ENGLISH

For Academic and professional Purpose

English for Academic and Professional Purposes is one of the most important subjects in senior high
school because it teaches us how to speak with confidence. The activities of this subjects is specifically
designed to improve the student's communication skills because of the activities and reports assigned to
each students that are mandatory and students would be forced to overcome their shyness and stage
fright. Communication skills is one of the most needed factor in finding a job or work and mastering this
subject will greatly help you to speak with confidence.
Another is to become a professional individual ; one must learn how to write and speak formal
languages. This ethics will be learned not just studying but understanding the lessons in EAPP. Another is
that learning how to write academic texts specially research paper or thesis. Because as we finish our
studies, we will be conducting a thesis that will be a requirement for us to graduated and become a
professional. Last is that after graduating we will need this knowledge or style to get a job or study again
to become a professional. So, in conclusion EAPP is important to every student to learn because we will
be needing it in achieving higher education and applying it to become a professional individual.

Objectives:
 Differentiate academic texts from non-academic texts
 Examine an academic text to establish its nature and characteristics

ACADEMIC TEXTS
Is defined as critical, objective, specialized text written by experts or professionals in a given field using
formal language

Avoid using of Contraction

FORMAL LANGUAGE

The following are considered as academic texts:

 Research Paper
 Feasibility Study
 Thesis/ Dissertation
 Review
 Essay
 Report
 Journal

Nature and Characteristics of an Academic Text

Structure
Unlike fiction or journalistic writing, the overall structure of an academic text is formal and logical
Three - part essay structure
IMRaD Structure
Three - part essay structure:
Introduction
A. The most general information
B. The core of the introduction
C. The most specific information

Body
It develops the question, "What is the topic about?"

Conclusion
The conclusion is closely related to the introduction and is often described as its "mirror image"

 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 (And)
 Discussion

RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT - CONTENT (QUANTI)

SECOND TITLE PAGE
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Literature Review
2.3. Research Simulacrum
3. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Research Locale
3.3. Population and Sampling
3.4. Research Ethics
3.5. Research Instruments
3.6. Data Collection
3.7. Data Analysis
4. RESULT(S)
5. DISCUSSION
6. CONCLUSION

Thesis Format
Chapter l: The Problem and it's Background
 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem
 Purpose/obj. of the study
 Scope and Limitation
 Hypothesis
 Conceptual Framework
  Definition of Terms
Chapter2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter3: Research Design and
 Methodology
 Research Design
 Sampling Procedure
 Participants of the study
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Research Instrument
 Statistical Treatment
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
Chapter 5: Summary
 Conclusion
 Recommendations

Tone
The overall tone refers to the attitude conveyed in a piece of writing. The arguments of others are fairly
presented and with an appropriate narrative tone.
Language
It is important to use unambiguous language. Clear topic sentences enable a reader to follow your line
of thinking without difficulty.
Citation
Citing sources in the body of the paper and providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes
is a very important aspect of an academic text.
Complexity
An academic text addresses complex issues that require higher-order thinking skills to comprehend
Evidence-based Arguments
What is valued in an academic text is that opinions are based on a sound understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and academic debates that exist within, and often external to a specific discipline.
Thesis-driven
The starting point of an academic text is a particular perspective, idea or position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as establishing, proving, or disproving solutions to the questions posed for the
topic.
CHARACTERISTICS ACADEMIC TEXT NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
AUDIENCE Academia Mass public
PURPOSE Inform the readers with solid Inform, entertain or persuade the
evidence readers
STYLE Formal and impersonal Personal, impressionistic,
emotional or subjective
STRUCTURE Standard structure No rigid structure
LANGUAGE Formal language avoids Informal and casual language, may
colloquialisms contain
SUBJECT/CONTENT Shared historical events or Personal life and everyday events
literature or other forms of
knowledge
 READING TEXTBOOKS IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Objectives:
 explain the specific ideas contained in textbooks in the natural and social sciences; and
 use knowledge of the structures of textbooks to glean the information you need.

The Nature of Knowledge in the Natural and Social Sciences

The knowledge presented by the natural and social sciences has been produced as a result of rigorous
application of the scientific method. The data presented in such fields are expected to be empirical in
nature and had been reviewed by other experts in order to assume their credibility.

The Language of the Natural and Social Sciences

Given the objective nature of the natural and social sciences, academic materials in the said fields are
usually written in a detached manner.

Features of a Sample Textbook in the Natural Sciences:

FEATURES
I. Chapter Opener
A. Heading
a. 1. chapter number
b. 2. chapter title
B. Brief explanation
C. Sidebar
D. Sidebar

Lesson Opener
A. Lesson Opener
B. Science Principle

FEATURES
I. Chapter Opener
A. Heading
a. 1 chapter number
b. 2 chapter title
B. Brief explanation
C. Sidebar
D. Sidebar

II. Lesson Opener

A. Lesson Opener
B. Science Principle
C. Pictures
D. caption
 III. Lesson Proper
A. Section Heading
B. Illustration
C. Body
D. Label
E. Caption

IV. Assessment Tools

A. Guide Questions

READING TIP:
• Use the title of the chapter give you an idea of what is be discussed.
• Pictures are used not only stir your interest but also present the concept being tackled in
concrete terms. In the natural sciences, this is more important as these may serve
NOTE: In science, an experiment or laboratory activity is conducted to test a hypothesis. Thus, it is
important that at the end of the chapter, one is conducted to confirm whether the proposed
hypothesis is valid or not.

