FACULTY OF COMMERCE &

MANAGEMENT

COURSE: MBA 3rd SEMESTER

SUBJECT: LABOUR LEGISLATIONS

SUBJECT CODE: MBAHR01

LECTURE: 18
NAME OF FACULTY: DR. H. L. BHASKAR
 Lecture-18

Civil Law: Meaning, Definition & Importance

Social Security Legislations: Payment of Wages Act, 1936;
Minimum Wages Act, 1948; Payment of Bonus Act, 1965;
The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923; The Employee
State Insurance Act, 1948; Employees’ Provident Fund and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952; Maternity Benefit Act,
1961

Payment of Wages Act, 1936

Object of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936
The Payment of Wages Act regulates the payment of wages to certain classes of persons
employed in industry and its importance cannot be under-estimated. The Act guarantees payment
of wages on time and without any deductions except those authorised under the Act. The Act
provides for the responsibility for payment of wages, fixation of wage period, time and mode of
payment of wages, permissible deduction as also casts upon the employer a duty to seek the
approval of the Government for the acts and permission for which fines may be imposed by him
and also sealing of the fines, and also for a machinery to hear and decide complaints regarding
the deduction from wages or in delay in payment of wages, penalty for malicious and vexatious
claims. The Act does not apply to persons whose wage is Rs. 24,000/- or more per month. The
Act also provides to the effect that a worker cannot contract out of any right conferred upon him
under the Act.

[Section 1]. Short title extent commencement and application

(1) This Act may be called the Payment of Wages Act 1936.

(2) It extends to the whole of India.

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may by notification in the
Official Gazette appoint.

(4) It applies in the first instance to the payment of wages to persons employed in any factory to
persons employed (otherwise than in a factory) upon any railway by a railway administration or
either directly or through a sub-contractor by a person fulfilling a contract with a railway
administration and to persons employed in an industrial or other establishment specified in sub-
clauses (a) to (g) of clause (ii) of section 2.

(5) The State Government may after giving three months' notice of its intention of so doing by
notification in the Official Gazette extend the provisions of this Act or any of them to the
payment of wages to any class of persons employed in any establishment of class of
establishments specified by the Central Government or a State Government under sub-clause (h)
of clause (ii) of section 2:

Provided that in relation to any such establishment owned by the Central Government no such
notification shall be issued except with the concurrence of that government.

(6)This Act applies to wages payable to an employed person in respect of a a wage period if
such wages for that wage period do not exceed twenty four thousand per month or such other
higher sum which, on the basis of figures of the Consumer Expenditure Survey published by the
National Sample Survey Organisation, the Central Government may, after every five years, by
notification in the Official Gazette, specify.

DEFINITIONS
"employed person" [sec 2 (i)] includes the legal representative of a deceased employed person;

"employer"[sec 2 (ia)] includes the legal representative of a deceased employer;

"industrial or other establishment"[sec 2 (i1)] means any -

(a) tramway service or motor transport service engaged in carrying passengers or goods or both
by road for hire or reward;
(aa) air transport service other than such service belonging to or exclusively employed in the
military naval or air forces of the Union or the Civil Aviation Department of the Government of
India;
(b) Dock wharf or jetty;
(c) inland vessel mechanically propelled;
(d) mine quarry or oil-field;
(e) plantation;
(f) workshop or other establishment in which articles are produced adapted or manufactured with
a view to their use transport or sale;
(g) establishment in which any work relating to the construction development or maintenance of
buildings roads bridges or canals or relating to operations connected with navigation irrigation or
to the supply of water or relating to the generation transmission and distribution of electricity or
any other form of power is being carried on;
(h) any other establishment or class of establishments which the Central Government or a State
Government may having regard to

the nature thereof the need for protection of persons employed therein and other relevant
circumstances specify by notification in the Official Gazette.

