Phs 105 Lecture Notes: by O.I. Olusola (PH.D.) Course Contents
Phs 105 Lecture Notes: by O.I. Olusola (PH.D.) Course Contents
Phs 105 Lecture Notes: by O.I. Olusola (PH.D.) Course Contents
By
O.I. Olusola (Ph.D.)
Course contents
Temperature, heat, thermometers, internal energy and
Mechanical Equivalence of heat, Elementary treatment of the
contents of the laws of thermodynamics.
Suggested references:
1. University Physics W. Sears
2. Fundamentals of Physics by J. Walker
3. Advance level Physics by Nelkon and Parker
4. College Physics by Frederick, J Beuche and Eugene Hecht
1.0 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS & THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
Thermodynamics involve the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of
energy. It often involves production of heat from work or work from heat. The former occurs
when we rub our palms together (i.e. mechanical work) to generate heat and the later when fuel
is burnt (heat from automobile engine to generate motion of the wheels (mechanical work).
Chemical thermodynamics deals mainly with equilibrium states i.e. with systems which
are in the thermodynamic equilibrium. To be in thermodynamic equilibrium, a system must be
in mechanical, chemical and thermal equilibrium. This means that mechanical properties (e.g.
pressured, chemical properties (e.g. composition) and thermal properties and thermal properties
(e.g. temperature) must all be at “steady-state” i.e. they must not change with time.
If two systems A and B which are initially at different thermal states are brought into
thermal contact, energy exchange will occur between the two systems until eventually both
attain the same thermal state. At this point the then properties of A and B no longer vary with
time and they are in thermal equilibrium.
The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two systems which are in their
equilibirium with a third system are also in thermal equilibirium with each other.
NOTES:
(i) Heat added to the system is positive
(ii) Heat released by the system is negative
Work is said to be done when any boundary of a system undergoes a displacement
under the action of a force. Let us consider a system consisting of a gas under pressure P
enclosed in a cylinder and piston unit [see Fig. 1]
The work (dW) done by the gas when the piston moves to the right under pressure P
such that the volume of the gas increases by dV is
dW = PdV ___________________(2)
If the piston moves through a finite distance, then the work done is given as
V2
W pdV ___________________(3)
V1
NOTES:
(1) Work done by the system is positive
(2) Work done on the system is negative
We define thermal efficiency of a heat engine as the ratio of the work done by the engine to the
heat added to the system i.e.
W Q QR
e0 A
QA QA
or
QR
e0 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------(5)
QA
QR = 2000 x 300
400
= 1,500 cal.
(b) Thermal efficiency, e = 1- Tc
TH
= 1 – 300
400
= 0.25 or 25%
(3) What is the maximum efficiency of an engine which operated between two
reservoirs at temperatures of (a) 25oC and 40oC, and (b) 25oC and 100oC?
From Eq. 8, it is easy to show that the heat dQ needed to raise the temperature of mass, m, of
material by an amount dT is
dQ = mcdT __________________(9)
c is measured in J/Kg/K e-g c for water is 4200J/kg-1k-1, or 4.2 Jg -1K-1