Features of a Sample Textbook in Social Sciences:

1. The unit number and title
2. The first paragraph of the unit description
3. The picture
4. the lesson objectives
5. The first paragraph of the lesson
6. The subtitle
7. The body of the lesson.
READING TIP: The description found at the unit opener may serve as an abstract or summary of what the
unit is about.

Lesson 2: Reading Textbooks Across Disciplines

Disciplines
 Language
 Science
 Mathematics
 Social Studies

Why there is a need to about How to Read Textbooks Across Disciplines?

SCIENCE
 Discovery
 Natural World
 Economics
  Sociology
 History

NATURAL SCIENCE
- Is any of the sciences that deals with matter, energy. and their interrelations and
transformations, or with process observable in nature.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
- Is any of the sciences that deals with the institutions and functioning of human and society as
well as the interpersonal relationships of individuals as member of the society.

Examples of Natural and Social Sciences

Natural Sciences
 Physics
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Geology
 Astronomy
 Zoology
 Botany
 Laws of Nature
 Physical World

Social Sciences
 Sociology
 Economics
 Political Science
 Anthropology
 History
 Geography
 Psychology
 Society
 People's Role
 Government

The Language of the Natural and Social Sciences

Both Natural Sciences and Social Sciences are all results of the application of Scientific Methods.
1. Questioning
2. Formulating Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Observation and Data Gathering
5. Obtaining Conclusion
6. Findings/Results

RESERCH
 Both Sciences have empirical data.
 The information in these Sciences are presented in a Deductive manner.
Natural Sciences vs. Social Sciences
Features of Textbooks in Sciences and Reading Tips

READING TIP 1: Use the Title chapter to give you an idea of what is to be discussed.
 HEADING.
o Compromised of the chapter number and chapter title.
 BRIEF EXPLANATION
 SIDE BAR
 PICTURES
 
READING TIP 2: Use the pictures to deepen your appreciation of the lesson.
 LESSON OPENER
 MAIN IDEA
 PICTURES
 CAPTION
 

READING TIP 3: Locate the main idea or principle in the passage

 SECTION HEADING
 ILLUSTRATION
 CAPTION
 BODY OF THE LESSON
READING TIP 4: Connect your answers and findings ill the experiment with the information found in the
earlier parts of the lesson.

READING TIP 5: The description found at the Unit opener may serve as an abstract or summary of what
the unit is about.
 FIRST PARAGRAPH
 UNIT NUMBER
 SUCCEEDING PARAGRAPHS
READING TIP 6: Read the objectives first, and let them guide your studies.
 LESSON OBJECTIVES

READING TIP 7: The pieces of information in Social Science textbooks arc presented cither
Chronologically or Thematically.
Chronological. The events are narrated in sequential order.
Thematical. The information are explained according to categories.
READING TIP 8: Use context clues.
CONTEXT CLUES?
These are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader use to understand the
meanings of new or unfamiliar words.

CONTEXT CLUES: SYNONYMS

 This situation is a conundrum, a puzzle that is difficult to solve.
 His animosity of his siter divided the family. His hatred became the reason of their misery.
 Bill showed no remorse for his action. He never felt shame at all.

CONTEXT CLUES: ANTONYMS

 Marty is gregarious, unlike his brother who is quiet and shy.
 The feral cat would not let us pet him, unlike our friendly cat.

CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
When water is heated, the molecules move quickly therefore the water boils.
Some believe that dinosaurs died out because a large meteor hit the earth.

When the ocean is extremely polluted, coral reefs die.

TERMINOLOGIES
Maps. These are commonly found in History textbooks. They help locate specific places where historical
events happened. (pg. 10)
Bibliographic Citation. It serves to help you locate where a piece of information, a material, or an image
is found. (pg. 10)
Gap-fill Activity. This is an assessment tool which is also known as 'Fill in the blanks'. (pg. 11)
Discussion Questions. Another assessment tool that require your comprehensive understanding of the
lesson. (pg. 12)
Concept Map/Graphic Organizers. These are conceptual diagram used to organize and to structure
knowledge.

CONCEPT MAP/GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

Spider Web Map
Used to show a concept with main idea at
the center and its ideas are linked.
 
Hierarchical/Chronological Map.
Portray the
elements of a
system or
organization.

Flow Chart.
This shows process,
sequence, and/or steps.

Venn Diagram.
This shows the similarities and
differences of two concepts.

Recapitulation
 The importance of knowing how to read textbooks across disciplines.
 The difference between Natural Sciences and Social Sciences
 Different examples of Natural Sciences and Social Sciences
 The different reading tips
 Terminologies that you may encounter as your read textbooks in Natural Sciences and Social
Sciences.
 Concept Maps/Graphic Organizers.
 Academic Language
Academic Language refers to the oral, written, auditory, and visual language proficiency required to
learn effectively in schools and academic programs.

What is difference between academic language and social language?

Social language is the simple, informal language we use when talking face to face with family members
and friends.

Academic language is different from everyday social language. It is the vocabulary students or adults
must learn to succeed in the classroom or in the workplace.

