Introducton to Digital Filter

@
Sardar Patel Institute of
Technology, Andheri, Mumbai

Kiran Tulshiram Vasumati TALELE

Academic Year 2021-22

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans’

Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Andheri(w) Mumbai
 Speaker : K. T. V. TALELE
@ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans’ Sardar Patel Institute of Technology
Andheri(w) Mumbai

•  Associate Professor, Electronics Engineering Department (1997)

•  Head, Innovation & Entrepreneurship Development
Centre Developed by DST-Govt. of India (2010)
•  Incharge, IPR-Cell (2012)

@ Sardar Patel Technology Business Incubator(SP-TBI),

Funded by Department of Science & Technology(DST), Govt. of India

•  Head, Academic Relations (2015)

@ IEEE Bombay Section

•  Treasurer (2020)
•  Executive Committee Member (2015)

Kiran TALELE 2
 Digital Filter
H(Z) h(n) DE
RD PZ FR

* DT System *
x[n] y[n]
Ex. Digital Filter

Infinite Impulse Finite Impulse

Response(IIR) Filter Repsonse(FIR) Filter
Ex. h[n] = (0.5)n u[n] Ex. h[n] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
Infinite Length Finite Length
Causal Causal
STABLE STABLE
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 NOTE : To find Output of Digital Filter

(1) h[n]
x[n] (2) H[z] y[n]
(3) DE
(4) RD
(5) PZ
ZT IZT
(6) FR

X(z) Y(z)
H(z)

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NOTE : Relationship Diagram
1.  Take ZT
2.  Arrange in terms of
Y(z) & X(z) PZ
3. Write H(z) =Y(z) / X(z)
IZT

DE H(z)
ZT h[n]

Z=ejw
1.  Write H(z) in –ve H(ejw) OR
Powers of Z RD H(w)
2. Let H(z) = Y(z)/X(z)
3. Cross multiply
4. Take Inverse ZT
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 (*) What is Magnitude Response ?

Ans :

Magnitude = Magnitude of numerator

Response Magnitude of Deno min ator
Where,
2 2
Magnitude = (Re al ) + (Im aginary)

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 (*) What is Phase Response?
Ans :
Phase = Angle of – Angle of
Response Numerator Denominator

Where, ⎡ −1 ⎛ Im aginary ⎞
⎢ tan ⎜ Re al ⎟ When Re al > 0
⎢ ⎝ ⎠
Angle =
−1 ⎛ Im aginary ⎞
⎢
⎢180 + tan ⎜ ⎟ When Re al < 0
⎣ ⎝ Re al ⎠

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 (*) What is stability condition for
causal and stable system?
Ans :
.
For causal and stable
system, all the POLES
must lie INSIDE the unit
circle

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(*) What is Minimum Phase System ?
For any system If ∠ H(π) – ∠ H(0) = 0
Then system is called a Minimum Phase System.
When All zeros are inside the unit circle, the
system is minimum phase.

(*) What is Maximum Phase System ?

For any system If ∠ H(π) – ∠ H(0) = Mπ
Then system is called a Maximum Phase System.
When All zeros are outside the unit circle, the system is
Maximum phase.
NOTE :
If the system is Neither Minimum Phase
NOR Maximum Phase
Then System is Mixed Phase System.
 DSP System

x(t)
x(n) y(n) Reconstruction y(t)
Sampling A D
x[n]
Using S/H Digital FILTER
Digital Processor
D A y[n]
Using LPF
C C

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 DSP System . . .

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Digital filter is nothing but
a Mathematical Algorithm
implemented in
Hardware or Software.

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 IMPORTANT

• An important step in the development of a

digital filter is the determination of a
realizable transfer function H(z)
approximating the given frequency
response specifications. The process of
deriving the transfer function H(z) is called
digital filter design.

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 • Position of the poles affects system stability
System Stability
• The position of zeroes does not
 System Stability. .. .

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 Ideal Filter Frequency Response

LPF HPF

PB SB SB PB

BPF BSF/BRF

SB PB SB PB SB PB

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 Practical Filter Frequency Response

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 Digital I I R FILTER DESIGN

Time Domain Transform Domain

Method Method
Impulse Invariant Method BLT Method

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 IIR Filters
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is described using :
(a) IIR filter difference equation

IIR filter output

depends also on
(b) IIR filter Transfer function the past outputs

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 Digital F I R FILTER DESIGN

Windowing Method Frequency Sampling Method

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Difference between between Analog Filter and Digital Filter

Parameter Analog filter Digital Filter

1 Digital(discrete time
Input/output signal Analog
sequences)
2 Lumped elements such as Software + digital
Composition
R.L. and C or analog /Cs hardware
3 In terms of system By difference
Filter representation
components equation
4 Flexibility Not flexible Highly flexible
5 Portability Not easily portable Portable
6 Design objective and Specifications to values of Specifications to
result R.L and C components difference equation
7 Environmental effects Negligible effect of Negligible effect of
environmental parameters environmental
parameters
8 Interference notes Minimum/negligible
Maximum effect
and other effects effect
9 Storage/maintenance Difficult storage and Easier storage and
failure maintenance and higher maintenance and
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failure rate reduced failure rate
Difference between between IIR Filter and FIR Filter

FIR filter IIR filter

1 Length of h[n] is finite Length of h[n] is In-finite
2 Provides exact linear phase. Not linear phase.
3 Provides good stability. Stability is not guaranteed.
4 Order required is higher. Order required is lower.
5 Computationally not efficient. Computationally more efficient.
6 More memory required for the Less memory required fro storage of
storage of coefficients. coefficients.
7 Requires more processing time. Requires less processing time.
8 Requires M multiplications per Requires 2M + 1 multiplications per
output sample output sample.

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 Q1 What are advantages of FIR Filters ?

1. They can easily be designed to be "linear

phase"
2. They are suited to multi-rate applications.
3. They have desirable numeric properties.
4. They can be implemented using fractional
arithmetic.
5. They are simple to implement.

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 Q2 . What are the disadvantages of FIR Filters
(compared to IIR filters)?
Compared to IIR filters, FIR filters sometimes have the
disadvantage that they require more memory and/or
calculation to achieve a given filter response
characteristic.

Q3. What are the advantages of IIR filters (compared

to FIR filters)?
IIR filters can achieve a given filtering characteristic using
less memory and calculations than a similar FIR filter

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 Q4 . What are the disadvantages of IIR Filters
(compared to FIR filters)?

1)  They are more susceptible to problems of finite-

length arithmetic, such as noise generated by
calculations, and limit cycles.

2)  They are harder to implement using fixed-point

arithmetic.

3)  They don't offer the computational advantages of

FIR filters for multirate (decimation and
interpolation) applications.

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Kiran TALELE

9987030881
[email protected]

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