"wages" [sec 2 (iv)] means all remuneration (whether by way of salary allowances or otherwise)
expressed in terms of money or capable of being so expressed which would if the terms of
employment express or implied were fulfilled by payable to a person employed in respect of his
employment or of work done in such employment and includes -

(a) any remuneration payable under any award or settlement between the parties or order of a
court;

(b) any remuneration to which the person employed is entitled in respect of overtime work or
holidays or any leave period;

(c) any additional remuneration payable under the terms of employment (whether called a bonus
or by any other name);

(d) any sum which by reason of the termination of employment of the person employed is
payable under any law contract or instrument which provides for the payment of such sum
whether with or without deductions but does not provide for the time within which the payment
is to be made;

(e) any sum to which the person employed is entitled under any scheme framed under any law
for the time being in force, but does not include -

(1) any bonus (whether under a scheme of profit sharing or otherwise) which does not form part
of the remuneration payable under the terms of employment or which is not payable under any
award or settlement between the parties or order of a court;

(2) the value of any house-accommodation or of the supply of light water medical attendance or
other amenity or of any service excluded from the computation of wages by a general or special
order of the State Government;

(3) any contribution paid by the employer to any pension or provident fund and the interest
which may have accrued thereon;

(4) any travelling allowance or the value of any travelling concession;

(5) any sum paid to the employed person to defray special expenses entailed on him by the
nature of his employment; or

(6) any gratuity payable on the termination of employment in cases other than those specified in
sub-clause (d).

Responsibility for payment of wages [Section 3].

Every employer shall be responsible for the payment to persons employed by him of all wages
required to be paid.
  In the case of the factory, manager of that factory shall be liable to pay the wages to
employees employed by him.
 In the case of industrial or other establishments, persons responsibility of supervision
shall be liable for the payment of the wage to employees employed by him.
 In the case of railways, a person nominated by the railway administration for specified
area shall be liable for the payment of the wage to the employees.
 In the case of contractor, a person designated by such contractor who is directly under his
charge shall be liable for the payment of the wage to the employees. If he fails to pay
wages to employees, person who employed the employees shall be liable for the payment
of the wages .

[Sec 5 (3)]
With the consultation of the central government, state government having power and can change
the person responsible for the payment of the wages in Railways, or person responsible to daily-
rated workers in the Public Works Department of the Central Government or the State
Government.

Fixation of wage-periods. [Section 4]

Every person responsible for the payment of wages under section 3 shall fix periods in respect of
which such wages shall be payable. No wage-period shall exceed one month. That means wage
can be paid on daily, weekly, fortnightly (for every 15 days) and monthly only. Wage period for
payment of wages to employees by employer should not exceed 30days i.e. one month according
to this act.

But wages cannot be paid for quarterly, half yearly or once in a year.

Time Of Payment Of Wages. [Section 5]

 In railway factory or industrial or other establishment, if there are less than 1000
employees, wages of employees should be paid before the expiry of the 7th day after the
last day of the wage period. (ex:- wages should be paid on starting of present month
within 7 days i.e. before 7th date if wage is paid on 1st in previous month )
 In other railway factory or industrial or other establishment, if there are more than 1000
employees, wages of employees should be paid before the expiry of the 10th day after the
last day of the wage period. (ex:- wages should be paid on starting of present month
within 10 days i.e. before 10th date if wage is paid on 1st in previous month )
 For employees of port area, mines, wharf or jetty, wages of employees should be paid
before the expiry of the 7h day after the last day of the wage period.

[Sec 5 (2)]
If the employee is terminated or removed for the employment by the employer the wage of that
employee should be paid within 2 days from the day on which he was removed or terminated.

Illustration: if the employee was terminated or removed from the employment by the employer
on 10th of this month, his wage should be paid within 2 days from the day on which he was
removed or terminated, i.e. his/her wage should be paid by 12th date of this month and this date
should not exceed.

[Sec 5 (4)]
Except the payment of wage of the terminated employee, all the wages of the employees should
be paid by their employer on the working day only.

Section 6. (THE PAYMENT OF WAGES (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2017)

All wages shall be paid in current coin or currency notes or by cheque or by crediting the wages
in the bank account of the employee:

Provided that the appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify
the industrial or other establishment, the employer of which shall pay to every person
employed in such industrial or other establishment, the wages only by cheque or by
crediting the wages in his bank account."

7. DEDUCTIONS WHICH MAY BE MADE FROM WAGES.

At the time of payment of the wage to employees, employer should make deductions according
to this act only. Employer should not make deductions as he like. Every amount paid by the
employee to his employer is called as deductions.

The following are not called as the deduction

 Stoppage of the increment of employee.