Social Language Academic Language

repetition of words variety of words, more sophisticated vocabulary
sentences start with "and" and "but" sentences start with transition words, such as
"however," "moreover," and "in addition"
use of slang: "guy," "cool," and 'awesome" No slang

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACADEMIC LANGUAGE

FORMAL It should not be conversational and casual. Avoid colloquial and idiomatic expressions,
slang, and contractions.
X dig in
X cup of tea
X dude
X don't
IMPERSONAL Do not refer to yourself as the performer of actions. Do not use personal pronouns.
For example:
"It is commonly said that"... instead of "Many of my friends and colleagues say that…”
"Research revealed that..." instead of "l discovered that"
PRECISE The facts are presented accurately. The choice of words are appropriate. The use of
technical terms to achieve precision is applied.
For example:
"85% of the population", "The results are okay (satisfactory).", asphyxiation (medical term)
OBJECTIVE It is unbiased, based on facts and is not influenced by personal feelings.
For example:
"The essay on... is distressing." instead of "l do not like the
essay"
 Academic Reading Strategies
Objective
 Identify the different reading strategies as tool in academic writing.
 Evaluate one's purpose for reading; and
 Use knowledge of text structure to glean information you need.

Strategies
 A careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal usually ov er a long period of time.
 Visualize
 Predict
 Question
 Evaluate
 Connect
 Clarify

PURPOSES OF READING
 to scan for specific information
 to skim to get an overview of the text

 to critique an argument
 to learn something
 For general comprehension

FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal
language

1. She has decided to accept the job.

2. She's decided to accept the job.
 Common Text Structures
Objectives:
 Determine the text structure used in a text
 Identify the different structures of a text
 Create a graphic organizer appropriate for the text structure employed in a text

Text Structures
What is text structure?
• Text structure refers to the internal organization of a text
• As authors write a text to communicate an idea. They will use a structure that goes along with
the idea (Meyer 1985)

Text Structures
• Chronological order
• Compare & Contrast
• Sequence
• Exemplification/Classification
• Cause & Effect
• Description
• Problem & Solution
• Persuasion

Common Text Structures

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
• Chronological order is a way of organizing ideas in the order of their occurrence in time.
TWO KEYS WRITING A GOOD CHRONOLOGICAL PARAGRAPH
1. Discuss the events (in a narrative) or the steps (in a process) in the order in which they occur.
2. Use chronological transition signals to indicate the sequence of events or steps.

Sequencing
Sequence
• Things come in a particular order.
Text clues
• Signal Words: first. next. then. finally. after. while, following.
• Timelines. pictures or step by step direction.

Cause Effect
Cause and Effect
• If a passage has a cause and effect text structure we can expect to read about reasons why
something happened.
• Signal Words
• Therefore
• As a result
• Cause
• Reason
• Because
 • Since
• For this reason
• thus

Problem Solution
Problem Solution
Signal Words
Problem, issue, since, as a result, solution, idea, so, leads to, causes
Tips
Ask yourself: what is the Problem and what is the solution?
Look for the problem first and then the solution.

Compare and Contrast

Comparing is telling how two or more things are alike.
Authors use clue words such as similar to, like, or as to compare.
Contrasting is telling how two or more things are different.
Authors use clue words such as different from, but, or unlike to contrast.

Exemplification/ Classification
SIGNAL WORM THAT SHOW CLASSIFICATION TEXT STRUCTURE
• DIVIDE/ CLASSIFY
• TYPE/ KIND
• OPTION
• EXAMPLE/ FOR EXAMPLE
• SORT
• GROUP
• FIRST, SECOND, …
• ANOTHER

Description
The author provides several details of something to give the reader a mental picture
Description
Signal Words
such as, for instance, in addition, also, specifically
Tips
Ask yourself, what specific person, place. thing, or idea is being described?
Look for a topic word or phrase and for synonyms.

PERSUASIVE TEXT STRUCTURE

TITLE
INTRODUCTION
 State your position and briefly explain your argument
AT LEAST 3 ARGUMENTS
Use OREO so:
- State your argument
- Provide supporting evidence
CONCLUSION
 Re-state your position and add a all to action (what should reader do now?)

Structure
Text have Structure!

1. Chronology
2. Compare and contrast
3. Cause and effect
4. Problem and solution
5. Description

Chronology – Events described in order

Time
- A sequence in order
- A story from history
- Look for time words

Compare & contrast – When a text compares two or more ideas

Compare – similarities
Contrast – differences

Cause and effect

How one idea or event cause another

Problem & Solution

Description
Like and encyclopedia entry

How does text structure help readers?

Text Structures
- As it turns out, a knowledge of text structure can be very helpful for readers. When readers do
not have a strong knowledge of the topic of a text they depend more on the structure (Cataldo
& Oakhill).
Objective:
 define outlining
 Identify the various techniques in outlining
 Make an outline of the various academic texts
 Differentiate topic outline and sentence outline

A Memory to Remember
Directions: In this activity, you are tasked to read the list of words or phrases below. Decide which two
general categories, and then put the rest of the words and phrases in the correct category. Use the table
to categorize your answer.
 read a book
 build a model
 outdoor activities
 bake cookies
 climb a tree
 swim
 play baseball
 ride a bike
 indoor activities
 play cards

Outdoor Activity Indoor Activity

play baseball read a book
swim build a model
ride a bike bake cookies
climb a tree play cards

Outlining Reading Texts in Various Disciplines

Outlining
is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper's potential
structure, and to further flesh out and develop points.

FORMAT OF OUTLINES
 ALPHANLIMERIC STRUCTURE STYLE
 DECIMAL STRUCTURE STYLE

ORGANIZNG YOUR IDEAS AN OUTLINE

• Begin by answering the question that leads to your thesis statement.
• Use the two or three main ideas from this technique as your main heading.
• Write subtopics for each main idea
• Write the supporting details for each of the subtopics.
Parts of Outline
Introduction
Attention grabber
An introduction of an essay prepares the reader on the contents of the essay. The introduction of the
essay is an opening of what is to come ahead.

