ROAD CONSTRUCTION METHODS,

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS,
PROPER SUPERVISION, &
COMMON PROBLEMS AND SAFETY
MEASURES

PRESENTED BY:

ENGR. MARIA MICHELLE M. ROSAL-TAN, AAE

ENGINEER II, DPWH ROV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

1. DPWH STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS (BLUEBOOK) 4. PREPARATORY WORKS

2. ROAD DEFINITION AND

CLASSIFICATION 5. CONSTRUCTION METHODS

3. ROAD COMPONENTS 6. Q & A

 DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
- A set of specifications provided to serve as a standard reference material to be used in the
implementation of infrastructure projects in order to guarantee the highest quality of its
projects.
VOLUME TITLE

I REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT

II FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS

III FOR BUILDINGS, PORTS AND HARBORS, FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

IV PROJECT QUALITY ASSURANCE

 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
 ROAD DEFINITION

A thoroughfare, route or way on land between two places

that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel
by foot or some form of conveyance. It serves as medium
in transporting goods and commodities from one place to
another, and as communication link which brings economic
development to a nation.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
A. According to Usage
B. According to National Importance
C. According to its Surface Course
D. According to Traffic Volume
 A. ACCORDING TO USAGE
1. National Road

a. Primary National Road – it is the main highway trunk line system that is
continuous in extent that goes from province to province and region to
region.
PRIMARY NATIONAL ROAD
- Under the responsibility of national government thru DPWH, minimum
RROW of 20 meters.

- Directly connects major cities (at least around 100,000 people). Cities
within Metropolitan Areas are not covered by the criteria
b. Secondary National Road – it
connects a provincial road or national
road to a public wharf or railway
station
- Under the responsibility of
national government thru
DPWH, minimum RROW of
20 meters.

- Directly connects cities to

national primary roads, except
in Metropolitan Areas.
b. Tertiary National Road – Other existing roads
under DPWH which perform a local function.
 A. ACCORDING TO USAGE
2. Provincial Road
- It connects two municipalities or cities within a province.
- Under the responsibility of provincial government, minimum
RROW of 15 meters.
3. Municipal/City Road

- Roads that provide inter-barangay connections to major

municipal/city infrastructure without traversing provincial roads.
- Under the responsibility of provincial government, minimum
RROW of 10 meters.
 A. ACCORDING TO USAGE

4. Barangay Road
- It is a street located outside the poblacion area of a municipality or
urban area of a city and those outside industrial, commercial areas or
residential subdivisions.

- Under the responsibility of provincial government, minimum

RROW of 10 meters.
 A. ACCORDING TO USAGE

5. Expressways
- Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges; may
include facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or closed
system.
 B. ACCORDING TO NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
1. Major Roads
- They are frequently used by traffic and classified as National Roads or those
which are part of the highway system.

2. Minor Roads
- They are roads which is local in nature. It serves only the interest of the
locality such as a street. They are less frequently used by traffic.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STREET AND A HIGHWAY?

Highway – can accommodate greater traffic volume.

Street – serves as a service area connecting to highways.
 C. ACCORDING TO ITS SURFACE COURSE
1. Earth Road
- It is the “simplest form of road” constructed by shaping and smoothing the
natural soil traversed by the road line.
 C. ACCORDING TO ITS SURFACE COURSE
2. Gravel Road
- It is sometimes termed as an “all weather road” and are used to construct
Farm to Market Roads which serves to connect rural and agricultural areas to
market towns. They are constructed from natural gravel together with a
sufficient amount of good quality soil to serve as binder.
 C. ACCORDING TO ITS SURFACE COURSE
3. Asphalt Road/Asphalt Concrete Pavement
- It is frequently described as a “flexible pavement”. It is composed of hot-mix
combination of bituminous material, aggregates, mineral filler and hydrated
lime.
 C. ACCORDING TO ITS SURFACE COURSE
4. Concrete Road/Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

- It is sometimes termed as a “rigid pavement”. It is composed of cement, fine

and course aggregates and water to make concrete.
 C. ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC VOLUME
• For heavy traffic load.

• For medium traffic load.

• For light traffic load.

 MAIN ROAD COMPONENTS

• Subgrade
• Subbase and Base Course
• Surface Course
• Drainage and Slope Protection Structures
• Miscellaneous Structures
 SUBGRADE

• It is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed

local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
• It is compacted during construction for road stability.
 SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES

• These are individual stabilizing layers of selected material and

designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute the
load transmitted from the surface course.
 SURFACE COURSES

• It is the uppermost structural component of the roadway which

provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load.
• It provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable
durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from
penetrating into the subgrade.
 DRAINAGE
• It is located beneath or alongside the roadway used in collecting,
transporting, and disposing of surface water originating in or near the
road right-of-way.
• Types of Drainage can be lateral drainage such as U-shaped, V-
shaped lined canal (side ditch) or perforated drain canal.
It can also be transverse or cross drainage such as a box culvert or a pipe culvert.
 SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES
• It is constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the
slopes either above or below the elevation of the roadway.
 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
• These are other works that improve the usability and safety of a
particular roadway for both motorists and pedestrians.
 PREPARATORY WORKS

• Pre-Construction Conference
• As-Staked Survey
• Temporary Facilities
• Access and Detour Road
 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE

• A discussion of the project, on

the specifications, unusual
conditions, Contractor’s plan and
schedule of operation, and other
pertinent items is helpful to a
better job understanding in the
implementation of the project.
 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE

• The site for the project field office should be determined, as well as
the sites for storage of material and equipment.
 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE
The following is a list of discussion topics to be taken up during the
pre-construction conference:
Contract Administration
• Review of Contract Agreement – location, type, special problems or
design, right of way (ROW)
• Notice to Proceed, Start Date and Completion Date
• Pertinent Correspondence
• Major phases of the contract
• Detailed progress schedule outlining the manner of prosecution of
work intended to complete work
• Revisions
 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE

Contract Administration
• Work plans
• Field office and/or materials testing lab
• Special traffic problem
 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE

