ENGLISH

For Academic and professional Purpose

English for Academic and Professional Purposes is one of the most important subjects in senior high
school because it teaches us how to speak with confidence. The activities of this subjects is specifically
designed to improve the student's communication skills because of the activities and reports assigned to
each students that are mandatory and students would be forced to overcome their shyness and stage
fright. Communication skills is one of the most needed factor in finding a job or work and mastering this
subject will greatly help you to speak with confidence.
Another is to become a professional individual ; one must learn how to write and speak formal
languages. This ethics will be learned not just studying but understanding the lessons in EAPP. Another is
that learning how to write academic texts specially research paper or thesis. Because as we finish our
studies, we will be conducting a thesis that will be a requirement for us to graduated and become a
professional. Last is that after graduating we will need this knowledge or style to get a job or study again
to become a professional. So, in conclusion EAPP is important to every student to learn because we will
be needing it in achieving higher education and applying it to become a professional individual.

Objectives:
 Differentiate academic texts from non-academic texts
 Examine an academic text to establish its nature and characteristics

ACADEMIC TEXTS
Is defined as critical, objective, specialized text written by experts or professionals in a given field using
formal language

Avoid using of Contraction

FORMAL LANGUAGE

The following are considered as academic texts:

 Research Paper
 Feasibility Study
 Thesis/ Dissertation
 Review
 Essay
 Report
 Journal

Nature and Characteristics of an Academic Text

Structure
Unlike fiction or journalistic writing, the overall structure of an academic text is formal and logical
Three - part essay structure
IMRaD Structure
Three - part essay structure:
Introduction
A. The most general information
B. The core of the introduction
C. The most specific information

Body
It develops the question, "What is the topic about?"

Conclusion
The conclusion is closely related to the introduction and is often described as its "mirror image"

 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 (And)
 Discussion

RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT - CONTENT (QUANTI)

SECOND TITLE PAGE
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Literature Review
2.3. Research Simulacrum
3. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Research Locale
3.3. Population and Sampling
3.4. Research Ethics
3.5. Research Instruments
3.6. Data Collection
3.7. Data Analysis
4. RESULT(S)
5. DISCUSSION
6. CONCLUSION

Thesis Format
Chapter l: The Problem and it's Background
 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem
 Purpose/obj. of the study
 Scope and Limitation
 Hypothesis
 Conceptual Framework
  Definition of Terms
Chapter2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter3: Research Design and
 Methodology
 Research Design
 Sampling Procedure
 Participants of the study
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Research Instrument
 Statistical Treatment
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
Chapter 5: Summary
 Conclusion
 Recommendations

Tone
The overall tone refers to the attitude conveyed in a piece of writing. The arguments of others are fairly
presented and with an appropriate narrative tone.
Language
It is important to use unambiguous language. Clear topic sentences enable a reader to follow your line
of thinking without difficulty.
Citation
Citing sources in the body of the paper and providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes
is a very important aspect of an academic text.
Complexity
An academic text addresses complex issues that require higher-order thinking skills to comprehend
Evidence-based Arguments
What is valued in an academic text is that opinions are based on a sound understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and academic debates that exist within, and often external to a specific discipline.
Thesis-driven
The starting point of an academic text is a particular perspective, idea or position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as establishing, proving, or disproving solutions to the questions posed for the
topic.
CHARACTERISTICS ACADEMIC TEXT NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
AUDIENCE Academia Mass public
PURPOSE Inform the readers with solid Inform, entertain or persuade the
evidence readers
STYLE Formal and impersonal Personal, impressionistic,
emotional or subjective
STRUCTURE Standard structure No rigid structure
LANGUAGE Formal language avoids Informal and casual language, may
colloquialisms contain
SUBJECT/CONTENT Shared historical events or Personal life and everyday events
literature or other forms of
knowledge
 READING TEXTBOOKS IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Objectives:
 explain the specific ideas contained in textbooks in the natural and social sciences; and
 use knowledge of the structures of textbooks to glean the information you need.

The Nature of Knowledge in the Natural and Social Sciences

The knowledge presented by the natural and social sciences has been produced as a result of rigorous
application of the scientific method. The data presented in such fields are expected to be empirical in
nature and had been reviewed by other experts in order to assume their credibility.

The Language of the Natural and Social Sciences

Given the objective nature of the natural and social sciences, academic materials in the said fields are
usually written in a detached manner.

Features of a Sample Textbook in the Natural Sciences:

FEATURES
I. Chapter Opener
A. Heading
a. 1. chapter number
b. 2. chapter title
B. Brief explanation
C. Sidebar
D. Sidebar

Lesson Opener
A. Lesson Opener
B. Science Principle

FEATURES
I. Chapter Opener
A. Heading
a. 1 chapter number
b. 2 chapter title
B. Brief explanation
C. Sidebar
D. Sidebar

II. Lesson Opener

A. Lesson Opener
B. Science Principle
C. Pictures
D. caption
 III. Lesson Proper
A. Section Heading
B. Illustration
C. Body
D. Label
E. Caption

IV. Assessment Tools

A. Guide Questions

READING TIP:
• Use the title of the chapter give you an idea of what is be discussed.
• Pictures are used not only stir your interest but also present the concept being tackled in
concrete terms. In the natural sciences, this is more important as these may serve
NOTE: In science, an experiment or laboratory activity is conducted to test a hypothesis. Thus, it is
important that at the end of the chapter, one is conducted to confirm whether the proposed
hypothesis is valid or not.

Features of a Sample Textbook in Social Sciences:

1. The unit number and title
2. The first paragraph of the unit description
3. The picture
4. the lesson objectives
5. The first paragraph of the lesson
6. The subtitle
7. The body of the lesson.
READING TIP: The description found at the unit opener may serve as an abstract or summary of what the
unit is about.

Lesson 2: Reading Textbooks Across Disciplines

Disciplines
 Language
 Science
 Mathematics
 Social Studies

Why there is a need to about How to Read Textbooks Across Disciplines?

SCIENCE
 Discovery
 Natural World
 Economics
  Sociology
 History

NATURAL SCIENCE
- Is any of the sciences that deals with matter, energy. and their interrelations and
transformations, or with process observable in nature.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
- Is any of the sciences that deals with the institutions and functioning of human and society as
well as the interpersonal relationships of individuals as member of the society.

Examples of Natural and Social Sciences

Natural Sciences
 Physics
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Geology
 Astronomy
 Zoology
 Botany
 Laws of Nature
 Physical World

Social Sciences
 Sociology
 Economics
 Political Science
 Anthropology
 History
 Geography
 Psychology
 Society
 People's Role
 Government

The Language of the Natural and Social Sciences

Both Natural Sciences and Social Sciences are all results of the application of Scientific Methods.
1. Questioning
2. Formulating Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Observation and Data Gathering
5. Obtaining Conclusion
6. Findings/Results

RESERCH
 Both Sciences have empirical data.
 The information in these Sciences are presented in a Deductive manner.
Natural Sciences vs. Social Sciences
Features of Textbooks in Sciences and Reading Tips

READING TIP 1: Use the Title chapter to give you an idea of what is to be discussed.
 HEADING.
o Compromised of the chapter number and chapter title.
 BRIEF EXPLANATION
 SIDE BAR
 PICTURES
 
READING TIP 2: Use the pictures to deepen your appreciation of the lesson.
 LESSON OPENER
 MAIN IDEA
 PICTURES
 CAPTION
 

READING TIP 3: Locate the main idea or principle in the passage

 SECTION HEADING
 ILLUSTRATION
 CAPTION
 BODY OF THE LESSON
READING TIP 4: Connect your answers and findings ill the experiment with the information found in the
earlier parts of the lesson.