Body
The content of the paper
Typically, the body of the essay should contain a minimum of three paragraphs in support of the thesis
statement made in the introductory paragraph.
- Topic Sentence
- Concluding Sentences
- Supporting statement

All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents
the central idea of the paper.

Main points - main idea

Sub-Points - supporting details or idea

Types of Outlines According to Structure

Basic outline form

I. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
B. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
1. Subsidiary idea to B
2. Subsidiary idea to B
a. Subsidiary idea to 2
b. Subsidiary idea to 2
II. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
B. Subsidiary idea to II
C. Subsidiary idea to II
III. MAIN IDEA

Guidelines in Writing an Outline:

• Place the title at the center above the outline.
• Every level of the outline must have at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2).
• Put a period after each numeral and letter.
• Indent each new level of the outline.
• All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each
other.
• Capitalize the first letter of each item.
• The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do not have to be included in the outline. They
are not topics; they are merely organizational units in the writer's mind.
Topic Outline Example
Thesis Statement: The increased use of social media has led to more suicides among today's youth--a
result of cyberbullying.
o Effects and Consequences of Cyber Bullying
 Damage victims
1. depression
2. decrease academic performance
3. suicides

 Counselling
1. legal consequences
2. academic consequences
o Prevention
 Monitoring your Child
1. keeping tabs on activity
2. limiting access to social media
 Counseling
1. consulting a school counsellor
2. finding a mentor
3. discussing the issue

Sentence Outline Example

Thesis Statement: The abuse of alcohol and drugs can affect a person economically, psychologically, and
physically.
l. Alcohol and drug abuse can affect one economically.
A. The cost of alcohol abuse is high and getting higher,
1. The costs of DUIS can be enormous.
2. 2. Alcohol costs are always rising because of rising production costs as well as state and local
taxes.

B. Drug abuse can be detrimental to one psychologically.

1. Drugs impair one's ability to function normally because of the hallucinations or numbness of
"getting high."
2. 2. Drugs can become a psychological addiction.
ACTIVITY
Directions: Read each statement carefully and identify whether each statement is true or false. Write T if
it is true and F if it is false.
1. An academic text should clearly state its thesis, argument or proposition.
2. It is acceptable to include one's judgment but should be supported by evidence.
3. Both academic and non-academic texts can be used to inform.
4. Both academic and non-academic texts employ the use of informal language
5. Academic texts can use first person point of view and include one's emotional attachment to the
topic
6. The language used in academic texts should be conversational.
7. Language used in academic texts employ technical terms specific for each field and/ or
discipline.
8. Academic language should be objective, precise, impersonal and formal.
9. Slangs and colloquialisms are used in academic texts.
10. Students who master academic language are more likely to be successful in academic and
professional setting.

ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Using the criteria, evaluate the language of the following sample of academic texts from
various disciplines,
Characteristics of Academic
A B C D E
Language
Does the text use a formal
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
language? (Yes/No)
Is the language impersonal?
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Yes/No)
Are the choice of words
appropriate for an academic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
text? (Yes/No)
danios (Danio
rerio), black skirt
Does the text use technical Women tetra Multiple
terms? (If yes, write 1 term No Hip-hop Empowermen (Gymnocorymbus Intelligences
found in the text. /No) t Movement ternetzi), kuhli Theory
loach (Pangio
kuhlii)
Is the academic text
objective? (Yes/If No, write 2 Male &
Yes Yes Yes Yes
phrases that indicate Female
subjectivity.)

A. This essay intends to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between music listened
to and the mood of individuals. Additionally, it will seek to explore whether this relationship is
used in advertising to encourage people to spend money.
B. This essay on how the lyrics of hip-hop developed as a form of protest against a society
segregating the working classes based on the premise of the music having a distinct and
energizing rhythm that really inspires people to move, thereby reaching out to audiences who
 wouldn't normally believe in protest, let alone speak out in public. Thus, the music becomes a
vehicle for words of protest that can and indeed have changed the world.
C. The researcher found out that the male population has a higher chance of being hired compared
to the females. Eighty percent of the employers stated that since females are privileged with
maternity leave, they leave their work for some time resulting to a decline on the overall
production of the company. I think this is very judgmental on the part of the employers. It goes
against the Women Empowerment Movement. I strongly urged the employers to rethink their
choices because women are great workers.
D. This essay is focused on investigating the photo tactic responses of three different species of fish
that occupy different areas of an aquarium: danios (Danio rerio), which group near the surface
of the water, black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), which swim in the middle of the tank,
and kuhli loach (Pangio kuhlii), which swim near the bottom of tank. It is anticipated that they
will respond differently to light according to their niche with the tank.
E. As a student, I want to understand how Multiple Intelligences Theory affect students' learning.
For example, I learn better when I listen to music while my circle of friends learn best when they
discuss the lesson together. I believe that all of us are unique. We have our own ways to excel in
school. That's why I want to conduct a study on this matter.
Activity 1
Directions: Differentiate the features of Natural Sciences from Social Sciences using a Venn
diagram

Social Sciences Natural Sciences

Is any of the sciences that
Is any of the sciences that
deals with the institutions
deals with matter, energy.
and functioning of human
and their interrelations and
and society as well as the
transformations, or with
interpersonal relationships
process observable in
of individuals as member of
nature.
the society.
Activity 2
Directions: fill out the table to differentiate academic text from non-academic text. Choose your answers
from the box.