On Materials
• Certification requirement
• Testing Requirements
• Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
• Storage of materials
• Inspection and testing
 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE
On Safety and Traffic Control
• Contractors Safety and Health Program
• Discuss signs, barricades and lights: inspection and reports, repair
and compliance, special conditions and detours
• Explain the Traffic Control Plan (TCP) and its sequence during the
course of the contract
• Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
• Determine the contractor’s plans for implementing the TCP
 AS-STAKED SURVEY
Its Importance:
• It determines the actual
position of the road
structure based on the
plans.
• It helps in determining
what necessary deviation
should be undertaken
 TEMPORARY FACILITIES
(A) DPWH SIDE:
• Office, Quarters, and Laboratory for the Engineer
• Facilities for the Engineer
(A) CONTRACTOR’S SIDE:
• Field Office • Workmen’s Quarters
• Equipment Yard • Storage/Warehouse
• Fabrication Area/Shop
 TEMPORARY FACILITIES
• The Contractor shall provide and maintain field offices and testing
laboratories, including all the necessary electricity, water, drainage
and telephone services for the use of the Engineer and his staff.
• The offices and laboratories shall have at least the floor area
prescribed on the Plans and shall contain the equipment, supplies
and furnishings specified in the Contract
• The Contractor shall provide suitable utilities and services, such as
potable water, electricity, sewerage and security on a 24-hour basis.
The Contractor shall provide qualified and experienced laboratory
staff to carry out all the materials quality control and all the tests
specified in the Contract and required by the Engineer.
 ACCESS/DETOUR ROADS

• In planning the construction work, care must be taken to see that

alternative routes or temporary deviations are provided for traffic
using the route.

• Access to properties along the road, must be maintained at all times

and the works must be barricaded where necessary to protect any
passing traffic from accident
 ACCESS ROADS
• It is a road by which a job is
connected to the highway
system and is generally used
in connection with borrow
pits.
• It is built for each isolated
piece of job it services.
 DETOUR ROADS
• It diverts traffic from any existing
roadway whenever the construction
operations block the flow of traffic.
• They are to be maintained, so that they
will have sufficient durability to remain
in good condition and carry the required
traffic at any weather condition for the
entire duration that detour is required.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

PART I: EARTHWORK
• Item 100: Clearing and Grubbing
• Item 101: Removal of Structures and Obstructions
• Item 102: Excavation
• Item 103: Structure Excavation
• Item 104: Embankment
• Item 105: Subgrade Preparation
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

• It is the removal and disposal of all
surface objects along the roadway
prior to any earth-moving activity.

• It covers removal of materials above

the ground surface and removal of
embedded materials.
• It is necessary in shaping the ground
prior to the start of any excavation or
placing of embankment.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

TYPES:
• Clearing and Grubbing (with Stripping)
• Individual Removal of Trees
a. Small: Over 150 mm. to 900 mm Ø (Height of 1.40 meters)
b. Large: Over 900 mm. Ø (Height of 1.40 meters)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Disposal of Debris

The Contractor should coordinate with the Project Engineer regarding the
identification of sites for the disposal area, in compliance with the provisions
stated in the Environmental Clearance Certificate issued by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Equipment Requirements:
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m.)
• Pay Loader (1.50 cu.m.)
• Bulldozer (165.00 hp)
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Chainsaw
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Construction Procedures:

1. Construction limits/right-of-way limits shall be provided with stakes as

reference in determining the vertical/horizontal control.

2. Site visit to the disposal area shall be made by the Project Engineer and
Contractor prior to clearing and grubbing work.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Construction Procedures:

3.Trees that are selected for preservation must be protected, while trees that
are needed to be cut/balling shall be identified by the Project Engineer.

4. Scarify up to a depth of 150mm (6 inches) the existing roadway and

segregate the roots, stumps, and other unsuitable materials for proper disposal.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Construction Procedures:

5. For road carriageway, bulldozer shall be used to attain the maximum

efficiency, while the backhoe shall be used along the side ditches and/or edges
of the construction limit.

6. Haul the excavated materials to the designated approved disposal area or to

the stockpile of the contractor.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Construction Procedures:

7. Regular inspection shall be made by the Project Engineer on a daily basis to

monitor contractor’s compliance to Construction Safety and Health
Requirements (D.O. #135, series of 2015).

8. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe of the fill slopes or
beyond rounding of cut slopes for the entire length and provided it is within the
right-of-way limits of the project.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 100: CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Common Problems:

1. Issues with Facilities

2. Tree Obstacles
3. Buried Hazardous Materials
4. Water issues
5. Problems with Obtaining permits
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 101: REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

• It consists of the removal wholly or in part,
and satisfactory disposal of all structures
within the construction site and right-of-way
limit which are not designated or permitted
to remain.
• It shall also include the salvaging of
designated materials, and backfilling the
resulting trenches, holes, and pits.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 101: REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

Types:
• Existing Pavements
• Existing Drainage Structures
• Underground Waterlines
• Electrical Post and Lines
• Cable and Telephone Lines
• Residential Houses and Buildings
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 101: REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

Equipment Requirements:
• Backhoe with Breaker (0.80 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m.)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 101: REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

Construction Procedures:
1. Removal of obstructions both overhead and underground utilities shall
be undertaken simultaneously with the clearing and grubbing.
2. Overhead utilities shall be given priority that will obstruct temporary
bridges and detour roads.
3. The Project Engineer shall ensure that the Contractor complies with all
aspects of demolition operation.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

• It consists of roadway drainage and borrow
excavation, and the disposal of materials for
grading and draining the roadway.
• It also includes loading, hauling, and placing
the excavated materials from roadway cuts
to construct embankments or disposal to a
designated location.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

TYPES:

• Unsuitable Excavation
• Surplus Common Excavation
• Surplus Rock Excavation
• Surplus Unclassified Excavation
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Bulldozer (165.00 hp)

• Pay Loader (1.50 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m.)
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Pneumatic Drilling Machine
• Blasting Equipment and Accessories
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

1. Right-of-way limits must be provided with stakes.

2. Survey works must be conducted on the existing ground.
3. Excavate the roadway to the required elevation per approved plans.
4. If unsuitable materials are encountered, excavate the roadway up to the stable soil.
5. If surplus materials are encountered, haul the said materials to the designated approved
disposal area.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(1) – Unsuitable Excavation

• It is the removal and disposal of saturated mixture of soils and organic matter
such as peat and muck which are not suitable for road foundation materials
which can cause instability in embankments.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(1) – Unsuitable Excavation

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)

• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m. capacity)
• Minor Tool
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(1) – Unsuitable Excavation

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

1. Conduct survey works on the existing ground to compare the data as reflected in the
approved plans.
2. Excavate the roadway having unsuitable materials up to the stable soil condition.
3. Dispose/haul the said unsuitable materials to the designated/approved disposal area.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(2) – Surplus Common Excavation

• It refers to the excavation of common materials along the road traverse that
may be placed as fill or disposed as surplus.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(2) – Surplus Common Excavation

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)

• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m. capacity)
• Minor Tool
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(3) – Surplus Rock Excavation

• It is the digging on the ground along the road way traverse to remove
encountered rock to its designed elevation either for use as an embankment
or for hauling to a waste disposal/approved area.

