An expression is any portion of a statement that has a value associated with it.

• Integer formatted output


System.out.printf( "Sum is %d%n", sum );
§ Format specifier %d is a placeholder for an int value
§ The letter d stands for “decimal integer.”
6 Memory Concepts

• Variables
§ Every variable has a name, a type, a size (in bytes) and a value.
§ When a new value is placed into a variable, the new value replaces the
previous value (if any). The previous value is lost, so this process is said to be
destructive.
§ When a value is read from a memory location, the process is nondestructive.
7 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic operators are summarized in Fig. 2.11.
• The asterisk (*) indicates multiplication
• The percent sign (%) is the remainder operator
• The arithmetic operators are binary operators because they each operate on
two operands.
• Integer division yields an integer quotient.
§ Any fractional part in integer division is simply truncated (i.e., discarded) —no
rounding occurs.
• The remainder operator, %, yields the remainder after division.
7 Arithmetic (Cont.)
• Arithmetic expressions in Java must be written in straight-line form to
facilitate entering programs into the computer.
• Expressions such as “a divided by b” must be written as a / b, so that
all constants, variables and operators appear in a straight line.
• Parentheses are used to group terms in expressions in the same manner
as in algebraic expressions.
• If an expression contains nested parentheses, the expression in the
innermost set of parentheses is evaluated first.
7 Arithmetic (Cont.)
• Rules of operator precedence
§ Multiplication, division and remainder operations are applied first.
§ If an expression contains several such operations, they are applied from
left to right.
§ Multiplication, division and remainder operators have the same level of
precedence.
§ Addition and subtraction operations are applied next.
§ If an expression contains several such operations, the operators are
applied from left to right.
§ Addition and subtraction operators have the same level of precedence.
• When we say that operators are applied from left to right, we are
referring to their associativity.
• Some operators associate from right to left.
• Complete precedence chart is included in Appendix A.
8 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• Condition
§ An expression that can be true or false.
• if selection statement
§ Allows a program to make a decision based on a condition’s value.
• Equality operators (== and !=)
• Relational operators (>, <, >= and <=)
• Both equality operators have the same level of precedence,
which is lower than that of the relational operators.
• The equality operators associate from left to right.
• The relational operators all have the same level of
precedence and also associate from left to right.
8 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators (Cont.)
• An if statement always begins with keyword if, followed by a
condition in parentheses.
§ Expects one statement in its body, but may contain multiple statements if they
are enclosed in a set of braces ({}).
§ The indentation of the body statement is not required, but it improves the
program’s readability by emphasizing that statements are part of the body.
• Note that there is no semicolon (;) at the end of the first line of each
if statement.
§ Such a semicolon would result in a logic error at execution time.
§ Treated as the empty statement—semicolon by itself.
8 Decision Making: Precedence and
associativity of operators
End of
Chapter 2

You might also like