Academic Text Non-academic Text

Scholarly audience Public
To inform and/or validate idea To entertain
Objective Subjective
Introduction-Body-Conclusion No fixed structure
Formal Reports Contains slang and colloquialisms
Related literature Everyday events
Research papers Informal essays
Diaries
Directions: Read the text below and answer the questions that follow.

The Golden Ages of Comic

(1) The period from the late 1930s to the middle 1940s is known as the golden age of comic books. The
modern comic book came in the early 1930s in the United States as a giveaway premium to promote the
sale of the whole range of household products such as cereal and cleanser. The comic books, which are
printed in bright colors to attract the attentions of potential customers, proved so popular that some
publishers decided to produce comic books that would come out on a monthly basis and would sell for a
dime each. Though comic strips had been reproduced in publications prior to this time, the Famous
Funnies comic book, which was started in 1934, marked the first occasion that a serialized book of
comics was attempted.

(2) Early comic books reprinted already existing comic strips and comics base on known characters,
however, publishers soon began introducing original characters developed specially for comic books.
Superman was introduced in Action Comics in 1938, and Batman was introduced a year later.
The tremendous success of these superhero comic books led to the does understanding of the text
structure help you comprehend the text better? 12 development of numerous comic books on a variety
of topics, though superhero comic book predominated. Astonishingly, by 1945, approximately 160
different comic books were being published in the United States each month, and 90 percent of US
children were said to read comic books on a regular basis.

Questions:
2. Why was 1930s - considered as the golden age of comic books
 In the early 1930s, the first comic book was published in the United States. The comic books,
which are printed in vivid colors to attract potential consumers' attention, were so popular
that some publishers decided to produce monthly comic books for a dime apiece.
Publishers, on the other hand, quickly began to introduce fresh characters created just for
comic books. Superman first appeared in Action Comics in 1938, followed by Batman a year
later.
3. How were comic books used before?
 Early comic books were reprints of already published comic strips and comics based on well-
known characters.
4. Why do you think comic books become so popular?
 The comics, which were printed in vibrant color to capture potential consumers' attention,
were so popular that some publishers decided to manufacture monthly comic books that
would retail for a dime apiece. Soon after, publishers began introducing original characters
created specifically for comic books. Superman first appeared in Action Comics in 1938,
followed by Batman a year later, and both of these superhero comic books proved to be
huge successes.
5. Do Filipinos also enjoy reading comic books?
 Not in my experience, but I believe it was a great hit among Filipinos in the early 1990s.
6. How did the author arrange the information in the text?
 Does knowing how the text is organized help you grasp it better? 12 created a slew of comic
books covering a wide range of topics, with superheroes dominating.
7. Does the said arrangement help you com prehend the text? Explain.
 When comparing early 1930s comics to today's comics, the answer is yes. It aids in the
standardization of the comic's structure, allowing customers to read it more easily.
8. Using an appropriate graphic organizer, highlight the significant information that can be found in
the text.
 Yes, that made it significantly easier to read and comprehend the comic's flow. It also
facilitates collaboration among the producers, as it was reasonably simple to collaborate
with the graphic designer and the story writer in general.
Activity
Directions: Differentiate topic outline and sentence outline in terms of their structure using Venn
diagram.

Topic Outline Sentence Outline

It summarizes the content
so that it may be It consolidates the entire
remembered and evaluated topic into a single sentence.
quickly. It can also include sentences
within sentences to expand
A subtopic can be added to on the subject.
a topic for simpler analysis.
Objective:
 Uses appropriate critical writing a critique such as formalism
 identify the contents of a reaction paper, review or critique
 write a balanced reaction paper/ review/ critique.

Review Outline
I'm so disappointed at what the author said. He is very wrong about what he said. I do not like what he
wrote and I also hates all his articles. He has been doing that almost often. he is very boastful writer. He
only likes to talk about politics, but he does not know anything about it. He simply copies and pastes
whatever he has read. He cannot even explain the ideas very well.
The essay is very long. I hate reading long essays. They make me very sleepy. There are many unfamiliar
words. I had to open dictionary to find the meaning. The sentences are also, long. Why doesn't he
shorten it?
I do not recommend others to read his essay. They will surely feel the same way once they have read
the essay.

CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE

A critique is a careful analysis of an argument to determine what is said, how well the points are made,
what assumptions underlie the argument, what issues are overlooked, and what implications are drawn
from such observations. It is a systematic, yet personal response and evaluation of what you read.

INTRODUCTION
is a form of paper writing in which the writer expresses his ideas and opinions about what has been read
or seen.

HELPFUL TIPS
• Read the material carefully
• Mark interesting places while reading /watching
• Write down your thought while reading/watching
• Produce a thesis statement
• Compose an outline
• Construct your paper

The first part of your paper should contain information on the author and the topic. You need to write
down the main ideas and highlight the main points of the paper. You can use direct quotations if
needed. Avoid your opinion in this section. The second part should contain your personal thoughts on
the subject. Focus on a main problem or address all of them and describe your opinion. Explain how the
material can relate to the modern world, to the society or separate individuals. Back your statements
with sources if needed and make conclusions whether you support the author or not.