• This consists of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which cannot be

excavated without blasting or the use of rippers.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(3) – Surplus Rock Excavation

Means of Excavating Rock:

• Thru Mechanical Ripping – if the rock is soft.
• Thru Controlled Blasting – if the rock is too hard
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(3) – Surplus Rock Excavation

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m. capacity)
• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)
• Drilling Machine
• Air Compressor (161-185 cfm)
• Blasting Equipment and Accessories
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(4) – Surplus Unclassified Excavation

• These are suitable materials excavated along the road traverse which are
disposed as excess in the formation of embankment sub-grade.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(4) – Surplus Unclassified Excavation

TYPES OF SURPLUS EXCAVATION:

• Surplus from Common Excavation
• Surplus from Rock Excavation
• Surplus from Unclassified Excavation
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 102: EXCAVATION

Item 102(4) – Surplus Unclassified Excavation

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• Bulldozer (D6H Series II PSDS/DD)
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m. capacity)
• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 103: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

• It is the excavation, removal, and

satisfactory disposal of all materials for the
foundation of bridges, culverts, underdrains,
and other structures.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 103: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

TYPES:

• Culvert Excavation
• Dry Excavation
• Wet Excavation
• Rock Excavation
• Bridge Excavation (Unclassified)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 103: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Dump Truck (10 cu.m. capacity)

• Backhoe with Breaker (0.80 cu.m.)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 103: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

1. Prior to structure excavation, all necessary clearing and grubbing shall

have been performed.
2. Check and review the plans.
3. Trenches for structures shall be excavated to the lines and grades or
elevations shown on the Plans.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 103: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

4. For Pipe Culverts: The width of the excavation shall be at least 300
mm greater than the horizontal outside diameter of the pipe.
5. Rock or other hard foundation materials shall be cleaned all loose
materials, and cut to a firm surface.
6. Foundation surface shall provide a firm foundation of uniform density
throughout the length of the culvert.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 104: EMBANKMENT

• It is the work or volume of material
necessary in the formation of embankment
roadway thru the use of suitable materials
which may be sourced along the road
traverse or borrow from an outside source.
• The materials are compacted to a specified
degree of compaction to form a stable
embankment.
TYPES:
1. From excavation
2. From borrow
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 104: EMBANKMENT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Motorized Road Grader (140.00 hp)

• Vibratory Roller (10.00 mt)
• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m.)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 104: EMBANKENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

1. Clearing and grubbing and subgrade preparation must be completed

prior to spreading of embankment materials.

2. Before the start of embankment works, cross section survey is

undertaken to represent the actual ground elevation and recorded in a field
book for ready reference.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 104: EMBANKENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

3. Spread the material in thin layers of 200 mm. (loose measurement) with
appropriate crown/cross slope to ensure proper draining of surface water
when it rains.

4. Compaction shall be done by rolling using a vibratory road roller with a

minimum weight of 10 tons.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 104: EMBANKENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

5. Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from the

sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall
continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to the number of
passes required where a minimum density of 95% is attained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 104: EMBANKENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

6. Conduct one group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT) for
each 500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to
meet the minimum 95% density, additional rolling shall be undertaken until
such time that the required compaction is obtained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 104: EMBANKENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

7. For saturated material, windrowing shall be undertaken and proceed with

rolling up to the desired compaction.

8. If the material is too dry, watering/sprinkling with water shall be

undertaken uniformly.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 104: EMBANKENT

Spreading and Compacting Field Density Test (FDT)

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BLUE TOPS?

Blue Tops are painted sticks

placed along the side of the
road traverse as guide and
reference in the elevation of the
different layering requirements
of the road project.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 105: SUBGRADE PREPARATION

• It is the portion of the earth roadbed which
receives and supports the subbase or base
course materials.

• It is the repeated operation of grading and

compacting the full width of the roadway
prior to undertaking any overlying structural
layers.
TYPES:
1. Cut Section
2. Fill Section
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 105: SUBGRADE PREPARATION

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Motorized Road Grader (140.00 hp)

• Vibratory Roller (10.00 mt)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 105: SUBGRADE PREPARATION
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:
1. Culverts, cross drains, ditches, drains and drainage outlets shall be
completed prior to the preparation of the subgrade.
2. The subgrade is constructed to the desired lines and grades in
accordance with the plans and cross-sections.
3. All undesirable materials such as roots, large rocks, etc. shall be
removed.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 105: SUBGRADE PREPARATION
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

4. The succeeding structural layers shall proceed immediately after the

preparation of the subgrade.
5. Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from the sides to
the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall continue until the
whole surface has been rolled up to the number of passes where a
minimum density of 95% is attained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
ITEM 105: SUBGRADE PREPARATION
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES:

6. Conduct one group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT) for
each 500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to
meet the minimum 95% density, additional rolling shall be undertaken until
such time that the required compaction is obtained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

PART II: SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

(Most Commonly Used Items of Work in DPWH Projects)

• Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course

• Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

• It is the structural sub-layer material of a roadway placed directly on top of
the sub-grade to provide a strong foundation to support the pavement.

• It accepts greater compressive strength than the subgrade.

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Motorized Road Grader (140.00 hp)

• Vibratory Roller (10.00 mt)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Check the subgrade, if it is already completed in accordance with the
plans and specifications before proceeding with the laying of subbase course
materials.
2. Provide blue-top at every 20 meters interval (marked staked) for
vertical control reference and to be placed along the side of the roadway
or permanent structures within the road traverse.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. Laying and spreading shall be done using a road grader on a prepared
subgrade in a quantity which will provide the required compacted thickness.

