INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

AND TECH.

PRACTICAL FILE
ON RDBMS(RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
BATCH(2019-22)

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF

DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
AND COMPUTER AIDED MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs.Jyoti thakur Name:Praveen

Ragistration no:191150111
Rollno: 7118790
S.N DESCRIPTION PAG sign
E
O NO
WHAT IS RDBMS? DISCUSS THE VARIOUS DATA
1 MODELS.

DRAW ER DIAGRAM AND COVERT ENTITIES AND

2 RELATIONSHIP TO RELATION FOR THE GIVEN
SCINARIO:-
TWO ASSIGNMENT SHAAL BE CARRIED OUT THAT IS
CONSIDERED TWO DIFFERENT SCINARIO FOR
EXAMPLE,
COLLEGE.
PERFORM THE FOLLOWING:-
3 1) CREATE A DATABASE.
2) DOING ALL DATABSE.
3) DOING ALL TABLES IN A DATABASE.
4) CREATE A TABLE(WITH AND WITH CONSTRAINT)
5) INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE A RECORD IN A TABLE.
6) COMMIT AND ROLL BACK

PERFORM THE FOLLOWING:-

4 1) ALTERING A TABLE.
2) DROPPING A TABLE.
3) TRANKCATING A TABLE.
4) RENAMING THE TABLE.

FOR A GIVEN SET OF RELATION TABLE PERFORM

5 FOLLOWING:-
1) CREATING A VIEW.
2) DROPPING A VIEW.
3) SELECTING FROM A VIEW.

GIVENTHETABLEEMPLOYEE(M.NO,NAME,SALARY,D
6 ESTINATION,DEPARTMENT ID) WRIGHT a query to
select a five highest paid employees from the table.
 PRACTICAL 1

RDBMS(relational database management system)

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a collection of programs and

capabilities that enable IT teams and others to create, update, administer and

otherwise interact with a relational database. RDBMSes store data in the form of

tables, with most commercial relational database management systems using

Structured Query Language (SQL) to access the database. However, since SQL was

invented after the initial development of the relational model, it is not necessary for

RDBMS use.

The RDBMS is the most popular database system among organizations across the

world. It provides a dependable method of storing and retrieving large amounts of

data while offering a combination of system performance and ease of implementation.

MODELS

Data Models

Data Model is the modeling of the data description, data semantics, and consistency

constraints of the data. It provides the conceptual tools for describing the design of a

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database at each level of data abstraction. Therefore, there are following four data

models used for understanding the structure of the database:

1) Relational Data Model: This type of model designs the data in the form of rows

and columns within a table. Thus, a relational model uses tables for representing data

and in-between relationships. Tables are also called relations. This model was initially

described by Edgar F. Codd, in 1969. The relational data model is the widely used

model which is primarily used by commercial data processing applications.

2) Entity-Relationship Data Model: An ER model is the logical representation of

data as objects and relationships among them. These objects are known as entities,

and relationship is an association among these entities. This model was designed by

Peter Chen and published in 1976 papers. It was widely used in database designing. A

set of attributes describe the entities. For example, student_name, student_id describes

the 'student' entity. A set of the same type of entities is known as an 'Entity set', and

the set of the same type of relationships is known as 'relationship set'.

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3) Object-based Data Model: An extension of the ER model with notions of

functions, encapsulation, and object identity, as well. This model supports a rich type

system that includes structured and collection types. Thus, in 1980s, various database

systems following the object-oriented approach were developed. Here, the objects are

nothing but the data carrying its properties.

4) Semistructured Data Model: This type of data model is different from the

other three data models (explained above). The semistructured data model

allows the data specifications at places where the individual data items of the

same type may have different attributes sets. The Extensible Markup Language,

also known as XML, is widely used for representing the semistructured data.

Although XML was initially designed for including the markup information to

the text document, it gains importance because of its application in the exchange

of data.

Data model Schema and Instance

 The data which is stored in the database at a particular moment of time is called an instance of

the database.

 The overall design of a database is called schema.