Writing a reaction paper can be quite a challenging task, so many students use examples to
learn more about its structure and key features. Here are a few recommendations, which will
help you complete an outstanding reaction paper:
• Read the original article carefully and highlight the main ideas and points you want to discuss
• Describe your point of view and back it with additional information if needed. Use vivid examples
• Use various sources to make your statement more argumentative
Critiques can be used to carefully analyze a variety of works such as:
Creative works
GENRE
EXIBITION
CINEMA
FIREWORKS
POETRY

Research
• monographs
• journal articles
• systematic reviews theories
Media
• news reports
• feature articles

CRITICAL APPROACHES
in writing a Critique
1. Formalist
- This approach regards literature as "a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be
examined on its own terms." All the elements necessary for understanding the work are
contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of
form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text.
2. Gender Criticism
- This approach "examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary
works."
3. Feminist criticism
- attempts to correct this imbalance by analyzing and combatting such attitudes—by questioning,
for example, why none of the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right
of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery.
4. Historical
- This approach "seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and
intellectual context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist's biography
and milieu." A key goal for historical critics is to understand the effect of a literary work upon its
original readers.
5. Reader-Response Criticism
- This approach takes as a fundamental tenet that "literature" exists not as an artifact upon a
printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader.
6. Structuralism
- focused on how human behavior is determined by social, cultural and psychological structures.
It tended to offer a single unified approach to human life that would embrace all disciplines.
7. Sociological
- focuses on man's relationship to others in society, politics, religion, and business.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1) Which of the following is NOT true about the reaction paper?
a. The writer expresses ideas and opinions about what has been read or seen.
b. It may be informal, two pages long.
c. It has an introduction, body and conclusion.
d. It is a summary of the article.
2) Which of the following should be included in the first part of the reaction paper?
a. Personal thoughts
b. Information about the author
c. Main problem
d. Sources
3) Which of the following are used to learn more about the structure of reaction paper?
a. Examples
b. Opinions
c. Reactions
d. Traditions
4) Which of the following is NOT a form of reaction paper?
a. Appeal
b. Protest
c. Reflection
d. Report
5) Which of the following will help you avoid mistakes in writing a reaction paper?
a. Give a summary of an article
b. Give an overview
c. Back your ideas with examples
d. Do not give your opinion
6) Which of the following is NOT included in the second part of your review?
a. Personal thoughts
b. Information about the author
c. Highlights of the main points
d. Main ideas

For numbers 7-10, please refer to the following statements:

I. Read or watch the material carefully.
II. Produce a thesis statement.
III. Write down your thoughts while reading or watching.
IV. Compose an outline.
7) Which of the following must be done first when you are asked to write a review?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
8) Which of the given steps in number 7 be done next?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
9) Which will be the third step?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
10) Which will be done last?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
Various Techniques in Summarizing Variety of Academic Texts
SUMMARIZING
According to Buckley (2004), in her popular writing fit Print, summarizing is reducing one-third or one-
quarter its original size, clearly articulating the author's meaning, and main ideas.

According to Diane Hacker (2008), in A Canadian Writer's Reference, explains that summarizing involves
stating a wok's thesis and main ideas "simply, briefly, and accurately"

Various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts

1. Read the work first to understand the author’*s intent.
2. One of the summarization techniques you can do is to present information through facts, skills and
concept in visual formats
3. To avoid difficulty, you need first to know the main points and the supporting details.
4. You need to analyze the text to save time in thinking what you will do.
5. One of the best thing to do in auto summarizing is restating the words into different one
6. You will fully understand what the document is when you organize all ideas
7. Write down all the information in a coherent and precise form
8. You can also decide to represent information through using dimensional constructions in
representing concepts, skills or facts
9. Paraphrasing is one of the skills you can do in writing a summary

5 EASY TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING

1. Somebody Wanted But So Then
• Somebody: Who is the story about?
• Wanted: What does the main character Want.
• But: Identify a problem that the main character encountered.
• So: How does the main character solve the problem?
• Then: Tell how the story ends.
Little Red Riding Hood wanted to take cookies to her sick grandmother, but she encountered a wolf. He
got to her grandmother's house first and pretended to be the old woman. He was going to eat Little Red
Riding Hood, but she realized what he was doing and ran away, crying for help. A woodsman heard the
girl's cries and saved her from the wolf.
 2. SAAC Method
• State
• Assign
• Action
• Complete

State: The Boy Who Cried Wolf

Assign: Aesop (a Greek storyteller)
Action: tells
Complete: what happens when a shepherd boy repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf, by Aesop (a Greek storyteller), tells what happens when a shepherd boy
repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf. After a while, they ignore his false cries. Then, when
a wolf really does attack, they don't come to help him.

3. 5 W’s, 1 H
What did they do?
When did the action take place?
Who is the story about?
Where did the story happen?
Why did the main character do what he/she did?

The Tortoise and The Hare

Who? The tortoise
What? He raced a quick, boastful hare and won
When isn't specified in this story, so it's not important in this case.
Where? An old country road
Why? The tortoise was tired of hearing the hare boast about his speed.
How? The tortoise kept up his slow but steady pace.
Tortoise got tired of listening to Hare boast about how fast me-—•- was, so he challenged Hare to a
race. Even though he was slower than Hare, Tortoise won by keeping up his slow and steady pace when
Hare stopped to take a nap.

4. First, Then, Finally

First. What happened first?
Then. What key details took place during the event/action?
Finally. What were the results of the event/ action?