4. Appropriate crown slope/cross slope shall be maintained during

laying and spreading operation to ensure proper draining when rain occurs.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
5. Compaction shall be done using a vibratory road roller or tandem roller
with a minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum compacted thickness for
any layer shall not exceed 200 mm. (D.O. #. 70, Series of 2016).
6. No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operation shall be
done when it is raining or when the laid sub base course material is fully
saturated.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

7. Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from the sides

to the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall continue until
the whole surface has been rolled up to the number of passes where a
minimum density of 100% is attained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
8. Check the allowable tolerance for the completed sub base course material prior to the start
of the succeeding structural layer. The allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus
or minus 20 mm.
9. Conduct one group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT) for each 500 sq. m. or
fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum 100% density,
additional rolling shall be undertaken until such time that the required compaction is
obtained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 200: AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
9. For saturated sub base course material where 100% compaction cannot be
attained, windrowing of the laid sub base layer shall be undertaken and allow it to
dry up to its optimum moisture content, and proceed with rolling up to the desired
compaction.
10. If laid sub base course material is too dry, watering/sprinkling with water using
water truck shall be done uniformly so that the desired compaction will be achieved.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 201: AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

• In flexible pavement, it is the load-carrying portion and provides the
structural capacity to bituminous concrete slabs by carrying the load and
distributing it to the soil under the layers of asphalt concrete.
• The life and riding qualities of asphalt concrete surface depends directly on
the care exercised in the construction of aggregate base course.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK

ITEM 201: AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

• Motorized Road Grader (140.00 hp)

• Vibratory Roller (10.00 mt)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 201: AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Check the preparation of the existing surface if it is already
completed in accordance with the plans and specifications before
proceeding with the laying of base course material.
2. Laying and spreading shall be done using a road grader on a
prepared subgrade/subbase in a quantity which will provide the required
compacted thickness.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 201: AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

3. Appropriate crown slope/cross slope shall be maintain during laying

and spreading operation to ensure proper draining when rain occurs.

4. Compaction shall be done using a vibratory road roller or tandem roller

with a minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum compacted thickness for
any layer shall not exceed 200 mm. (D.O. #. 70, Series of 2016).
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 201: AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

5. Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from the sides

to the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall continue until
the whole surface has been rolled up to the number of passes where a
minimum density of 100% is attained.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

ITEM 201: AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
6. No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operations shall be done when it is raining
or when the laid base course material is fully saturated.
7. Conduct one group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT) for each 500 sq. m.
or fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum 100%
density, additional rolling shall be undertaken until such time that the required
compaction is obtained.
8. Check the allowable tolerance for the completed base course material. The allowable tolerance
for thickness of layer is plus or minus 10 mm.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE

COMMON QAU FINDINGS:

1. No/Insufficient Materials/needs re-shaping and compaction.
2. Oversized aggregates for Item 200/201.
3. Compaction of the base was done with forms already installed.
4. Base preparation was not extended to the road shoulder area.
5. Erosion and scouring of shoulders.
6. Insufficient dimensions of shoulders.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

PART III: SURFACE COURSES

(Most Commonly Used Items of Work in DPWH Projects)
• Item 300:Aggregate Surface Course
• Item 301:Bituminous Prime Coat
• Item 302:Bituminous Tack Coat
• Item 310:Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid
• Item 311:Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 300: AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE

• It is one of the predominantly granular materials
that are placed on the natural soil to serve as a
wearing course or a base for a relatively thin
flexible surface. This type of pavement
sometime referred to as the low cost road.
• It is made of granular base materials that is
dense-graded but has strict limits on the amount
of fine sand to increase strength and allow
drainage
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 300: AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE

Equipment Requirements

• Pneumatic Tire Roller (10 m.t.)

• Tandem Steel Roller (10.1 m.t.)
• Tamping Roller
• Vibratory Roller (10 m.t.)
• Water Truck/Pump (16000 L)
• Motorized Road Grader (140 hp)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 300: AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE

Construction Procedures
• Check the delivery of the material to the project site if it conforms to the required specifications
prior to its stockpiling and depositing at the road bed.
• Identify a trial section in order to attain data regarding the efficiency of the tamping/tandem and
vibratory roller and road grader.
• Stockpile the aggregate materials beside the proposed roadway.
• Push the aggregate materials stockpiled on the sides of the proposed roadway using motorized
road grader.
• Immediately conduct survey works to check compliance to the required elevation and alignment.
• Conduct FDT (Field Density Test) on the finished surface course to determine compliance to the
required denseness and thickness prior to placing subsequent courses or surface construction.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 301: BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT

➢ It is a thin bituminous material applied on a porous
base before laying a surface course. It serves to
stabilize the base material by plugging its capillary
voids.
➢ Minimum penetration requirement = 3.55 cm
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 301: BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT

TYPES:
• Rapid Curing (RC) Cut-back Asphalt, (Cold Climate)
• Medium Curing (MC) Cut-back Asphalt,
(Moderate/Warm Climate)

APPLICATION TEMPERATURE:32°C (min.) to 68°C

(max.)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 301: BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

• Asphalt Distributor, 10 ft. wide (5T)

• Power broom (2 m. wide)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 301: BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

1. Check the base, if it is already completed in accordance with the plans and specifications before
proceeding with the application of prime coat.
2. Apply the prime coat using asphalt distributor at a rate of 1 to 2 liters per square meter.
3. Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of at least 24 hours.
4. Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the edge of each side.
5. Observe the time of penetration after application. If the base absorbs all prime coat within 1 to
3 hours, reapply prime coat.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 302: BITUMINOUS TACK COAT

➢ As the name implies, it provides a “tacky”
surface applied on an existing road
pavement before the application of the hot
mix asphalt course.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 302: BITUMINOUS TACK COAT

TYPES:
• Rapid Curing (RC) Cut-back Asphalt
• Emulsified Asphalt

APPLICATION TEMPERATURE:10°C (min.) to 71°C

(max.)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 302: BITUMINOUS TACK COAT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

• Asphalt Distributor, 10 ft. wide (5T)

• Power broom (2 m. wide)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 302: BITUMINOUS TACK COAT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, the PE shall designate the beginning and ending points
of the area to be covered by each tack coat application and shall coordinate the timing of the tack coat and
the HMA paving.
2. Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, the surface shall be slightly sprayed/sprinkled with water
but not saturated.
3. Apply the tack coat using asphalt distributor at a rate of 0.2 to 0.7 liters per square meter.
4. Tack coat shall be left undisturbed for a few hours until “tacky”.
5. Traffic shall be kept off the tack coat at all times.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

➢ It refers to the mixture of bituminous material (5% to 8%)
and compacted mass of mineral aggregates (92% to 95%).
➢ The exact percentage to be used is established by the “Job
Mix Formula”
➢ APPLICATION TEMPERATURE: 107 °C (min.)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

• Asphalt Paver (80.00 hp)

• Pneumatic Tire Roller (10.00 mt)
• Tandem Steel Roller (10.00 mt)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Three (3) weeks prior to production, the contractor shall submit in
writing a “job-mix formula”.
2. Before placing the bituminous mixture (HMA), the existing surface shall
be cleaned of loose deleterious materials by means of brooming or air
compressor.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

3. The bituminous mixture (HMA) shall be spread and distributed to the

grade and elevation in accordance with the approved plans by means of an
Asphalt Paver over the entire width or partial width of the paving surface as
may be practicable.
4. The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer shall be offset that in the layer
immediately below approximately 15 cm.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

