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Physics Lab PBL Report

This document discusses an infrared sensor-based line following robot project created by three students. It provides an acknowledgment, abstract, list of components used, and sections on how infrared sensors work, their use in line following robots, their working principle, and applications. The project uses infrared sensors and an Arduino Uno microcontroller to build a robot that can follow a black line on the ground by detecting the difference between black and white areas using infrared light.

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Kamal Garg
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67 views7 pages

Physics Lab PBL Report

This document discusses an infrared sensor-based line following robot project created by three students. It provides an acknowledgment, abstract, list of components used, and sections on how infrared sensors work, their use in line following robots, their working principle, and applications. The project uses infrared sensors and an Arduino Uno microcontroller to build a robot that can follow a black line on the ground by detecting the difference between black and white areas using infrared light.

Uploaded by

Kamal Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
SECTOR 62, NOIDA, UTTAR
PRADESH

PHYSICS LAB-2 PROJECT BASED LEARNING REPORT


BATCH – B9
Topic: Infrared sensor

SUBMITTED BY
KAMAL GARG 21103231
RHYTHM SRIVASTAVA 21103234
SRISHTI GARG 21103227
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our profound and deep sense of
gratitude to Prof. SHIV PRASAD PUROHIT and Prof. RAKESH
KUMAR DWIVEDI, Department of Physics and Material
Science Engineering for motivating us to make such a project
and for sparing time to go through every tiny detail and give
his valuable suggestions to make this project and report a
success. We are mainly indebted to the authors of many
references and articles which were used as the reference.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our friends and
family for their help in every way for the success of this
project report
ABSTRACT
An infrared sensor (IR sensor) is a radiation-sensitive
optoelectronic component with a spectral sensitivity in the
infrared wavelength range 780 nm … 50 µm. Usually, in the
infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation. IR radiations are invisible to our eyes, but
this sensor can detect these radiations.
We have made a line following robot that runs on the black
line using 2 IR sensors on either side of the robot one for
directing left and other for right.

COMPONENT LIST
 INFRARED SENSOR
 ARDUINO-UNO
 MOTOR DRIVER L293D
 BREAD BOARD
 MOTORS-9V
 BATTERY-11.1 V
 TYRES
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC-LM7809
 JUMPER WIRES
 METAL CHASSIS
 CASTER WHEEL
 SWITCH
 HEAT SINK
INTRODUCTION
How ants always travel in a line, following an invisible route
in search of food, or back home. How on roads the lanes are
followed to avoid accidents and traffic jams. Ever thought
about a robot which follows line? A perfect or near perfect
mimic of nature? After all the purpose of robotics is to
recreate in terms of machines what one sees around to solve
a problem or fulfill a requirement. This line follower robot is
the prototype of robots for industrial use.

IR SENSORS
An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures
and detects infrared radiation in its surrounding
environment.
There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive.
Active infrared sensors both emit and detect infrared
radiation.
Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting diode (LED)
and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor,
the infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is
detected by the receiver. Active IR sensors act as proximity
sensors, and they are commonly used in obstacle detection
systems (such as in robots).
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors only detect infrared radiation
and do not emit it from an LED.
Infrared sensors either active or passive can be split into two
main types:
Thermal infrared sensors – use infrared energy as heat. Their
photosensitivity is independent of the wavelength being
detected. Thermal detectors do not require cooling but do
have slow response times and low detection capabilities.
Read more about Thermal Infrared Sensors here.
Quantum infrared sensors – provide higher detection
performance and faster response speed. Their
photosensitivity is dependent on wavelength. Quantum
detectors have to be cooled in order to obtain accurate
measurements.

An IR sensor consists of:


● IR LED
● IR Photodiode

IR Sensor in Line Following Robot


A Line Following Robot is an autonomous robot which is
able to follow a black line.
When IR sensor comes against the black tape no light will
reach the photo diode as black color is perfect absorber of
IR rays, this will help to distinguish between black and
white regions thus directing the robot to move along the
black line
Working Principle
An IR sensor consists of two parts, the emitter circuit and the
receiver circuit. This is collectively known as a photo-coupler
or an optocoupler.

The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR photodiode.


The IR photodiode is sensitive to the IR light emitted by an IR
LED. The photo-diode’s resistance and output voltage change
in proportion to the IR light received. This is the underlying
working principle of the IR sensor.

The type of incidence can be direct incidence or indirect


incidence. In direct incidence, the IR LED is placed in front of
a photodiode with no obstacle in between. In indirect
incidence, both the diodes are placed side by side with an
opaque object in front of the sensor. The light from the IR
LED hits the opaque surface and reflects back to the
photodiode.
APPLICATIONS

The demand of infrared and robotics technology is expanding


in wide range of applications and human activities, especially
in:
 Night Vision Devices
 Infrared Astronomy
 Manufacturing
 Medical Industry
 Defense
 Consumer Industries

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