 Stoppage of the promotion of the employee.
 Stoppage of the incentive lack of performance by employee.
 Demotion of the employee
 Suspension of the employee

The above said actions taken by the employer should have good and sufficient cause.

Deductions [Sec 7 (2)]

Deduction made by the employer should be made in accordance with this act only. The following
are said to be the deductions and which are acceptable according to this act.

 Fines,
 Deductions for absence from duty,
 Deductions for damage to or loss of goods made by the employee due to his negligence,
 Deductions for house-accommodation supplied by the employer or by government or any
housing board,
  Deductions for such amenities and services supplied by the employer as the State
Government or any officer,
 Deductions for recovery of advances connected with the excess payments or advance
payments of wages,
 Deductions for recovery of loans made from welfare labour fund,
 Deductions for recovery of loans granted for house-building or other purposes,
 Deductions of income-tax payable by the employed person,
 Deductions by order of a court,
 Deduction for payment of provident fund,
 Deductions for payments to co-operative societies approved by the State Government,
 Deductions for payments to a scheme of insurance maintained by the Indian Post Office
 Deductions made if any payment of any premium on his life insurance policy to the Life
Insurance Corporation with the acceptance of employee,
 Deduction made if any contribution made as fund to trade union with the acceptance of
employee,
 Deductions, for payment of insurance premia on Fidelity Guarantee Bonds with the
acceptance of employee,
 Deductions for recovery of losses sustained by a railway administration on account of
acceptance by the employee of fake currency,
 Deductions for recovery of losses sustained by a railway administration on account of
failure by the employee in collections of fares and charges,
 Deduction made if any contribution to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund with the
acceptance of employee,
 Deductions for contributions to any insurance scheme framed by the Central Government
for the benefit of its employees with the acceptance of employee,

Workers voluntarily remain absent, the

Management would be at liberty to deduct
their wages: Bombay High Court
[Read judgment]
Align Components Pvt. Ltd., and another Vs. Union of India
andothers - WRIT PETITION STAMP NO.10569 OF 2020
It is contended that though the Managements are willing to offer work to the workers and though the
workers would be willing to perform the work, restrictions have been imposed on the continuance of
the manufacturing activities so as to restrict the spread of Covid-19and as a consequence of which, the
Managements have been mandated to reduce/shut down their manufacturing activities. In this
backdrop, though these petitioners pray for exemption from paying monthly wages for the period of
restriction of manufacturing activities, the learned Advocate for the petitioners submits on instructions
that these petitioners are willing to pay 50% of the gross wages or the minimum rates of wages
prescribed under the Minimum Wages Act, whichever is higher.

Court held that

"I am of the view that as the Hon'ble Apex Court is dealing with a similar cause of action, I would not be
inclined to interfere with the impugned order and would expect the petitioners to pay the gross monthly
wages to the employees, save and except conveyance allowance and food allowance, if being paid on
month to month basis in the cases of those workers who are not required to report for duties."

"It is clarified that since the State of Maharashtra has partially lifted the lock down recently in certain
industrial areas in the State of Maharashtra, the workers would be expected to report for duties as per
the shift schedules subject to adequate protection, from Corona Virus infections, by the employer. In the
event such workers voluntarily remain absent, the Management would be at liberty to deduct their
wages for their absence subject to the procedure laid down in Law while initiating such action. This
would apply even to areas where there may not have been a lock down."

Limit for deductions [Sec 7 (3)]

The total amount of deductions from wages of employees should not exceed 50%, but only in case of
payments to co-operative societies, deduction from wages of employee can be made up to 75%.

FINES. [Sec 8]

Fine should be imposed by the employer on employee with the approval of the state government or
prescribed authority. Employer should follow the rules mentioned below for and before imposing of fine
on the employee.

1. Notice board of fines on employee should be displayed in the work premises and it should
contain activities that should not be made by employee.
2. Fine should not be imposed on the employee until he gives the explanation and cause for the
act or omission he made.
3. Total amount of fine should not exceed 3% of his wage.
4. Fine should not be imposed on any employee who is under the age of 15 years.
5. Fine should be imposed for one time only on the wage of the employee for the act or omission
he made.
6. Fines should not be recovered in the way of installments from the employee.
7. Fine should be recovered within 60 days from the date on which fine were imposed.
8. Fine should be imposed on day act or omission made by the employee.
9. All fines collected from the employee should be credited to common fund and utilize for the
benefit of the employees.