READING TIP 5: The description found at the Unit opener may serve as an abstract or summary of what
the unit is about.
 FIRST PARAGRAPH
 UNIT NUMBER
 SUCCEEDING PARAGRAPHS
READING TIP 6: Read the objectives first, and let them guide your studies.
 LESSON OBJECTIVES

READING TIP 7: The pieces of information in Social Science textbooks arc presented cither
Chronologically or Thematically.
Chronological. The events are narrated in sequential order.
Thematical. The information are explained according to categories.
READING TIP 8: Use context clues.
CONTEXT CLUES?
These are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader use to understand the
meanings of new or unfamiliar words.

CONTEXT CLUES: SYNONYMS

 This situation is a conundrum, a puzzle that is difficult to solve.
 His animosity of his siter divided the family. His hatred became the reason of their misery.
 Bill showed no remorse for his action. He never felt shame at all.

CONTEXT CLUES: ANTONYMS

 Marty is gregarious, unlike his brother who is quiet and shy.
 The feral cat would not let us pet him, unlike our friendly cat.

CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
When water is heated, the molecules move quickly therefore the water boils.
Some believe that dinosaurs died out because a large meteor hit the earth.

When the ocean is extremely polluted, coral reefs die.

TERMINOLOGIES
Maps. These are commonly found in History textbooks. They help locate specific places where historical
events happened. (pg. 10)
Bibliographic Citation. It serves to help you locate where a piece of information, a material, or an image
is found. (pg. 10)
Gap-fill Activity. This is an assessment tool which is also known as 'Fill in the blanks'. (pg. 11)
Discussion Questions. Another assessment tool that require your comprehensive understanding of the
lesson. (pg. 12)
Concept Map/Graphic Organizers. These are conceptual diagram used to organize and to structure
knowledge.

CONCEPT MAP/GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

Spider Web Map
Used to show a concept with main idea at
the center and its ideas are linked.
 
Hierarchical/Chronological Map.
Portray the
elements of a
system or
organization.

Flow Chart.
This shows process,
sequence, and/or steps.

Venn Diagram.
This shows the similarities and
differences of two concepts.

Recapitulation
 The importance of knowing how to read textbooks across disciplines.
 The difference between Natural Sciences and Social Sciences
 Different examples of Natural Sciences and Social Sciences
 The different reading tips
 Terminologies that you may encounter as your read textbooks in Natural Sciences and Social
Sciences.
 Concept Maps/Graphic Organizers.

Academic Language
Academic Language refers to the oral, written, auditory, and visual language proficiency required to
learn effectively in schools and academic programs.

What is difference between academic language and social language?

Social language is the simple, informal language we use when talking face to face with family members
and friends.

Academic language is different from everyday social language. It is the vocabulary students or adults
must learn to succeed in the classroom or in the workplace.

Social Language Academic Language

repetition of words variety of words, more sophisticated vocabulary
sentences start with "and" and "but" sentences start with transition words, such as
"however," "moreover," and "in addition"
use of slang: "guy," "cool," and 'awesome" No slang

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACADEMIC LANGUAGE

FORMAL It should not be conversational and casual. Avoid colloquial and idiomatic expressions,
slang, and contractions.
X dig in
X cup of tea
X dude
X don't
IMPERSONAL Do not refer to yourself as the performer of actions. Do not use personal pronouns.
For example:
"It is commonly said that"... instead of "Many of my friends and colleagues say that…”
"Research revealed that..." instead of "l discovered that"
PRECISE The facts are presented accurately. The choice of words are appropriate. The use of
technical terms to achieve precision is applied.
For example:
"85% of the population", "The results are okay (satisfactory).", asphyxiation (medical term)
OBJECTIVE It is unbiased, based on facts and is not influenced by personal feelings.
For example:
"The essay on... is distressing." instead of "l do not like the
essay"
 Academic Reading Strategies
Objective
 Identify the different reading strategies as tool in academic writing.
 Evaluate one's purpose for reading; and
 Use knowledge of text structure to glean information you need.

Strategies
 A careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal usually ov er a long period of time.
 Visualize
 Predict
 Question
 Evaluate
 Connect
 Clarify

PURPOSES OF READING
 to scan for specific information
 to skim to get an overview of the text

 to critique an argument
 to learn something
 For general comprehension

FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal
language

1. She has decided to accept the job.

2. She's decided to accept the job.
 Common Text Structures
Objectives:
 Determine the text structure used in a text
 Identify the different structures of a text
 Create a graphic organizer appropriate for the text structure employed in a text

Text Structures
What is text structure?
• Text structure refers to the internal organization of a text
• As authors write a text to communicate an idea. They will use a structure that goes along with
the idea (Meyer 1985)

Text Structures
• Chronological order
• Compare & Contrast
• Sequence
• Exemplification/Classification
• Cause & Effect
• Description
• Problem & Solution
• Persuasion

Common Text Structures

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
• Chronological order is a way of organizing ideas in the order of their occurrence in time.
TWO KEYS WRITING A GOOD CHRONOLOGICAL PARAGRAPH
1. Discuss the events (in a narrative) or the steps (in a process) in the order in which they occur.
2. Use chronological transition signals to indicate the sequence of events or steps.

Sequencing
Sequence
• Things come in a particular order.
Text clues
• Signal Words: first. next. then. finally. after. while, following.
• Timelines. pictures or step by step direction.

Cause Effect
Cause and Effect
• If a passage has a cause and effect text structure we can expect to read about reasons why
something happened.
• Signal Words
• Therefore
• As a result
• Cause
• Reason
• Because
 • Since
• For this reason
• thus

Problem Solution
Signal Words
Problem, issue, since, as a result, solution, idea, so, leads to, causes
Tips
Ask yourself: what is the Problem and what is the solution?
Look for the problem first and then the solution.

Compare and Contrast

Comparing is telling how two or more things are alike.
Authors use clue words such as similar to, like, or as to compare.
Contrasting is telling how two or more things are different.
Authors use clue words such as different from, but, or unlike to contrast.

Exemplification/ Classification
SIGNAL WORM THAT SHOW CLASSIFICATION TEXT STRUCTURE
• DIVIDE/ CLASSIFY
• TYPE/ KIND
• OPTION
• EXAMPLE/ FOR EXAMPLE
• SORT
• GROUP
• FIRST, SECOND, …
• ANOTHER

Description
The author provides several details of something to give the reader a mental picture
Description
Signal Words
such as, for instance, in addition, also, specifically
Tips
Ask yourself, what specific person, place. thing, or idea is being described?
Look for a topic word or phrase and for synonyms.

PERSUASIVE TEXT STRUCTURE

TITLE
INTRODUCTION
 State your position and briefly explain your argument
AT LEAST 3 ARGUMENTS
Use OREO so:
- State your argument
- Provide supporting evidence
CONCLUSION
  Re-state your position and add a all to action (what should reader do now?)

Structure
Text have Structure!

1. Chronology
2. Compare and contrast
3. Cause and effect
4. Problem and solution
5. Description

Chronology – Events described in order

Time
- A sequence in order
- A story from history
- Look for time words

Compare & contrast – When a text compares two or more ideas

Compare – similarities
Contrast – differences

Cause and effect

How one idea or event cause another

Problem & Solution

Description
Like and encyclopedia entry

How does text structure help readers?