5. The joint in the top layer shall be at the center line of the
pavement if the roadway comprises of two (2) lanes.
6. Mechanical spreading shall be used on areas with irregularities or
unavoidable obstacles.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

7. The mixture shall be placed at a temperature not less than 107°C as measured in
the truck just prior to damping into the spreader. When tar is used, the mixture shall be
placed at between 66°C and 107°C.
8. Rolling/compaction shall begin at the sides and proceed longitudinally parallel toward the
road centerline, each trip overlapping one-half the roller width, gradually progressing to the
crown of the road. The speed of the roller shall not exceed 5 km per hour.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

9. The initial or breakdown compaction is done by a tandem-smooth-wheeled

roller (not less than 10 tons) while the final compaction and smoothing is done
by a pneumatic-tired roller (not less than 10 tons).
10. Rolling shall be continued until roller marks are eliminated and a minimum of 97 mass
percent of the density of the laboratory compacted specimens has been obtained.
(Tolerance of +/- 2%)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

11. For paving in abutting a previously placed lane, the longitudinal

joint shall be rolled first followed by the regular rolling procedure.
12. On super-elevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low side
and progresses to the high side overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel
to the center line.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

13. Shoulders are completed as soon as possible after completion of surface

course on any lane used by traffic.
14. Transverse joints shall be formed by cutting back on the previous run to
expose its full depth.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

13. Brush coat of bituminous material shall be used on contact surfaces of

transverse joints before additional mixture is placed against the
previously rolled material.
14. Samples of full depth, 150 mm. x 150 mm. or 100 mm. diameter
shall be taken from the finished pavement by saw or core drill for
thickness and density determinations.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

17. At least one (1), but not more than three (3) samples, shall be taken for each
full day’s operation.
18. No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphalt pavement
unless core test for thickness determination is conducted.
19. The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerance of -5 mm. Thickness in
excess of the specified thickness shall not be considered in the payment.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 310: BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT-LAID

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

COMMON QAU FINDINGS:

1. Deficient in thickness
2. Insufficient thermoplastic paint
3. Asphalt cores did not meet the required density
4. Bituminous mix did not meet the required asphalt content
5. Presence of reflection cracks
6. Rutting
7. Ravelling
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

➢ It is constructed by casting in place, on a prepared foundation, a concrete slab with
the top finished to provide a smooth and durable wearing surface for traffic.
➢ It is a mixture composed of Portland Cement, Fine Aggregates, Coarse Aggregates
and Water. The specific quantities of each component are determined in the
“Design Mix”.
➢ APPLICATION TEMPERATURE: 32°C (max.)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Conventional Method)

• Transit Mixer (5.00 cu.m.)

• Concrete Vibrator
• Batching Plant (30.00 cu.m.)
• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)
• Concrete Screeder (5.50 hp)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
• Bar Cutter, Single Phase
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Conventional Method)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Using Slip-Form Paver)

• Transit Mixer (5.00 cu.m.)

• Concrete Paver, Four-Track
• Batching Plant (30.00 cu.m.)
• Payloader (1.50 cu.m.)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
• Dump Truck (10.00 cu.m.)
• Bar Cutter, Single Phase
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Using Slip-Form Paver)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Department Order No.2 series of 2013

Use of Slip-Form Paver with built-in or separate

mechanical surface texture finisher (broom finisher)
on projects whose cost of Item 311 is Php 50 Million
and above, effective July 1, 2013.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Department Order No. 128 series of 2018

Amendment to D.O. 168 series of 2016, Exemption

on the Use of Slip-Form Paver in Concrete Pavement
Construction.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TYPES OF PAVEMENT:

• Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP) – this type of

pavement is also called “rigid pavement”.
• Asphalt Concrete Pavement – Flexible Pavement
ACP VS PCCP
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

RIGID PAVEMENT (PCCP) consists of three (3)
layers:

• Concrete Slab – made of reinforced on plain

concrete.
• Subbase - portion of the pavement structure
between the subgrade and the slab.
• Subgrade - bottom portion of the pavement
structure.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

COMPOSITION OF PCCP:

• Portland Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Coarse Aggregate
• Water
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Before concrete paving operation start considering that the road foundation are
properly prepared, check over the job to determine the adequacy of the following
details:
a. Condition of subbase or base course as to compaction and geometric control;
b. Working condition of major equipment such as concrete paver, concrete
batching plant, transit mixers, concrete vibrator and screeder;
c. Number and types of hand and finishing tools;
d. Provision for curing; and
e. Number of workers to place, finish and cure the concrete.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
2. The steel forms after setting to the correct
grade, it shall not deviate from the true
line by more than one (1) cm. at any
point.
3. During hot weather condition, steps shall
be taken to prevent the temperature of
mixed concrete from exceeding the
maximum temperature of 32°C.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

4. Concrete not in place within ninety (90) minutes from the

time the ingredients were charged into the mixing drum or that
has developed initial set shall not be used.

5. Concrete shall be deposited in such manner to require minimal

re-handling.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
6. Concrete shall be unloaded into an approved spreading
device (Height = 1.50 m., maximum) and mechanically
spread on the grade in such manner as to prevent segregation.
7. Workmen shall not be allowed to walk in the freshly mixed
concrete with boots or shoes coated with earth or foreign
substances.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
8. Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated
along faces of all forms by means of vibrators
inserted in the concrete in a vertical position.
9. Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in
contact with a joint assembly and the vibrator
shall not be operated longer than 15
seconds in any one location.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
10. Placing of concrete should be continuous. A construction joint shall be
required when there is an interruption of more than thirty (30)
minutes in the concreting operations.
11. Concrete finishing shall be done using a longitudinal float after the
concrete has been consolidated to remove excess water.
12. Brooming operation shall be executed that the corrugations produced in
the surface shall be uniform in appearance and not more than 1.50 mm.
in depth.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