DEDUCTIONS FOR ABSENCE FROM DUTY. [Sec 9]

 Deductions can be made by the employer for the absence of duty by the employee for one day
or for any period.
  The amount deducted for absence from the duty should not exceed a sum which bears the same
relationship to the wage payable in respect of the wage-period as this period of absence does to
such wage-period. (Example: if the salary of an employee is 6000/- per month and he was
absent for duty for one month. Deduction from the salary for absence of duty should not exceed
6000/-)
 Employee present for the work place and refuses to work without proper reason shall be
deemed to be absent from duty.
 If 10 or more persons together absent for the duty without any notice and without reasonable
cause, employer can make 8 day of wages as deduction from their wage.

DEDUCTIONS FOR DAMAGE OR LOSS. [Sec 10]

Employer should give an opportunity to the employee to explain the reason and cause for the damage
or loss happened and deductions made by employer from the employee wage should not exceed the
value or amount of damage or loss made by the employee.

[Sec 10 (2)] All such deduction and all realizations thereof shall be recorded in a register to be kept by
the person responsible for the payment of wages under section 3 in such form as may be prescribed.

DEDUCTIONS FOR SERVICES RENDERED. [Sec 11]

House-accommodation amenity or service provided by the employer should be accepted by the

employee, than only the employer can make deduction from the wage of the employee. Deduction
should not exceed an amount equivalent to the value of the house-accommodation amenity or service
supplied.

DEDUCTIONS FOR RECOVERY OF ADVANCES. [Sec 12]

In case of advance paid to the employees by the employer before employment began, such advance
should be recovered by the employer from the first payment of the wages /salary to the employee. But
employer should not recover the advance given for the travelling expense for the employee.

DEDUCTIONS FOR RECOVERY OF LOANS. [Sec 12A]

Deductions for recovery of loans granted for house-building or other purposes shall be subject to any
rules made by the State Government regulating the extent to which such loans may be granted and the
rate of interest payable thereon.

DEDUCTIONS FOR PAYMENTS TO CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND INSURANCE SCHEMES. [Sec 13]

Deductions for payments to co-operative societies or deductions for payments to scheme of insurance
maintained by the Indian Post Office or with employee acceptance deductions made for payment of any
premium on his life insurance policy to the Life Insurance Corporation shall be subject to such conditions
as the State Government may impose.

MAINTENANCE OF REGISTERS AND RECORDS. [Sec 13A]

Every employer should maintain such registers and records giving such particulars of persons employed
by him, the work performed by them, the wages paid to them, the deductions made from their wages,
the receipts given by them and such other particulars and in such form as may be prescribed.

Every register and record required to be maintained and preserved for a period of three years after the
date of the last entry made therein. It means for every transaction made within employer and employee
should have 3 years of record.

INSPECTORS

Inspectors. [Sec 14]

The state government may appoint an inspector for purpose of this act. Every Inspector shall be deemed
to be a public servant within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 [Sec 14(5)]. The inspector of
this act is having powers mentioned below

 Inspector can make enquiry and examination whether the employers are properly obeying the
rules mentioned under this act.
 Inspector with such assistance, if any, as he thinks fit, enter, inspect and search any premises of
any railway, factory or industrial or other establishment at any reasonable time for the purpose
of carrying out the objects of this Act.
 Inspector can supervise the payment of wages to persons employed upon any railway or in any
factory or industrial or other establishment.
 Seize or take copies of such registers or documents or portions thereof as he may consider
relevant in respect of an offence under this Act which he has reason to believe has been
committed by an employer.

Facilities to be afforded to Inspectors. [Sec 14A]

Every employer shall afford an Inspector all reasonable facilities for making any entry, inspection,
supervision, examination or inquiry under this Act.

CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF DEDUCTIONS FROM WAGES OR DELAY IN PAYMENT OF WAGES AND
PENALTY FOR MALICIOUS OR VEXATIOUS CLAIMS. [Sec 15] (2005 amendments)

To hear and decide all claims arising out of deductions from the wages, or delay in payment of the
wages, of persons employed or paid, including all matters, incidental to such claims, there will be a
officer mentioned below appointed by the appropriate government.