Text Structures
- As it turns out, a knowledge of text structure can be very helpful for readers. When readers do
not have a strong knowledge of the topic of a text they depend more on the structure (Cataldo
& Oakhill).
Objective:
 define outlining
 Identify the various techniques in outlining
 Make an outline of the various academic texts
 Differentiate topic outline and sentence outline

A Memory to Remember
Directions: In this activity, you are tasked to read the list of words or phrases below. Decide which two
general categories, and then put the rest of the words and phrases in the correct category. Use the table
to categorize your answer.
 read a book
 build a model
 outdoor activities
 bake cookies
 climb a tree
 swim
 play baseball
 ride a bike
 indoor activities
 play cards

Outdoor Activity Indoor Activity

play baseball read a book
swim build a model
ride a bike bake cookies
climb a tree play cards

Outlining Reading Texts in Various Disciplines

Outlining
is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper's potential
structure, and to further flesh out and develop points.

FORMAT OF OUTLINES
 ALPHANLIMERIC STRUCTURE STYLE
 DECIMAL STRUCTURE STYLE

ORGANIZNG YOUR IDEAS AN OUTLINE

• Begin by answering the question that leads to your thesis statement.
• Use the two or three main ideas from this technique as your main heading.
• Write subtopics for each main idea
• Write the supporting details for each of the subtopics.
Parts of Outline
Introduction
Attention grabber
An introduction of an essay prepares the reader on the contents of the essay. The introduction of the
essay is an opening of what is to come ahead.

Body
The content of the paper
Typically, the body of the essay should contain a minimum of three paragraphs in support of the thesis
statement made in the introductory paragraph.
- Topic Sentence
- Concluding Sentences
- Supporting statement

All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents
the central idea of the paper.

Main points - main idea

Sub-Points - supporting details or idea

Types of Outlines According to Structure

Basic outline form

I. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
B. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
1. Subsidiary idea to B
2. Subsidiary idea to B
a. Subsidiary idea to 2
b. Subsidiary idea to 2
II. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
B. Subsidiary idea to II
C. Subsidiary idea to II
III. MAIN IDEA

Guidelines in Writing an Outline:

• Place the title at the center above the outline.
• Every level of the outline must have at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2).
• Put a period after each numeral and letter.
• Indent each new level of the outline.
• All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each
other.
• Capitalize the first letter of each item.
• The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do not have to be included in the outline. They
are not topics; they are merely organizational units in the writer's mind.
Topic Outline Example
Thesis Statement: The increased use of social media has led to more suicides among today's youth--a
result of cyberbullying.
o Effects and Consequences of Cyber Bullying
 Damage victims
1. depression
2. decrease academic performance
3. suicides

 Counselling
1. legal consequences
2. academic consequences
o Prevention
 Monitoring your Child
1. keeping tabs on activity
2. limiting access to social media
 Counseling
1. consulting a school counsellor
2. finding a mentor
3. discussing the issue

Sentence Outline Example

Thesis Statement: The abuse of alcohol and drugs can affect a person economically, psychologically, and
physically.
l. Alcohol and drug abuse can affect one economically.
A. The cost of alcohol abuse is high and getting higher,
1. The costs of DUIS can be enormous.
2. 2. Alcohol costs are always rising because of rising production costs as well as state and local
taxes.

B. Drug abuse can be detrimental to one psychologically.

1. Drugs impair one's ability to function normally because of the hallucinations or numbness of
"getting high."
2. 2. Drugs can become a psychological addiction.
ACTIVITY
Directions: Read each statement carefully and identify whether each statement is true or false. Write T if
it is true and F if it is false.
1. An academic text should clearly state its thesis, argument or proposition.
2. It is acceptable to include one's judgment but should be supported by evidence.
3. Both academic and non-academic texts can be used to inform.
4. Both academic and non-academic texts employ the use of informal language
5. Academic texts can use first person point of view and include one's emotional attachment to the
topic
6. The language used in academic texts should be conversational.
7. Language used in academic texts employ technical terms specific for each field and/ or
discipline.
8. Academic language should be objective, precise, impersonal and formal.
9. Slangs and colloquialisms are used in academic texts.
10. Students who master academic language are more likely to be successful in academic and
professional setting.

ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Using the criteria, evaluate the language of the following sample of academic texts from
various disciplines,
Characteristics of Academic
A B C D E
Language
Does the text use a formal
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
language? (Yes/No)
Is the language impersonal?
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Yes/No)
Are the choice of words
appropriate for an academic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
text? (Yes/No)
danios (Danio
rerio), black skirt
Does the text use technical Women tetra Multiple
terms? (If yes, write 1 term No Hip-hop Empowermen (Gymnocorymbus Intelligences
found in the text. /No) t Movement ternetzi), kuhli Theory
loach (Pangio
kuhlii)
Is the academic text
objective? (Yes/If No, write 2 Male &
Yes Yes Yes Yes
phrases that indicate Female
subjectivity.)

A. This essay intends to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between music listened
to and the mood of individuals. Additionally, it will seek to explore whether this relationship is
used in advertising to encourage people to spend money.
B. This essay on how the lyrics of hip-hop developed as a form of protest against a society
segregating the working classes based on the premise of the music having a distinct and
energizing rhythm that really inspires people to move, thereby reaching out to audiences who
 wouldn't normally believe in protest, let alone speak out in public. Thus, the music becomes a
vehicle for words of protest that can and indeed have changed the world.
C. The researcher found out that the male population has a higher chance of being hired compared
to the females. Eighty percent of the employers stated that since females are privileged with
maternity leave, they leave their work for some time resulting to a decline on the overall
production of the company. I think this is very judgmental on the part of the employers. It goes
against the Women Empowerment Movement. I strongly urged the employers to rethink their
choices because women are great workers.
D. This essay is focused on investigating the photo tactic responses of three different species of fish
that occupy different areas of an aquarium: danios (Danio rerio), which group near the surface
of the water, black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), which swim in the middle of the tank,
and kuhli loach (Pangio kuhlii), which swim near the bottom of tank. It is anticipated that they
will respond differently to light according to their niche with the tank.
E. As a student, I want to understand how Multiple Intelligences Theory affect students' learning.
For example, I learn better when I listen to music while my circle of friends learn best when they
discuss the lesson together. I believe that all of us are unique. We have our own ways to excel in
school. That's why I want to conduct a study on this matter.
Activity 1
Directions: Differentiate the features of Natural Sciences from Social Sciences using a Venn
diagram

Social Sciences Natural Sciences

Is any of the sciences that
Is any of the sciences that
deals with the institutions
deals with matter, energy.
and functioning of human
and their interrelations and
and society as well as the
transformations, or with
interpersonal relationships
process observable in
of individuals as member of
nature.
the society.
Activity 2
Directions: fill out the table to differentiate academic text from non-academic text. Choose your answers
from the box.

Academic Text Non-academic Text

Scholarly audience Public
To inform and/or validate idea To entertain
Objective Subjective
Introduction-Body-Conclusion No fixed structure
Formal Reports Contains slang and colloquialisms
Related literature Everyday events
Research papers Informal essays
Diaries
Directions: Read the text below and answer the questions that follow.

The Golden Ages of Comic

(1) The period from the late 1930s to the middle 1940s is known as the golden age of comic books. The
modern comic book came in the early 1930s in the United States as a giveaway premium to promote the
sale of the whole range of household products such as cereal and cleanser. The comic books, which are
printed in bright colors to attract the attentions of potential customers, proved so popular that some
publishers decided to produce comic books that would come out on a monthly basis and would sell for a
dime each. Though comic strips had been reproduced in publications prior to this time, the Famous
Funnies comic book, which was started in 1934, marked the first occasion that a serialized book of
comics was attempted.