First, Goldilocks entered the bears' home while they were gone. Then, she ate their food, sat in their
chairs, and slept in their beds. Finally she woke up to find the bears watching her, so she jumped up and
ran away.

5. Give Me the Gist

Summarization Strategy for Novels Fiction or Nonfiction
SummarizingSummarjzjn9
Summarizing Key Information
- summarize a text
- identify the difference between paraphrasing and
- write summarizing -write summary through guideposts

SUMMARY
- brief statement that presents the most important points of an original material

- short an easy to comprehend

- present essential ideas

Paraphrasing vs Summarizing
PARAPHRASING
restating someone else's work or idea in your own words at roughly the same level of details

SUMMARIZING
involves putting the main ideas of a certain work into your own words, including only the big picture or
the main ideas

IMPORTANT GUIDELINES WHEN WRITING SUMMARY

1. WRITING SUMMRRY
2. A SUMMARY SHOULD BE BASED ON THE ORIGINAL PIECE
3. A SUMMARY SHOULD BE KEPT SHORT AND SIMPLE
4. USE YOUR OWN WORDS
5. KNOW THE MAIN IDEAS OR THE KEY INFORMRTIONAN IN WHAT YOU ARE SUMMARIZING
6. KEEP THE OBJECTIVITY
7. A SUMMARY MUST BE COMPREHENSIVE
8. A SUMMARY NEEDS TO BE CONCISE
9. COHERENCE IS A KEY FEATURE OF A GOOD SUMMARY

- scanning
- skimming
- to identify key ideas
- note-taking
- graphic organizers

When summarizing is useful?

Directions: Try to recall one of the novels or short stories you discussed in one of your previous lesson.
Then, on a separate sheet of paper, try to rewrite the story using your own words. And answer the
following questions below.

1. Did you find the retelling of the story difficult? Why or why not?
 I remember telling a friend an anime story called "Demon Slayer," and it wasn't difficult
since I applied the First, Then, Finally technique.
2. What strategies did you employ in order to retell the story? Did you find these strategies
helpful? Why or why not?
 To tell the story in my memory in a chronological and accurate manner, I employed the First,
Then, Finally technique. Because of how simple it is to implement the First, Then, Finally
strategy, I find it useful.
Objective
 define balanced/objective assessment or criticism of artwork
 identify the forms and structures of writing art criticism
 identify techniques in reviewing different art forms
 interpret the broader context and different types of art and write a balanced/objective review
or critique of pieces of work

OBJECTIVE/BALANCE REVIEW OR CRITIQUE OF A WORK OF

ART, AN EVENT OR A PROGRAM
What is balanced/objective review or criticism?
It is a system of interpreting, judging, and assessing a person, thing, or any work of art not influenced by
feeling and presenting acts

To have balanced/objective review of any piece of work, the following are considered:
1. Description
a. artwork
"What do you see?"
b. piece of writing

2. Analysis
a. artwork
b. piece of writing

The analysis constitutes the following: determination of subject matter, analysis of the principles of
design or composition, use of symbol and other elements, portrayal of movement and how it is
achieved, effect of medium, relationships of each part of the composition to the whole and to each
other part, and reaction to object.
3. Interpretation
a. artwork
b. piece of writing

Remember
You shouldn't make your interpretation too arbitrary.

4. Judgment
It answers the questions
Is it a good artwork?
Is it a good composition?

In judging the piece of work, there must be:

 Criteria
 Evidence
 Judgement
How to Critique Different Art Forms
1. Painting Critique
What school of painting does it belong to? Is it typical or unusual for this school?
E.g. Monet's Water Lilies is a typical Impressionist painting

Describe the way the artist applies paint. Are there broad paint strokes, small points of color, or just a
smooth surface? What effect does it help to achieve?
Van Gogh's broad-brush strokes help to create a sense of motion.

2. Sculpture Critique
Here are some things to pay attention to:
Say if the material gives a particular texture to the statue. Is the surface smooth, or is it uneven?

3. Architecture Critique
What architectural style does it belong to?

4. Photography Critique
Objectives:
 determine the ways a writer can elucidate on a concept
 define concept paper
 compare various kinds of concept paper
 present a novel concept or project
WAYS TO EXPLAIN A CONCEPT AND OF CONCEPT PAPER
A concept paper aims to clarify a concept which can be about any topic from any fields. It can also be a
short summary that tells the reader what the project is, why it is important, and how it will be carried
out.

2 Kinds of Concept Paper

1. Implicit
2. Explicit
TYPES OF CONCEPT PAPER
1. Academic Research concept paper
most common type and the one most people are familiar with
2. Advertising concept paper
Are usually written by the creative and concept teams in advertising F marketing agencies
3. Research Grant concept paper
This type of concept paper is most common in the academe and business world.

Research Paper vs Research Proposal

Parts of Concept Paper
 Title
 Introduction
 Purpose of the study
 Preliminary Literature Review
 Objectives of the study
 Research questions and Hypothesis
 Proposed Methodology
 Proposed Research Timeline
 References

HELPFUL TIPS
1. Find a research topic you are interested in.
2. Think of research questions that you want to answer in your project.
3. Formulate your research hypothesis
4. Plan out how you will achieve, analyze and present your data

Painting Critique
Sculpture Critique.
Architecture Critique.
Photography Critique.