13. As work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of

three (3) concrete beam test specimens, 150 mm. x 150 mm.
x 525 mm. shall be taken from each 330 sq. m. of pavement, 230
mm. depth, or fraction thereof placed each day.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
14. Curing of concrete shall be done for a period of 72 hours in accordance
with either one of the following methods:
a. Cotton or Burlap Mats
b. Waterproof Paper or Polyethylene Sheets
c. Earth or Straw Curing
d. Curing Compound
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
15. Steel forms shall remain in place undisturbed for not less than
twenty-four (24) hours after concrete pouring. Crowbars shall be
used in pulling out nails and pins but care shall be exercise not to break the
pavement edges.
16. Cutting of Contraction Joints/Weakened Plane Joints shall be done
within twenty-four (24) hours after concrete pouring using cooled
diamond edge saw blade. It shall be provided by sawing grooves in the surface
of the pavement with width not more than 6 mm. and depth of not less
than 50 mm.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
17. Joints shall be cleaned of all foreign materials and then sealed with
asphalt sealant/emulsion (using hot-poured joint filler or blown or
oxidized asphalt per D.O. # 91, series of 2016) soon after completion of
the curing period before the pavement is opened to traffic.
18. The newly poured concrete pavement shall be protected against rain
by means of covering materials, and protect against traffic by posting
warning signs, lights and signage.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
19. Acceptance of the concrete will be considered
satisfactory if the averages of all sets of three (3)
consecutive strength test results equals or
exceed the specified strength and no individual
strength test result is deficient by more than 15% of
the specified strength.
20. The concrete pavement will not be opened to traffic
until the test specimens molded and cured have
attained the minimum strength requirements.
21. The thickness of the pavement will be determined
by measurement of cores from the completed
pavement.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TIE BARS DOWEL BARS

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TYPES OF JOINTS:
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TYPES OF JOINTS:
• Longitudinal Joint

- If the lanes are concreted separately, a longitudinal construction joint in the form of a
key and keyway is used. Deformed Steel Tie Bars are placed perpendicular to this
joint. Tie bars shall not be coated or painted with asphalt or other material.
- Use tie bars (Deformed bars)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TYPES OF JOINTS:
• Expansion Joint

- It is usually from 19 to 25 mm wide and extend the full depth of the material until
sealed.
- Use dowel bars (Plain Round Bars)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TYPES OF JOINTS:
• Contraction Joint/Weakened Plane Joint

- If Contraction Joint or Weakened Plane Joint (WPJ) is not installed, random cracking
will occur. All joints shall be protected from the intrusion of injurious foreign material
until sealed.
- No reinforcement required.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

TYPES OF JOINTS:
• Construction Joint/Cold Joint:

- Constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting

operations.
- Placed at the contraction joint or within the middle third of the concrete block.
- Use dowel bars (Plain Round bars)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Department Order No. 32 series of 2016
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

➢ D.O. # 32, series of 2016 re: “Guidelines on the Use of Dowel

Bars in PCCP” using Dia. = 36 mm. / Length = 600 mm.
➢ D.O. # 40, series of 2014 re: “ Prescribing Minimum Design
Standard for PCCP
➢ D.O. # 137, series of 2014 re: “ Suspension of Application of
Dowels on Chairs as Prescribed in D.O. 40, series of 2014
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS:
1. The PE and the contractor shall conduct a
joint survey to confirm current conditions
and identify the PCCP slabs to be replaced.
Concrete reblocking should be done only
on pavements that are shattered, with
faulting of more than 10mm, or with
severe cracks.
2. The contractor shall remove
broken/deteriorated PCCP slabs in
accordance with the Plans, Specifications or
as directed by the Engineer.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS:
3. Spoils from demolished/excavated materials shall not be allowed to be
stockpiled at the sidewalk or part of the travelled roadway and shall be removed
immediately to prevent obstruction.
4. The subgrade and subbase course are prepared in accordance with the
specifications or as directed by the Engineer.
5. Existing tie bars on longitudinal joints are to be retained if these are still in
good condition.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS:
6. Dowels and tie bars shall be provided at transverse
construction joints and longitudinal joints, respectively. Holes
of at least 10mm diameter greater than the design dowel/tie
bar diameter shall be drilled on existing concrete pavement.
7. Install forms while the side surfaces of the existing PCCP shall be
free from loose concrete.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS:
8. Pour concrete; perform the required surface texturing, cutting and curing.
9. Thoroughly clean the joints and apply sealants adequately.
10. In the case of two-lane carriageways in non-urban areas and where no
detour road has been provided, breaking and restoration of pavement shall be
limited to one lane and not more than 100 meters in length at any one time.
In urban areas, breaking and restoration of pavement shall be limited to one
lane and not more than 50 meters in length at any one time. (Per D.O. No.
54 series of 2012)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS:

11. Adequate barricades and traffic warning signs shall be installed

and the working area shall be adequately illuminated at night
to warn motorists of on-going construction. Flagmen shall be
provided at each end of the closed section to direct counter flow
traffic.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 311: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

WIDENING OF PCCP PAVEMENT

Widening of PCCP pavement shall be constructed in accordance to Item

311 – PCCP. However, additional tie bars shall be drilled in the
adjacent existing pavement prior to concreting.
A MALPRACTICES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE
- Made by mixing cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates and admixtures (if
required).
- Its main properties are workability, cohesiveness, strength and durability.

Mixing Concrete
- Concrete may be mixed at the construction site or in a central-mix (batching)
plant.
- Time of delivery of concrete shall be monitored to avoid long intervals between
deliveries of concrete batches.

DPWH Blue Book Volume II, Item 311.3.7 Mixing Concrete

DPWH | Bureau of Research and Standards
A MALPRACTICES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Mixing Concrete

DPWH Blue Book Volume II, Item 311.3.7 Mixing Concrete

Never try to make the concrete mixture workable by just adding more
water because this lowers the strength and durability of concrete.

IMPROPER
DPWH | Bureau of Research and Standards
A MALPRACTICES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Concrete Testing
- Slump Test indicates the workability of concrete
- Compression/Flexural Strength Test measures the concrete strength in the
hardened state

Concrete Beam Samples

Conduct of Flexural Strength Test

DPWH | Bureau of Research and Standards
Conduct of Slump Test
A MALPRACTICES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Compaction of Concrete
- Concrete during and immediately after placing shall be thoroughly
compacted.
- Compaction shall be done by mechanical vibration.
- In no case shall the vibrator be operated longer than fifteen (15) seconds in
one location.

PROPER
IMPROPER

IMPROPER

DPWH | Bureau of Research and Standards

A MALPRACTICES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Transverse Construction Joints (Pavements)

- Constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operations.
- Constructed within the middle third (1.5 m to 3 m) measured from an expansion joint, contraction
joint or plane of weakness.

DPWH | Bureau of Research and Standards

A MALPRACTICES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Concrete Cutting (Pavement)

- Cutting at contraction joint / weakened plane joint is done within 24 hours after concrete
pouring.
- Made to control the shrinkage crack and to conceal them.

Delayed cutting of concrete contraction/weakened plane joint

Can result in random occurrence of cracks.

50 mm 50 mm
min. min.