(2) Early comic books reprinted already existing comic strips and comics base on known characters,
however, publishers soon began introducing original characters developed specially for comic books.
Superman was introduced in Action Comics in 1938, and Batman was introduced a year later.
The tremendous success of these superhero comic books led to the does understanding of the text
structure help you comprehend the text better? 12 development of numerous comic books on a variety
of topics, though superhero comic book predominated. Astonishingly, by 1945, approximately 160
different comic books were being published in the United States each month, and 90 percent of US
children were said to read comic books on a regular basis.

Questions:
2. Why was 1930s - considered as the golden age of comic books
 In the early 1930s, the first comic book was published in the United States. The comic books,
which are printed in vivid colors to attract potential consumers' attention, were so popular
that some publishers decided to produce monthly comic books for a dime apiece.
Publishers, on the other hand, quickly began to introduce fresh characters created just for
comic books. Superman first appeared in Action Comics in 1938, followed by Batman a year
later.
3. How were comic books used before?
 Early comic books were reprints of already published comic strips and comics based on well-
known characters.
4. Why do you think comic books become so popular?
 The comics, which were printed in vibrant color to capture potential consumers' attention,
were so popular that some publishers decided to manufacture monthly comic books that
would retail for a dime apiece. Soon after, publishers began introducing original characters
created specifically for comic books. Superman first appeared in Action Comics in 1938,
followed by Batman a year later, and both of these superhero comic books proved to be
huge successes.
5. Do Filipinos also enjoy reading comic books?
 Not in my experience, but I believe it was a great hit among Filipinos in the early 1990s.
6. How did the author arrange the information in the text?
 Does knowing how the text is organized help you grasp it better? 12 created a slew of comic
books covering a wide range of topics, with superheroes dominating.
7. Does the said arrangement help you com prehend the text? Explain.
 When comparing early 1930s comics to today's comics, the answer is yes. It aids in the
standardization of the comic's structure, allowing customers to read it more easily.
8. Using an appropriate graphic organizer, highlight the significant information that can be found in
the text.
 Yes, that made it significantly easier to read and comprehend the comic's flow. It also
facilitates collaboration among the producers, as it was reasonably simple to collaborate
with the graphic designer and the story writer in general.
Activity
Directions: Differentiate topic outline and sentence outline in terms of their structure using Venn
diagram.

Topic Outline Sentence Outline

It summarizes the content
so that it may be It consolidates the entire
remembered and evaluated topic into a single sentence.
quickly. It can also include sentences
within sentences to expand
A subtopic can be added to on the subject.
a topic for simpler analysis.
Objective:
 Uses appropriate critical writing a critique such as formalism
 identify the contents of a reaction paper, review or critique
 write a balanced reaction paper/ review/ critique.

Review Outline
I'm so disappointed at what the author said. He is very wrong about what he said. I do not like what he
wrote and I also hates all his articles. He has been doing that almost often. he is very boastful writer. He
only likes to talk about politics, but he does not know anything about it. He simply copies and pastes
whatever he has read. He cannot even explain the ideas very well.
The essay is very long. I hate reading long essays. They make me very sleepy. There are many unfamiliar
words. I had to open dictionary to find the meaning. The sentences are also, long. Why doesn't he
shorten it?
I do not recommend others to read his essay. They will surely feel the same way once they have read
the essay.

CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE

A critique is a careful analysis of an argument to determine what is said, how well the points are made,
what assumptions underlie the argument, what issues are overlooked, and what implications are drawn
from such observations. It is a systematic, yet personal response and evaluation of what you read.

INTRODUCTION
is a form of paper writing in which the writer expresses his ideas and opinions about what has been read
or seen.

HELPFUL TIPS
• Read the material carefully
• Mark interesting places while reading /watching
• Write down your thought while reading/watching
• Produce a thesis statement
• Compose an outline
• Construct your paper

The first part of your paper should contain information on the author and the topic. You need to write
down the main ideas and highlight the main points of the paper. You can use direct quotations if
needed. Avoid your opinion in this section. The second part should contain your personal thoughts on
the subject. Focus on a main problem or address all of them and describe your opinion. Explain how the
material can relate to the modern world, to the society or separate individuals. Back your statements
with sources if needed and make conclusions whether you support the author or not.

Writing a reaction paper can be quite a challenging task, so many students use examples to
learn more about its structure and key features. Here are a few recommendations, which will
help you complete an outstanding reaction paper:
• Read the original article carefully and highlight the main ideas and points you want to discuss
• Describe your point of view and back it with additional information if needed. Use vivid examples
• Use various sources to make your statement more argumentative
Critiques can be used to carefully analyze a variety of works such as:
Creative works
GENRE
EXIBITION
CINEMA
FIREWORKS
POETRY

Research
• monographs
• journal articles
• systematic reviews theories
Media
• news reports
• feature articles

CRITICAL APPROACHES
in writing a Critique
1. Formalist
- This approach regards literature as "a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be
examined on its own terms." All the elements necessary for understanding the work are
contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of
form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text.
2. Gender Criticism
- This approach "examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary
works."
3. Feminist criticism
- attempts to correct this imbalance by analyzing and combatting such attitudes—by questioning,
for example, why none of the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right
of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery.
4. Historical
- This approach "seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and
intellectual context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist's biography
and milieu." A key goal for historical critics is to understand the effect of a literary work upon its
original readers.
5. Reader-Response Criticism
- This approach takes as a fundamental tenet that "literature" exists not as an artifact upon a
printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader.
6. Structuralism
- focused on how human behavior is determined by social, cultural and psychological structures.
It tended to offer a single unified approach to human life that would embrace all disciplines.
7. Sociological
- focuses on man's relationship to others in society, politics, religion, and business.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1) Which of the following is NOT true about the reaction paper?
a. The writer expresses ideas and opinions about what has been read or seen.
b. It may be informal, two pages long.
c. It has an introduction, body and conclusion.
d. It is a summary of the article.
2) Which of the following should be included in the first part of the reaction paper?
a. Personal thoughts
b. Information about the author
c. Main problem
d. Sources
3) Which of the following are used to learn more about the structure of reaction paper?
a. Examples
b. Opinions
c. Reactions
d. Traditions
4) Which of the following is NOT a form of reaction paper?
a. Appeal
b. Protest
c. Reflection
d. Report
5) Which of the following will help you avoid mistakes in writing a reaction paper?
a. Give a summary of an article
b. Give an overview
c. Back your ideas with examples
d. Do not give your opinion
6) Which of the following is NOT included in the second part of your review?
a. Personal thoughts
b. Information about the author
c. Highlights of the main points
d. Main ideas

For numbers 7-10, please refer to the following statements:

I. Read or watch the material carefully.
II. Produce a thesis statement.
III. Write down your thoughts while reading or watching.
IV. Compose an outline.
7) Which of the following must be done first when you are asked to write a review?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
8) Which of the given steps in number 7 be done next?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
9) Which will be the third step?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
10) Which will be done last?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
Various Techniques in Summarizing Variety of Academic Texts
SUMMARIZING
According to Buckley (2004), in her popular writing fit Print, summarizing is reducing one-third or one-
quarter its original size, clearly articulating the author's meaning, and main ideas.