(a) any Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation; or

(b) any officer of the Central Government exercising functions as –

(i) Regional Labour Commissioner; or

(ii) Assistant Labour Commissioner with at least two years' experience; or

(c) any officer of the State Government not below the rank of Assistant Labour Commissioner with at
least two years' experience; or

(d) a presiding officer of any Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal, constituted under the Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947) or under any corresponding law relating to the investigation and
settlement of industrial disputes in force in the State; or

(e) any other officer with experience as a Judge of a Civil Court or a Judicial Magistrate, as the authority
to hear and decide for any specified area all claims arising out of deductions from the wages, or delay in
payment of the wages, of persons employed or paid in that area, including all matters incidental to such
claims:

Appropriate Government considers it necessary so to do, it may appoint more than one authority for
any specified area and may, by general or special order, provide for the distribution or allocation of work
to be performed by them under this Act.

[Sec 15(2)]
If any employer does opposite to the provisions of this act, any unreasonable deduction has been made
from the wages of an employed person, or any payment of wages has been delayed, in such case any
lawyer or any Inspector under this Act or official of a registered trade union authorized to write an
application to the authority appointed by government for direction of payment of wages according to
this act. Every such application shall be presented within 12 months from the date on which the
deduction from the wages was made or from the date on which the payment of the wages was due to
be made. Time of making an application can be accepted if there is reasonable cause.

[Sec 15(3)]
After receiving of the application the authority shall give an opportunity to hear the applicant and the
employer or other person responsible for the payment of wages and conducts the enquiry if necessary.
It is found that there is mistake with employer; authority shall order the employer for payment of the
wage or refund to the employee of the amount deducted unreasonably or the payment of the delayed
wages, together with the payment of such compensation as the authority may think fit. There will not be
any compensation payable by employer if there is a reasonable and genuine cause in delay in the
payment of wages.

POWERS OF AUTHORITIES APPOINTED. [Section 18]

Taking evidence and of enforcing the attendance of witnesses and compelling the production of
documents.
SINGLE APPLICATION IN RESPECT OF CLAIMS FROM UNPAID GROUP. [Section
16]

There is no necessity of many applications if there are many employees whose wages has not been paid.
Such all employees can make one application to the authority for payment of wages according to this
act.

APPEAL. [Section 17]

In the following situation the parties who ever dissatisfied can appeal to the district court

 If the application dismissed by above authorities

 Employer imposed with compensation exceeding 300/- rupees by the authorities.
 If the amount exceeding 25/- rupees withheld by the employer to single unpaid employee. 50/-
in case of many unpaid employees

PENALTY FOR OFFENCES UNDER THE ACT. [Section 20] (2005 amendments)

Reasons for penalty

 Delay in payment of wages

 Un reasonable deductions
 Excess deduction for absence of duty
 Excess deduction for damage or loss to employer
 Excess deduction for house-accommodation amenity or service

Punishable with fine which shall not be less than 1000/- rupees but which may extend to 7500/-
rupees.

 If Wage period exceed one month.

 Failure in payments of wages on a working day.
 Wages not paid in form of current coin or currency notes or in both.
 Failure to maintain record for collected fines from employee.
 Improper usage of fine collected from employees.
 Failure of employee to display notice containing such abstracts of this Act and of the rules
made.

punishable with fine which may extend 3000/- rupees

 Whoever obstructs an Inspector in the discharge of his duties under this Act
 Whoever willfully refuses to produce on the demand of an Inspector any register or other
document.
  Whoever refuses or willfully neglects to afford an Inspector any reasonable facility for making
any entry, inspection, examination, supervision, or inquiry authorized by or under this Act

punishable with fine which shall not be less than 1000/- rupees but which may extend to 7500/-
rupees

Whoever repeats the same offence committed before.

Imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one month but which may extend to 6 months and
fine which shall not be less than 3750/- rupees but which may extend 20500/-rupees.

PAYMENT OF UNDISBURSED WAGES IN CASE OF DEATH OF EMPLOYED

PERSON. [Sec 25A]

 Paid by the employer to the person nominated by the employee.

 Wage deposited by the employer with the prescribed authority, the employer shall be
discharged of his liability to pay those wages.
 Where no such nomination has been made or where for any reasons such amounts cannot be
paid to the person so nominated, be deposited with the prescribed authority who shall deal with
the amounts so deposited in such manner as may be prescribed.