DPWH | Bureau of Research and Standards

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

COMMON QAU FINDINGS:

1. Cutting of weakened plane joints did not follow the standard 4.50 m blocking/No
weakened plane joints
2. Presence of pockmarks.
3. Improper construction of weakened plane joints (defective weakened plane joints)
4. Asphalt sealants were not provided on weakened plane and longitudinal joints.
5. Chipping of edges at the exposed sides of the concrete pavement.
6. Honeycombs on the exposed side section of the concrete pavement
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES

COMMON QAU FINDINGS:

7. Scaling
8. Transverse cracks
9. Longitudinal cracks
10. Temperature, corner cracks
11. Construction joint at less than one-third (1/3) of the length of the pavement block.
12. Topping the fresh concrete surface with cement paste
13. Poor concrete surface finishing (improper brooming)
14. Shoulders were not constructed simultaneously with the pavement base.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

PART IV: DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES

• Item 500 – Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
• Item 505 – Riprap and Grouted Riprap
• Item 506 – Stone Masonry
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 500: PIPE CULVERT AND STORM DRAINS

➢ Provide adequate means of
channeling run-off and surface
water so as to prevent damage
either directly or indirectly.
➢ Intercept, collect and direct run-off
from the road, adjacent cuts and
embankment slopes.

TYPES :
➢ RCPC
➢ RCBC
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 500: PIPE CULVERT AND STORM DRAINS

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Plate Compactor (5.00 hp)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 500: PIPE CULVERT AND STORM DRAINS

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Trenches shall be excavated to a width sufficient to allow proper jointing of
the conduit and thorough compaction of the bedding and backfill materials
under and around the conduit.
2. The trench or streambed shall be shaped to fit the bottom of the
culvert.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 500: PIPE CULVERT AND STORM DRAINS

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. The conduit laying shall begin at the downstream end of the conduit
line. The lower segment of the conduit shall be in contact with the shaped
bedding throughout its full length. Pipes are usually laid with the bell and
female ends upstream.
4. Mortar proportion for collaring is 1:2 with enough water to obtain the
desired consistency. The collar shall form a continuous bead around the outside
of the pipe and finished smooth on the inside (flushed).
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 500: PIPE CULVERT AND STORM DRAINS

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
5. Suitable backfill materials shall be placed and compacted in layers not
exceeding 150 mm. (compacted) on both sides to an elevation 300 mm.
above the top of the conduit.
6. Compaction to the density of 95% shall be achieved using mechanical
tampers or any tamping equipment over the entire area of each layer.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 505: RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

➢ It is a type of slope protection using
boulders of specified size and
character which may be done with
or without grout.
➢ It holds in place embankment
slopes, cut slopes and other earth
surfaces that may either collapse or
be washed away by water.
TYPES :
➢ Dry Riprap
➢ Grouted Riprap
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 505: RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• One-Bagger Mixer
• Backhoe (Wheel Type, 0.28 cu.m)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 505: RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. The bed/trench for riprap shall be excavated to the required depths and properly
compacted, trimmed and shaped.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the first layer of stones/boulders
for the foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is bedded.
4. Each stone/boulder shall be laid with its longest axis perpendicular to the slope in
close contact with each adjacent stone/boulder.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 505: RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
5. The grouted riprap shall be thoroughly rammed into place as construction progresses
and the finished surface shall present an even, tight surface.
6. When grouted riprap is specified, the spaces between the stones shall then be filled
with cement mortar (1:3) throughout the thickness of the riprap. Sufficient mortar
shall be used to completely fill all voids, except that the face surface of the stones shall be
left exposed.
7. The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3) days.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 505: RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
5. The grouted riprap shall be thoroughly rammed into place as construction progresses
and the finished surface shall present an even, tight surface.
6. When grouted riprap is specified, the spaces between the stones shall then be filled
with cement mortar (1:3) throughout the thickness of the riprap. Sufficient mortar
shall be used to completely fill all voids, except that the face surface of the stones shall be
left exposed.
7. The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3) days.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 505: RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
8. All walls of the grouted riprap structure shall be provided with weep
holes. It shall be spaced at not more than two (2) meters center to
center in a staggered manner provided with filter cloth and
granular materials.
9. The length of the weep hole shall not be less than the thickness of
the walls of the grouted riprap structure.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 506: STONE MASONRY

➢ It is an structure that support soils
at slopes steeper than their angle of
repose.
➢ Due to resistance to earth pressure
derived from their own weight, they
are also known as “gravity walls”.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 506: STONE MASONRY

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• One-Bagger Mixer
• Backhoe (Wheel Type, 0.28 cu.m)
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 506: STONE MASONRY

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Excavate the trench to the required depth and/or at the stable foundation of the stone
masonry structure.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the first layer of stones/boulders for
the foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is bedded.
4. Each stone shall be laid with its longest faces horizontal in full beds of mortar, and
the joints shall be flushed with mortar (1:2).
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 506: STONE MASONRY

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
5. Provide weep holes, it shall be spaced at not more than two (2) meters center to
center in a staggered manner provided with filter cloth and granular materials.
6. Immediately after being laid, and while the mortar is fresh, all face stones shall be
thoroughly cleaned of mortar stains and shall be kept clean until the work is completed.
7. The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3) days.
8. Backfill the stone masonry when the mortar has gained sufficient strength.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

COMMON QAU FINDINGS:

1. Clogged/silted lined canal
2. Improper slope of lined canal & RC Pipe
3. Use of undersized rocks in rip-rapping works
4. Improper laying/placing of rocks
5. Washed out/damaged/collapsed section
6. Weep holes not provided at the riprapping works
7. Insufficient grouting
8. Cracks
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

COMMON QAU FINDINGS:

9. No foundation
10. Deficient in depth of foundation
11. Elevation of concrete pavement is much higher than the existing lined canal/rip-rap
12. No collar/inner mortar flashing
13. Improper positioning of pipes
14. Size of pipes not in accordance with plans.
15. Sub-standard reinforcements
17. Deficiencies in height/length
18. Height of cover of RCPC is not in accordance with specifications
19. Pipes have no tongue and groove
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

PART V: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

• Item 600: Curb and Gutter
• Item 601: Sidewalk
• Item 603: Guardrail
• Item 605: Road Signs
• Item 606: Pavement Markings
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 600: CURB AND GUTTER

- It serves to channel storm water to
inlets, catch basins, storm sewers
and ditches.
- It prevents surface water from
running off the edges of the
pavement between outlets or
accumulate on the road for the
proper drainage of the roadway.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 600: CURB AND GUTTER