According to Diane Hacker (2008), in A Canadian Writer's Reference, explains that summarizing involves
stating a wok's thesis and main ideas "simply, briefly, and accurately"

Various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts

1. Read the work first to understand the author*s intent.
2. One of the summarization techniques you can do is to present information through facts, skills and
concept in visual formats
3. To avoid difficulty, you need first to know the main points and the supporting details.
4. You need to analyze the text to save time in thinking what you will do.
5. One of the best thing to do in auto summarizing is restating the words into different one
6. You will fully understand what the document is when you organize all ideas
7. Write down all the information in a coherent and precise form
8. You can also decide to represent information through using dimensional constructions in
representing concepts, skills or facts
9. Paraphrasing is one of the skills you can do in writing a summary

5 EASY TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING

1. Somebody Wanted But So Then
• Somebody: Who is the story about?
• Wanted: What does the main character Want.
• But: Identify a problem that the main character encountered.
• So: How does the main character solve the problem?
• Then: Tell how the story ends.
Little Red Riding Hood wanted to take cookies to her sick grandmother, but she encountered a wolf. He
got to her grandmother's house first and pretended to be the old woman. He was going to eat Little Red
Riding Hood, but she realized what he was doing and ran away, crying for help. A woodsman heard the
girl's cries and saved her from the wolf.
 2. SAAC Method
• State
• Assign
• Action
• Complete

State: The Boy Who Cried Wolf

Assign: Aesop (a Greek storyteller)
Action: tells
Complete: what happens when a shepherd boy repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf, by Aesop (a Greek storyteller), tells what happens when a shepherd boy
repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf. After a while, they ignore his false cries. Then, when
a wolf really does attack, they don't come to help him.

3. 5 W’s, 1 H
What did they do?
When did the action take place?
Who is the story about?
Where did the story happen?
Why did the main character do what he/she did?

The Tortoise and The Hare

Who? The tortoise
What? He raced a quick, boastful hare and won
When isn't specified in this story, so it's not important in this case.
Where? An old country road
Why? The tortoise was tired of hearing the hare boast about his speed.
How? The tortoise kept up his slow but steady pace.
Tortoise got tired of listening to Hare boast about how fast me-—•- was, so he challenged Hare to a
race. Even though he was slower than Hare, Tortoise won by keeping up his slow and steady pace when
Hare stopped to take a nap.

4. First, Then, Finally

First. What happened first?
Then. What key details took place during the event/action?
Finally. What were the results of the event/ action?

First, Goldilocks entered the bears' home while they were gone. Then, she ate their food, sat in their
chairs, and slept in their beds. Finally she woke up to find the bears watching her, so she jumped up and
ran away.

5. Give Me the Gist

Summarization Strategy for Novels Fiction or Nonfiction
Summarjzjn9
Summarizing Key Information

English for Academic and Professional Purpose

Position paper

Objectives:
 define position paper,
 identify situations in which a position paper may be effectively used in the present society; and
 gather manifestos and analyze the arguments used by the writer/s

Position Paper
A position paper pertains to an essay that expresses a position about an issue.
Elements of a Position Paper
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion

What about Manifesto as a form of writing?

Manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. A manifesto advances a
set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it
most often concerns art, literature, or politics.

Reading an Argumentative Essay

Have you experienced engaging in a debate with a friend?
A motion refers to your main proposal or argument.

Some commonly committed fallacies include:

1. Sweeping Generalization
This happens when you produce a conclusion based on a limited number of examples
2. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
Remember that two things that happened one after the after are not necessarily related.
3. Poisoning the well / Ad hominem
an argument does not become invalid by virtue of the person stating it.
4. Appeal to authority
An argument does not necessarily become correct if a popular or highly esteemed person is the
one saying it., It has to be evaluated based on its own merits.
5. Ad populum
In logical reasoning, majority DOES NOT always win. Most of the population's believing in an
argument does not make it correct.
6. False analogy
This happens when two unlike concepts or things are compared as if they were just like one
another
7. False dichotomy
 This happens when two choices are presented as if they were the only choices available. If a
group of lobbyists, for instance, does not agree with a government policy, it would not mean
that they are not nationalistic right away Perhaps they have another take on the issue which
may even be better than the proposed one.

English for Academic and Professional Purpose

Writing a Position paper/ Argumentative essay

Objectives:
 Familiarize yourself with the steps in writing argumentative essay
 defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited
factual evidence; and
 write various position papers

There are two basic of writing which specialized at convincing. These are:
 Persuasion
 Argumentation

Persuasion
appeals to readers' emotions to make them believe something or take specific action. Persuasion can
also use logic and evidence

Steps in Persuasive Writing

1. State your opinion and introduce your argument.
2. Give your reasons for your opinion.
3. Illustrate with examples to support your opinion.
4. Restate your opinion and your suggested solution.

Argumentation
relies on logic and evidence to build a case for a specific claim. Argumentation de-emphasizes appeals to
emotion.

Steps in Argumentative Writing

1. Make a claim
2. Support your claim with reasons/evidence
3. Acknowledge the counterclaim
4. Refute the counterclaim
5. Conclude with strong statement

Argumentative vs. Persuasive Writing

CHARACTERISTIC PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTATIVE
S
CLAIM Claim is based on opinion Claim is based on factual evidence
PURPOSE Asks audience to do something. Proves a point to the audience.
BASIS Based on character and emotion. Based on stabilized position and logic.
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
Performance Tasks

PETA 1
From the issues listed below, choose one (1) to work on to develop into a position paper. Second, do
some researching/reading to gather information. Third, defend your standby writing a position paper
with the intention of convincing your reader to support your stand.

List of Issues:
 Online Classes Among Public Schools
 Students Curfew Among Minors
 Community Lockdown Government
 Funds Distribution Cyber Bullying

Format
Short bond paper
Font style: Times New Roman
Font size: Topic (14, Bold)
Content (size 12)
Deadline: March 15

Peta 2
 Resume
 Application letter/ Cover Letter
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
KINDS OF REPORTS

Reports are essential to keep an updated account of an event, situation, and organization.
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS REPORTS
Formal Report
 FORMAL REPORT

1. Informational
 ATTENDANCE REPORT
 FINANCIAL REPORT
 BUDGET ANNUAL REPORT
2. Analytical
 SCIENTIFIC RESESARCH
 FEASIBILITY
3. Recommendatory
 RECOMMENDATION

KINDS OF REPORTS
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

OBJECTIVES OF THE DAY

• POINT OUT DIFFERENT KINDS OF REPORTS
• EXPLAIN DIFFERENCES AMONG KINDS OF REPORTS

DEFINING REPORT:
A report is a written document that presents an organized information intended for a specific audience
and with specific purpose.

MAJOR TYPES OF REPORTS

A. FORMAL REPORTS
These are considered official reports that contain detailed information taken from research and data
necessary in making decisions.

TWO TYPES OF FORMAL REPORTS

 INFORMATIONAL REPORT
DATA
FACTS
FEEDBACK
 ANALYTICAL REPORT
RECOMMENDATION
 
EXAMPLES OF FORMAL REPORTS
(INFORMATIONAL)
 Annual Report
 Audit Report
EXAMPLES OF FORMAL REPORTS
(ANALYTICAL)
 Incident Report
 Research Report

MAJOR TYPES OF REPORTS

B. INFORMAL REPORTS
These are documents shared within an organization. They are usually shorter in length and have fewer
sections.
 