 A database schema is the skeleton structure of the database. It represents the logical view of

the entire database.

 A schema contains schema objects like table, foreign key, primary key, views, columns, data

types, stored procedure, etc.

 A database schema can be represented by using the visual diagram. That diagram shows the

database objects and relationship with each other.

 A database schema is designed by the database designers to help programmers whose software

will interact with the database. The process of database creation is called data modeling.

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A schema diagram can display only some aspects of a schema like the name of record

type, data type, and constraints. Other aspects can't be specified through the schema

diagram. For example, the given figure neither show the data type of each data item

nor the relationship among various files.

In the database, actual data changes quite frequently. For example, in the given figure,

the database changes whenever we add a new grade or add a student. The data at a

particular moment of time is called the instance of the database.

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 PRACTICAL 2

ER DIAGRAM

suppose we design a COLLEGE database. In this database, the student will

be an entity with attributes like address, name, id, age, etc. The address can be another

entity with attributes like city, street name, pin code, etc and there will be a

relationship between them. And in the bank employees,id,frame,address,contact will

be

College Database: E-R Diagram

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6
 PRACTICAL 3
Consider the Company database with following tables

Perform the following:

1.

Create company database

2.

Viewing all databases

3.

Viewing all Tables in a Database,

4.

Creating Tables (With and Without Constraints)

5.

Inserting/Updating/Deleting Records in a Table

6.

Saving (Commit) and Undoing (rollback)

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SOLUTION:

1.
Creating a Database

CREATE DATABASE Company;

2.
Viewing all databases

SHOW DATABASES;

3.
Viewing all Tables in a Database,

SHOW tables;

4.
Creating Tables (With and Without Constraints)

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT

(DNO VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,

DNAME VARCHAR2 (20),

MGRSTARTDATE DATE);

Dr. Bhagirathi Halalli, Assistant Prof. GFGC-Raibag

Page 13

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(SSN VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,

FNAME VARCHAR2 (20),

LNAME VARCHAR2 (20),

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ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20),

SEX CHAR (1),

SALARY INTEGER,

SUPERSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),

DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

NOTE: Once DEPARTMENT and EMPLOYEE tables are created we must alter

department

table to add foreign constraint MGRSSN using sql command

ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT

ADD MGRSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN);

5. Inserting/Updating/Deleting Records in a Table,

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSECE01‘,‘JOHN‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSCSE01‘,‘JAMES‘,‘SMITH‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSCSE02‘,‘HEARN‘,‘BAKER‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 700000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSCSE03‘,‘EDWARD‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSCSE04‘,‘PAVAN‘,‘HEGDE‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 650000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSCSE05‘,‘GIRISH‘,‘MALYA‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

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VALUES (‗RNSCSE06‘,‘NEHA‘,‘SN‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 800000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSACC01‘,‘AHANA‘,‘K‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 350000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSACC02‘,‘SANTHOSH‘,‘KUMAR‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 300000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSISE01‘,‘VEENA‘,‘M‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 600000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSIT01‘,‘NAGESH‘,‘HR‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗1‘,‘ACCOUNTS‘,‘01-JAN-

01‘,‘RNSACC02‘);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗2‘,‘IT‘,‘01-AUG-16‘,‘RNSIT01‘);

Dr. Bhagirathi Halalli, Assistant Prof. GFGC-Raibag

Page 14

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗3‘,‘ECE‘,‘01-JUN-08‘,‘RNSECE01‘);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗4‘,‘ISE‘,‘01-AUG-15‘,‘RNSISE01‘);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗5‘,‘CSE‘,‘01-JUN-02‘,‘RNSCSE05‘);

Update

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘5‘, SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE06‘ WHERE

SSN=‘RNSCSE05‘;

Delete entries of employee table where DNO =1;

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=1;

6.
COMMIT and ROLLBACK

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Before concluding this section on Data Manipulation Language commands there are

two

further commands, which are very useful. Changes made to the database by INSERT,

UPDATE and DELETE commands are temporary until explicitly committed. This is

performed by the command:

COMMIT;

On execution of this command all changes to the database made by you are made

permanent and cannot be undone.