Make your own criticism

Bahay by: Gary Granada
 EAPP (REVIEWER)
l. Multiple Choice
1. A ____ essay examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a literary work.
Literary Analysis
2. It is defined as critical, objective, specialized texts written by experts or professional in a given field
using formal language.
Academic Text
3. It is a book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate's research.
Dissertation
4. It is considered as an important feature of academic writing.
Structure
5. It is closely related to the introduction and is often described as it's mirror image.
Conclusions
6. It serves as visual representation of the principles and applications tackled in the chapter.
Picture
7. It provides a crucial information on how the science principle discussed in the lesson applied being
shown in the picture.
Caption
8. It provides a conceptual reference to what the pictures stand for.
Label
9. It provides the visual representation of the concept being discussed in the body of the lesson.
Illustration
10. The ___ are also indicated in the lesson opener.
Lesson objectives
11. The ___ marks the beginning of the discussion on a subtopic in the lesson.
Subtitle
12. It concludes language used in textbooks, in classrooms, on tests, and in each discipline. k
Academic Language
13. What are the three main parts of an essay?
The introduction, the body and the conclusion
14. An academic essay must use appropriate vocabulary words but too pretentious, highfalutin words.
Which among theses words is the simplified version of the term, "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious"?
extraordinary good; wonderful
15. Writing academic papers requires deliberate, thorough, and careful thought. Therefore, What
should one do to achieve a well- crafted academic essay?
One must conduct a research on the topic at hand

TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is in correct.
16. The use of personal pronouns such as l, you, and we are acceptable in academic writing.
FALSE
17. The conclusion is the section that summarizes the main points of the essay.
TRUE
18. A research paper contains background of the study, body, and recommendations.
TRUE
19. Like a textbook in the natural sciences, a social science textbook also has pictures in the unit opener.
TRUE
20. Guide questions are designed to help you understand how a science principle works in the real world
by asking for the results you obtained in the experiment and linking it with the theories and principles
behind it.
TRUE

Identification
Directions: Identify whether the given word/s can be an academic text or non- academic text. Write AT
for academic text and NAT for non- academic text.
21. Formal
AT
22. To entertain
NAT
23. Related Literature
AT
24. Contains slang and colloquialisms
NAT
25. Mass public
NAT
26. Subjective
NAT
27. Research paper, reports
AT
28. Diaries
AT
29. No fixed structure
NAT
30. Objective
NAT

Enumeration
Directions: List down the following.
31. Feature of Sample textbook of Social Sciences
1. The unit number and title
2. The first paragraph of the unit description
3. The picture
4. the lesson objectives
5. The first paragraph of the lesson
6. The subtitle
7. The body of the lesson. 32. Parts/Structure of an Essay k
Introduction, Body, Conclusion
33.2 Common structures of Academic Text
Three - part essay structure, IMRaD Structure
34. Characteristics of Academic Language
FORMAL IMPERSONAL PRECISE, OBJECTIVE
 EAPP (REVIEWER) 2
1. We use summarizing to:
reduce information to essential ideas
2. When summarizing, we want to unimportant information.
disregard
3. The main idea is
all the information provided
4. A ____is reducing text to one-third or one-quarter its original size, clearly articulating the author's
meaning, and retaining main ideas. -k
Summarizing
5. It is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper's potential
structure, and to further flesh out and develop points.
Outlining
6. It is a genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or concept.
Critique
7. This approach in writing a critique regards literature as "a unique form of human knowledge that
needs to be examined on its own terms.
Formalist
8. This approach "examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception
of literary works."
Gender Criticism
9. This approach "seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, intellectual
context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist's biography milieu." -
Historical
10. This refers to the internal organization of a text.
Text Structure
11. Leo is writing a story about native birds in Virginia. Which fact for outlining idea does not belong?
All of the above
12. When reading, Christy determines what she thinks will happen in the text, therefore, she is using
what reading strategy?
Predict
13. Feb creates mental images of the settings, characters, and events in the text she reads. What reading
strategy is that?
Visualize
14. This reading strategy is thinking about what you already know about the text and finding ways to
relate the text to yourself, other texts, and the world around you. What is it?
Connect
15. It is thinking about the text as a whole and forming opinions about what you read. What is this
Evaluate
16. Provides an overview of the lesson.
Summarizing
17. It is also known as time order and the structure is organized from one point time to another.
Chronological order
18. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information to support the thesis
statement and the claims of the paper.
Outlining
19. is used to support an argument, provide context for a paper's thesis, write literature reviews and
annotate a bibliography.
Thesis statement
20. It focuses on man's relationship to others in society, politics, religion, and business.
Sociological
21. It focused on how human behavior is determined by social, cultural and psychological structures.
Structuralism
22. It attempts "to describe what happens in the reader's mind while interpreting a text" and reflects
that reading, like writing, is a creative process.
Reader-Response Criticism
23. Like an essay, it uses a formal, academic writing style and has a clear structure, that is, an
introduction, body and conclusion.
Critique
24. It is the central point or thought the author wants to communicate with the readers.
Main idea
25. This text structure shows how two or more ideas or items are similar or different.
Compare-Contrast
26. (5) Different Approaches in Writing a Critique
Formalist, Gender Criticism, Feminist criticism, Historical, Reader-Response Criticism
27. (2) Common types of Outline
Topic Outline and Sentence Outline
28. (3) Common Text Structures
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, Cause Effect, Problem Solution
• Chronological order
• Compare & Contrast
• Sequence
• Exemplification/Classification
• Cause & Effect
• Description
• Problem & Solution
• Persuasion