EXAMPLES (CLASSIFICATION) OF INFORMAL REPORTS
• Progress Report
• Minutes of the Meeting
• Memo
• Emails

TIME TO CHECK YOUR LEARNING

IDENTIFICATION: On the next slides, examples of reports shall be presented. Your task is to Identify
what kind of report each is (Formal or Informal) and its specific classification under that major types.
Informal Report
 Progress report
 Sales report

Information Report
 present factual information
 
Structure
Language Features
Structure
makes it easy for the reader to understand

 Title
 Introduction
 Body Paragraph 1
 Body Paragraph 2
 Body Paragraph 3
 Conclusion
Introduction
 an overview
 a brief outline of the subtopics within the report
Threats to Sea Turtles
From the moment sea turtles are born, they face dangers. Scientists estimate that out of 1,000
hatchlings, only one or two will survive. The hatchlings must make their way from their nest to the
ocean, avoiding birds, crabs and other predators looking for a meal. Additionally, sea turtles face a
number of threats from humans.
 each
 body paragraph
 focuses on its own
subtopic
 Title
 Introduction
 Body Paragraph 1
o subtopic 1
 Body Paragraph 2
o subtopic 2
 Body Paragraph 3
o subtopic 3
 Conclusion

Rainforests
o animals
o plants
o layers of rainforest

Body Paragraph
 subheading (helps reader navigate report)
 topic sentence (tells main idea of paragraph)
 details and examples
Layers of the Rainforest
Rainforests have four main layers. The first layer is the forest floor. Very little sunlight reaches the forest
floor. Above the forest floor is the understory. Shrubs, bushes and younger trees occupy this layer. The
canopy layer acts as a roof over the understory and forest floor layers. The canopy is home to more life
than any of the other layers. At the top is the emergent layer. The very tallest of the trees are found in
this layer.
body paragraphs should be ordered logically
Conclusion
• summaries what the reader has learnt
• no new information
A baby turtle must survive many dangers to make it to adulthood. Many of these dangers are caused by
humans. The population of sea turtles in the coming years will be decided by our actions today. We are
all responsible for the protection of sea turtles.
 
reference list/ bibliography
tells the reader where the author got their information

Information Report
Structure
 Introduction
 Body Paragraphs
 Conclusion

Language Features

Language Features
Present Tense Third Person

Threats to Sea Turtles

From the moment sea turtles are born, they face dangers. Scientists estimate that out of 1,000
hatchlings, only one or will survive. The hatchlings must make their way from their nest to the ocean,
avoiding birds, crabs and other predators looking for a meal. Additionally, sea turtles face a number of
threats from humans.

Passive Voice
Many sea turtles are injured or killed by boat propellers.
Active Voice
Boat propellers injure and kill many sea turtles.

Technical vocabulary
specific to a certain topic not used in everyday language

Everyday vocabulary
 legs
 skin
 mouth
 food
Technical vocabulary
 tusks
 herbivore
 diet
 mammal
 trunk
 habitat
Conjunctions
 information
 ideas
Conjunctions
Link Ideas

Compare
 similarly
 unlike
 whereas
 likewise
 equally
Add Detail
 furthermore
 as well as
 moreover
 additionally
 in addition
Cause and Effect
 because
 therefore
 as a result
 so
 consequently
Illustrating
 for example
 such as
 for instance

Conjunctions
Example #1
The demand for land has caused the natural habitat of elephants to shrink. As a result, elephants come
into contact with humans more frequently.
 
Conjunctions
Example #2
Crocodiles lay their eggs close to the edges of lakes, rivers and swamps, burying them with sand or mud.
Similarly, Alligators lay their eggs in mounds of sand, mud or vegetation surrounding freshwater.

Conjunctions
Example #3
The hatchlings must make their way from their nest to the ocean, avoiding birds, crabs and other
predators looking for a meal. Additionally, sea turtles face threats from humans.
Visual Information
 diagrams
 images with captions
 maps
 tables
 charts
support the written information

Information Report
Structure
 Introduction
 Body Paragraphs
 Conclusion
Language Features
 Present Tense
 Passive Voice
 Facts (no opinions)
 Technical Vocabulary
 Conjunctions
 Visual Information
Research
Time allocation
 Research
 Plan
 Write
 Edit
Activity #1
Direction
Identify the following reports and describe them according to purpose, and structure. Write your
answers in your notebook.
1. School Form 9 (Report Card)
Purpose:
It is mostly used to inform guardians and
students about the student's grade. It is a
detailed report card that displays students'
achievements and grades.
Structure:
Information Report
2. Book Report
Purpose:
To inform with professional detailed
information from the book and make
recommendations on it.
Structure:
Formal Report
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
Designing the Survey Questionnaire

Objective:
 Design, test, and revise survey questionnaires
 Conduct surveys, experiments, or observations
 Gather information from surveys, experiments, or observations
 Summarize findings & execute the report through narrative & visual/ graphic forms

Survey
 A survey is a general view, examination, or description of someone or something.
 A good questionnaire should be valid, reliable, clear, and interesting.

The design of the questionnaire should not be taken for granted to be able to get accurate data. A bad
questionnaire may lead to wrong conclusions since data collected may not be correct.

Design of the Questionnaire

Ask the right questions
Close-ended Questions
For example: Do you have a computer at home?
yes
no

Open-ended Questions
For example: Why do you want to have a computer? (You can choose more than one) I need it for my
projects in school. I want to play online games. My friends have computers. I want to use it for business.
Others: Please specify:

 very satisfied
o satisfied
o neutral
o dissatisfied
o very dissatisfied
 
Design
 Use appropriate format
 Arrange the questions logically
 Make instructions clear
 
Test:
• Do pilot testing
• Detect flaws

Make necessary changes

Improve the questionnaire
Types of Survey Questions (Torneo et. al., 2017, 119-121)
Multiple—response question

Matrix questions

Likert scale

Contingency Questions
Contingency questions are intended for certain respondents only, depending on the provided answers.
Points to remember in crafting survey questions
1. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.
2. Ask short, simple, and clearly worded questions.
3. Start with demographic questions to help respondents get started comfortably.
4. Use dichotomous (yes/no) and multiple-choice questions.
5. Use open-ended questions cautiously.
6. Avoid using leading questions. Make your question ask for the other person's opinion
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
Conducting the Surveys, Experiments, and Observations

Objectives:
 Conducting a data gathering activity
 Synthesize observations from field work; and
 Write an effective observation

Conducting the Surveys, Experiments, and Observations

Survey
Act of examining a process or questioning a selected sample of individuals to obtain data from service,
product, or process,

How will you conduct your survey?

1. Personal Approach
A. Face-to-Face Structured Interview
Pros: When respondents are asked directly, the response rates are good especially if visual
materials are required during the survey. The researcher can also observe the participants in
this method.
Cons: There might be bias because of the interaction. There is also no anonymity involved

B. Telephone Survey
Pros: This is applicable for asking consequential questions. Unlike face-to-face interviews,
there is anonymity in this approach.
Cons: This method is not good if the participants need to see visual materials and if the
questions are long.

2. Self-Administered Approach
A. Paper-and-Pencil Survey
Pros: This is a traditional survey method, and this is good for those who do not know how to
use the computer or access the internet.
Cons: This requires bigger budget in terms of reproduction.
 
B. Online Survey
Pros: This is best if the sample size is huge, and they live on different locations.
Cons: The respondents must know how to use the computer to be able to answer this
method. There might even be incentives to be given to the respondents.