A COMMIT is automatically executed when you exit normally from SQL*Plus.

However, it does no harm to occasionally issue a COMMIT command.

A COMMIT does not apply to any SELECT commands as there is nothing to

commit.

A COMMIT does not apply to any DDL commands (eg CREATE TABLE,

CREATE INDEX, etc). These are automatically committed and cannot be rolled

back.

If you wished to rollback (ie undo) any changes made to the database since the

last commit, you can issue the command:

ROLLBACK;

A group of related SQL commands that all have to complete successfully or otherwise

be

rolled back, is called a transaction. Part of your research for Outcome 3 includes

investigating transaction processing and the implications of rollback and commit.

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 PRACTICAL 4

Altering a table
SQL Server / MS Access: ALTER TABLE table_name. ALTER COLUMN

column_name datatype;

Dropping a table

All constraints and views that reference the column are dropped automatically, along

with the column.

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT DROP column LOC CASCADE

CONSTRAINTS;

Table altered.

SQL> desc dept

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

DNAME VARCHAR2(10)

PINCODE NOT NULL NUMBER(6)

Trankcating a table
{ database_name.schema_name.table_name | schema_name.table_name | table_name }

[ WITH ( PARTITIONS ( { <partition_number_expression> | <range> }

[ , ...n ] ) ) ]

<range>::=<partition_number_expression>TO<partition_number_expression>

Renaming the table

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT RENAME TO DEPARTMENT;

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 PRACTICAL 5
For a given EMPLOYEE tables

Perform the Following

1.
Creating Views (With and Without Check Option),

2.
Selecting from a View

3.
Dropping Views,

SOLUTION:

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

SSN VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,

FNAME VARCHAR2 (20),

LNAME VARCHAR2 (20),

ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20),

SEX CHAR (1),

SALARY INTEGER,

SUPERSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),

DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

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SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

Name Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

SSN NOT NULL

VARCHAR2(20)

FNAME

VARCHAR2(20)

LNAME

VARCHAR2(20)

ADDRESS

VARCHAR2(20)

SEX

CHAR(1)

SALARY

NUMBER(38)

SUPERSSN

VARCHAR2(20)

DNO

NUMBER(38)

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSECE01‘,‘JOHN‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSCSE01‘,‘JAMES‘,‘SMITH‘,‘BANGALORE

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

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VALUES (‘RNSCSE02‘,‘HEARN‘,‘BAKER‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 700000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSCSE03‘,‘EDWARD‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSCSE04‘,‘PAVAN‘,‘HEGDE‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 650000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSCSE05‘,‘GIRISH‘,‘MALYA‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSCSE06‘,‘NEHA‘,‘SN‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 800000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSACC01‘,‘AHANA‘,‘K‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 350000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSACC02‘,‘SANTHOSH‘,‘KUMAR‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 300000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSISE01‘,‘VEENA‘,‘M‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 600000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSIT01‘,‘NAGESH‘,‘HR‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

Creating View

The query that defines the sales_staffview references only rows in department 5.

Furthermore, the CHECK OPTION creates the view with the constraint (named

sales_staff_cnst) that INSERT and UPDATE statements issued against the view

cannot

result in rows that the view cannot select.

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1. Creating Views (With and Without Check Option)

SQL> CREATE VIEW sales_staff AS

2 SELECT fname, ssn, dno

3 FROM employee

4 WHERE dno =5

5 WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst;

View created.

2. Selecting from a View

SQL> select * from sales_staff;

3. Drop View

SQL>DROP VIEW sales_staff;

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 PRACTICAL 6
Given the table EMPLOYEE (EmpNo, Name, Salary, Designation, DeptID) write a

QUERY to select the five highest paid employees from the table.

EMPLOYEE (EmpNo, Name, Salary, Designation, DeptID)

SOLUTION:

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(EMPNO INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

NAME VARCHAR(20),

SALARY NUMBER(7,2),

DESIGNATION VARCHAR(10),

DEPTID INTEGER);

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