C. Mail Survey
Pros: This method can be easily administered, and you can even review the mails before you
send them so that the visual quality is good. There is also anonymity in this kind of survey
method.
Cons: Mail surveys are less chosen by many because only a few responses are collected.
People also have more access to the internet, so they no longer prefer the mail survey.
Do's and Don'ts
Concise and easy to understand questions lead to a successful survey. Thus, a well-designed survey
questionnaire will ensure an effective data and information gathering.
1. Should use words that have clear meaning
2. Should cover all possible options
3. Should not ask two or more questions in one sentence.
4. Should provide an out-option.
5. Should provide appropriate time reference.
6. Should have a clear question structure.
7. Should not include personal or embarrassing questions
8. Should avoid double negative questions
9. Should outline instructions or directions clearly and understandably

Conduct Surveys, Experiments or Observations

Learning Objectives:
• Write a simple survey questionnaire.
• Conduct a pilot test of the questionnaire.
• Adjust its final design according to the results.
• Present the results of your survey through a composition.
• Share interpretation of the survey conducted.

What is a survey questionnaire?

 Survey questionnaires present a set of questions to a subject who with his/her responses will
provide data to a researcher.
 It seems that it is simple task to write up a set of questions to collect information, but there are
many pitfalls that should be avoided to develop a good survey questionnaire.

Survey
• The word survey is used most often today to describe a method of gathering information from a
sample of individuals in order to learn something about the large population from which the
sample has been drawn.

How to create a good survey questionnaire?

• The key to developing a good survey questionnaire is to keep it short while ensuring that you
capture all of the information that you need.
• Any question that is not providing necessary information should be removed.

Survey methods can be classified in many ways:

a. by size and type of sample - special population groups, geographical area, etc.
b. by method of data collection - mail, telephone interview and in- person interview.
Chart audits - extracting data from sample of medical and other
records - come under the heading of survey methods.
c. by survey content - voter preferences, consumer spending, transportation habits, and health
issues.
Steps to follow in conducting a survey
1. Formulate the survey keeping in mind your overall substantive and analytical needs.
2. Determine specifically what mode of collecting the data will be used.
3. Determine the number of respondents/ participants of the survey.
4. Develop the questionnaire (the survey instrument).
5. If you are using telephone or personal interviews, be sure the interviewers are carefully trained.
6. Conduct an early pretest of the survey, whenever possible.
7. Execute the survey in the field and be ready to deal with problems.
8. Edit and process the data.
9. Analyze the data.

Observational Study
In an observational study, the sample population being studied is measured, or surveyed, as it is. The
researcher observes the subjects and measures variables but does not influence the population in any
way or attempt to intervene in the study.
EXAMPLE
Is there a correlation between attending a review class and scores achieved on the Examination for this
school year?

Experimental Study
An experimental study has the researcher purposely attempting to influence the results. The goal is to
determine what effect a particular treatment has on the outcome. Researchers take measurements or
surveys of the sample population.
EXAMPLE
Does the color of a basketball influence the number of times a shooter sinks a basket?
Activity #1
Directions
Fill in this Venn diagram with key details about observational And Experimental study. Write your
answers in your notebook.

Observational Study Experimental study

The sample population being In an experimental study, the
examined is measured, or researcher tries to affect the
surveyed, in an observational outcomes on purpose. The
research. The researcher
objective is to find out what
watches the individuals and
examines variables without influence a certain therapy
attempting to influence the has on the result. The sample
population or intervene in the population is measured or
study. surveyed by researchers.

Similarity
Both of them contain surveys to collect data on the sample population.

Activity 2
Conduct the Survey
Make your own questionnaire and conduct the online survey. You can choose the one that is applicable
to you and safe for you at the same time. Take pictures for documentation purposes. Remember to
apply the tips given in the discussion.
 
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
GATHERING INFORMATION AND SUMMARIZING FINDINGS

Objectives:
 Differentiate primary data from secondary data
 Use qualitative or quantitative in gathering data
 Summarize finding based on the data gathered

DATA COLLECTION
is referred to as a collection of facts such as values or measurements observation or even just
descriptions ofthings

Primary Data
Are those you have collected yourself or the data collected at source or the data originally collected by
an individuals, focus group, or a panels of respondents so basically set up by a researcher whose
opinions maybe sought from time to time

Secondary Data
Research projects involves the gathering and the use of existing data for which they were originally
collected for example: computerize database, company records, government publications industry
analysts offered by the media information system and computerized or mathematical processes by
environmental and so on.

Primary Data vs Secondary Data

Sources: Primary and Secondary
 
Research Process
 Explore a topic.
 Answer questions about a topic.

Use a variety of print and digital resources to conduct research.

Types of Sources
• primary sources
• secondary sources

Primary Source
• produced by a person who actually witnessed and experienced an event firsthand
Primary Sources example
 oral histories or memoirs
 interviews
 music
 photographs
 letters
 diaries
 maps
  advertisements
Topic + "primary source"
Example: "Revolutionary War" + "primary source"

Secondary Sources
 Create by people who were not present during the events
 referenced primary sources for information
Secondary Sources
• derived from primary information
• can be summaries of primary sources
 can analyze and interpret primary sources
Secondary Sources
• dictionaries
• encyclopedias
 textbooks
 biographies
 books written about events
 articles that review other sources
 book reviews
 
1. interviews
Primary Source
3. dictionaries
Secondary Source
4. letters
Primary Source
5. photographs
Primary Source
6. textbooks
Secondary Source
7. diaries
Primary Source
8. encyclopedias
Secondary Source
9. biographies
Secondary Source

Two Types of Data

1. Quantitative data are mainly numbers. It refers to the information that is collected as, or can be
translated into, numbers, which can then be displayed and analyzed mathematically.
2. Qualitative data is data that is mainly words, sounds or Images. Unlike numbers or "hard data",
qualitative information tends to be "soft," meaning it can't always be reduced to something definite.
 

Tally marks
Often used to make a frequency table will make the data easier to understand
Tables and Chart
So pictograph is a way showing data using images so each pictures a certain frequency so

Table
Is a representation of the data on rows and columns

Chart
Is a graphical presentations of data in symbols like bars lines and slices

Bar graph
Is a graphical display using bars with different heights

Pie graph
Uses pie slices to show relative data

VISUALIZING DATA
Types of Graphs and Charts

Charts and Graphs are important because they...

 are easier to comprehend.
 are useful in getting the audience's attention in a publication or a speaking presentation.
 can be used to discuss an issue, reinforce a critical point. or summarize a data set.
 can also be used to discover a trend or pattern in a situation over a period of time.

Visualizing Categorical Data

 The Bar Chart
 The Pie Chart
 The Pareto Chart
 The Side-by-Side Bar Chart
 
Bar Chart
• A bar chart compares different categories by using individual bars to represent the tallies for
each category.

 
Pie Chart
A pie chart uses parts of a circle to represent the tallies of each category.

Pareto Chart
 • In a Pareto chart. the tallies for each category are plotted as vertical bars in descending order,
according to their frequencies, and are combined with a cumulative percentage line on the same
chart.

Pareto Principle
 The Pareto principle exists when the majority of items in a set of data occur in a small number of
categories and the few remaining items are spread out over a large number of categories. These
two groups are often referred to as the “vital few” and the “trivial many.”
Pareto Chart
Suggestions for Drawing Pareto Charts
1. Make the bars the same width.
2. Arrange the data from largest to smallest according to frequency.
3. Make the units that are used for the frequency equal in size.

Side-by-Side Bar Chart

• Aside-by-side bar chart uses sets of bars to show the joint responses from two categorical
variables.

Visualizing Numerical Data

 The Stem-and-leaf Display
 The Histogram
 The Frequency/Percentage Polygon
 The Cumulative Frequency/Percentage Polygon (Ogive)

Stem-and-Leaf Display/PIot
• A stem-and-leaf display allows you to see how the data are distributed and where
concentrations of data exist.

Stem-and-Leaf Display
Constructing stem-and-leaf plot:
Step 1 Arrange the data in order.
Step 2 Separate the data according to the first digit, as shown
Step 3 Use the leading digit as the stem and the trailing digit as the leaf

Histogram
• A histogram is a bar chart for grouped numerical data in which you use vertical bars to represent
the frequencies or percentages in each group.

Frequency Polygon
• A frequency polygon uses the midpoints of each class interval to represent the data of each class
and then plots the midpoints, at their respective class frequencies, as points on a line.

Percentage Polygon

Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)

 The cumulative percentage polygon, or ogive, uses the cumulative frequency distribution to
display the variable of interest along the X axis and the cumulative frequency along the Y axis.

Visualizing Two Numerical Variables

  The Scatter Plot
 The Time-Series Plot

Scatter Plot
• A scatter plot can explore the possible relationship between those measurements by plotting
the data of one numerical variable on the horizontal, or X, axis and the data of a second
numerical variable on the vertical. or Y, axis.

Time-Series Plot
 A time-series plot plots the values of a numerical variable on the Y axis and plots the time period
associated with each numerical value on the X axis.
Q4 Week3 RV Activity
Directions: In the table below, differentiate the Primary data from the Secondary data .
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
DEFINITION DEFINITION
those data you have gathered yourself, or data Research projects entail the collection and use of
obtained at the source, or data initially collected existing data for which they were originally
by individuals, focus groups, or panels of collected, such as computerized databases,
respondents put up by a researcher whose company records, government publications,
opinions may be solicited from time to time industry analysts provided by the media
information system, and computerized or
mathematical processes provided by the
environment, among other things.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
 advertisements  articles that review other sources
 diaries  biographies
 interviews  book reviews
 letters  books written about events
 maps  dictionaries
 music  encyclopedias
 oral histories or memoirs  textbooks
 photographs
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
Report

Reports
Are documents that wish to Inform, analyze or recommend.

Kinds of Reports
 Formal Reports
 Informational
 Recommendatory
 Analytical

Informational report
 Attendance report
 Sales report

Analytical report
 Scientific research
 Employee appraisal

Recommendatory report
 Recommendation

Informal report
 Report card
 Annual sales report
 Progress report

Below are the brief discussion of the different types of report that you may encounter that you to may
write as part of your academics or professional writing
 Survey reports provide recommendations based on a careful analysis of data tallied and
organized from survey findings.
 Situation or Field report is a documentation of observations and analysis of particular
phenomena, situation, behaviors, processes.
 Technical or Scientific Report is a document that describes the process, progress, and or results
of a technical scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem.
 Business reports are required in disciplines such as accounting, finance, management,
marketing and commerce.

Structures of Reports
I. Title page
II. Abstract
III. List of Figures and table
IV. Introduction
V. Body
 VI. Conclusion
VII. Recommendation
VIII. References
IX. Appendices

DAY 2
Summarizing the report findings
Why there is a need to Summarize Report Findings?
 To determine essential ideas and consolidate important details that support them

Resume
Component of resume
How to write resume

College application letter

Job application letter

Business letter

Memorandum memo
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
Resume

RESUME
A resume is a formal document that provides an overview of your professional qualifications, including
your relevant work experience, skills, education, and notable accomplishments.

COMPONENTS OF A RESUME
 CONTACT INFORMATION
 OBJECTIVE STATEMENT
 Example:
o I am looking for a full-time teaching position. I am passionate and dedicated about
teaching. I am excited handling students with different skills and share my knowledge to
students that will help them grow and be a successful and responsible citizen of our
country.
 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY / WORK HISTORY
 EDUCATION
 SKILLS
 References & Signature

CV
 TRAINING
 ORGANIZATION
 PROFESSIONAL LICENSURE AND CERTIFICATIONS
 HONORS AND AWARDS

B. Application letter for college admission

 define as showing interest in the university while you are justifying that you are a qualified
student.

C. Job Application Letter or cover letter

Parts of Cover Letter
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion

D. Business Letter
serves lot of purpose: for sale, complaints, for spreading of news and many more.

THREE FORMATS OF A BUSINESS LETTER

 Full Block
 Modified Block
 Semi Block
E. Memorandum or memo
TYPES OF MEMO
1. INSTRUCTIONAL MEMO
2. REQUEST MEMO
3. ANNOUNCMENT MEMO
4. TRANSMITTAL MEMO
5. AUTHORIZATION MEMO
Quiz EAPP

1. Qualitative data
2. Objective statement
3. Memo - procedures within an organization
4. College application letter
5. CV (curriculum vitae)
6. Announcement memo
7. Instructional memo
8. Resume - summary means in French
9. Job application letter
10. Introduction

Components of resume

 CONTACT INFORMATION
 OBJECTIVE STATEMENT
 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY / WORK HISTORY
 EDUCATION
 SKILLS
 References & Signature

THREE FORMATS OF A BUSINESS LETTER

 Full Block
 Modified Block
 Semi Block

TYPES OF MEMO
6. INSTRUCTIONAL MEMO
7. REQUEST MEMO
8. ANNOUNCMENT MEMO
9. TRANSMITTAL MEMO
10. AUTHORIZATION MEMO

Below are the brief discussion of the different types of report that you may encounter that you to may
write as part of your academics or professional writing
 Survey reports provide recommendations based on a careful analysis of data tallied and
organized from survey findings.
 Situation or Field report is a documentation of observations and analysis of particular
phenomena, situation, behaviors, processes.
 Technical or Scientific Report is a document that describes the process, progress, and or results
of a technical scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem.
 Business reports are required in disciplines such as accounting, finance, management,
marketing and commerce.
English for Academic and Professional Purpose
WRITING VARIOUS REPORTS

Objective:
 Write an effective report
 Familiarize with the types of report
 Explain the parts or structures of a report

WRITING VARIOUS REPORTS

 Book report
 Lab report
 Report card

Reports
Are documents that wish to Inform, analyze or recommend.

Common Mediums of Report

 Speeches
 Television
 Radios

Report Writing in Technical English

What is a Report?
"Reportare" = "to carry back”
A report is a systematic, well organized document which defines and analyses a subject or problem. To
produce a good report requires effort. The content must be clear, concise and accurate.

Types of Reports
1. Formal or Informal Reports
2. Short or Long Reports
3. Informational or Analytical Reports
4. Proposal Report
5. Vertical or Lateral Reports
6. Internal or External Reports
7. Periodic Reports

Characteristics of a Technical Report

• It deals with specific situation
• It enables the readers to act
• It is interactive
• It has a definite purpose

Purpose of Writing a Report

 •To convince the reader
 •To inform the reader
 •To persuade the reader
Structure of a Technical Report
It includes 3 parts with 16 sections
 Preliminary Part / Front Matter
 Main Text / Text
• Supplementary Part / Back Matter

Preliminary Part / Front Matter

 Cover
 Title Page
 Copyright Notice
 Acknowledgement
 Authorization letter
 Table of Contents
 List of Illustrations
 Synopsis or Executive Summary

Main Text/ Text

 Introduction
 Body - Method, Procedure, Discussion
 Conclusion
 Recommendation

Supplementary Part / Back Matter

 Appendix
 List of Reference/ BibIiography
 Glossary
 Index

Activity 
Give at least three examples of a report and explain their parts/ structure.