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 600: CURB AND GUTTER

TYPES: (Per D.O. #62 series of 2013)
• PRE-CAST (Mandatory)
• CAST-IN-PLACE (Use Concrete Paver)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 600: CURB AND GUTTER

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• Boom Truck (2.00-5.00 mt)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 600: CURB AND GUTTER

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Excavation shall be made to the required depth and the base upon which
the curb and/or gutter is to be set shall be compacted to a firm and even
surface.
2. For precast, the precast concrete curb and gutter shall be set in 20
mm. of cement mortar (1:2) to the line level and grade as shown on
the approved plans.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 600: CURB AND GUTTER

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. The precast curb and gutter shall be 1.00 m. in length and shall be put
side by side consecutively with joint in between.
4. Joints in between shall be filled with cement mortar to the full section of the
curb and gutter.
5. Minor defects for both cast-in-place and precast shall be repaired with
mortar. Plastering shall not be permitted.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 601: SIDEWALK

➢ It is a concrete path along the side
of a road for pedestrians to walk on.
TYPES:
1. Asphalt Sidewalk
2. Concrete Sidewalk
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 601: SIDEWALK

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• One-Bagger Mixer
• Concrete Vibrator
• Water Truck (16,000 L)
• Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 601: SIDEWALK

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Excavation shall be made to the required depth and width required
that will permit the installation and bracing of forms.
2. For asphalt sidewalk, the prepared bed course shall be applied with
prime coat prior to application of the asphalt mixture (HMA) and then
compacted by rolling with a hand operated roller.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 601: SIDEWALK

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. For concrete sidewalk, all forms shall be staked securely in position at the
correct line and level prior to concreting. The surface shall be cut through to a
depth of 10mm with a trowel at intervals of 1.00 m.
4. D.O. # 62, series of 2013
• Expansion Joints every 36.00 m. (10 mm width, full depth)
• Saw Cut Joints every 1.50 m. (5 mm width, 40 mm deep)
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 603: GUARDRAIL

➢ It is installed to mark the limit of safe
travel and warn of danger beyond.
➢ It is used to restrain and guide an out-
of-control vehicle in a manner that will
cause the least damage and not create
undue hazard to other vehicles.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 603: GUARDRAIL

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
➢ One-Bagger Mixer
➢ Concrete Vibrator
➢ Water Truck (16,000 L)
➢ Cargo Truck (10.00 mt)
➢ Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 603: GUARDRAIL

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Posts shall be set vertically and where embedded in a
concrete foundation block, shall remain undisturbed for
a minimum of 48 hours.
2. Backfilling of the space around the post shall be done with
approved material in layers not exceeding 100 mm. and
each layer shall be moistened and thoroughly compacted.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 603: GUARDRAIL

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. Rail elements shall be erected in a manner resulting in a
smooth continuous installation. Bolts shall be of sufficient
length to extend beyond the nuts at least 5 mm. but not
more than 10 mm.

4. Check that the guardrail elements are lapped accordingly

so that the exposed ends will not face approaching traffic.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 603: GUARDRAIL

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 603: GUARDRAIL

 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

➢ These are signs erected at the side
of roads or above roads to give
instructions or provide information
to road users.
➢ It is the earliest traffic control device
used to guide the safe and orderly
movement of traffic.
TYPES:
1. Regulatory Sign
2. Warning Sign
3. Informative Sign
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• Cargo Truck (5.00 mt)
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

REGULATORY SIGNS
➢ Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if
disregarded, will constitute an offense.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

WARNING SIGNS
➢ Warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be
unexpected or hazardous.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

INFORMATIVE SIGNS
➢ Inform and advise road users of directions, distances, routes, the location of
services for road users, and points of interest.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Holes shall be excavated to the required depth to the
bottom of the concrete foundation as shown on the plans.
2. Backfilling shall be compacted in layers not exceeding
150 mm. in depth.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 605: ROAD SIGN

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. The posts shall be erected vertically in position inside the
formwork of the foundation block prior to the placing of concrete.
4. Any chipping or bending of the sign panels shall be
considered as sufficient cause to require replacement of the
panels at the Contractor’s expense.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 606/612: PAVEMENT MARKINGS/REFLECTORIZED THERMOPLASTIC

➢ It is an essential component of the

roadway for the guidance and
control of vehicles and pedestrians.
➢ It is used as a supplement to other
traffic control devices, such as traffic
signals and road signs.

TYPES:
1. Longitudinal
2. Transverse
3. Oblique
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 606: PAVEMENT MARKINGS

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
• Cargo Truck
• Applicator Machine
• Kneading Machine
• Minor Tools
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 606: PAVEMENT MARKINGS

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
1. Painting of lane markers and traffic strips shall include the cleaning of the
pavement surfaces, drying and protection of the paint coatings from
traffic.
2. Paint shall not be applied during rain or wet weather or when the air is
misty. Paint shall not be applied upon damp pavement surfaces, or upon
pavement which has absorbed heat sufficient to cause the paint to blister and
produce a porous film of paint.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

ITEM 606: PAVEMENT MARKINGS

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
3. The application of paint shall be carried out by a machine especially
made for this purpose.
4. (606) Traffic paint shall be applied to the pavement at the rate of 0.33
liters per square meter.
5. (612) The material shall readily extrude at a temperature of 211±7°C, to
produce a line 3.2 to 4.8 mm thick which shall be continuous and
uniform in shape having clear and sharp dimensions.
6. It must dry sufficiently to be free from cracking in from 15 to 30
minutes.
Road Maintenance Methods, Equipment
Requirements, Proper Supervision, Common
Problems and Safety Measures on Roads and
Bridges
Routine, Periodic & Preventive
Objectives:

• Differentiate various Types of Road Maintenance

• Discuss Road Maintenance Management System in
the Philippines
• Identify Road Maintenance Defects
• Enumerate Defects Rectification Works
Outline:

❖ Background
❖ Types of Maintenance (Routine, Periodic and
Preventive)
❖ Philippine Highway Maintenance Management
❖ Maintenance Implementation
❖ Monitoring and Evaluation
❖ Maintenance Operation
 1. Background

Roads serve as the blood line of the

country’s economic development and
growth, and it bring important social
benefits. It carries all the nation’s
resources, goods, services, products
and mobility of the people.
 1. Background

Well design roads signify nation’s

infrastructure capability in propelling
the country to move forward.
 1. Background

However, usage over time through

daily traffic, weather condition,
geographical locations, diastrophic
characteristics, etc. create
damaged to the pavement and start
to deteriorate.
 1. Background

A study by the World Bank, showed

that $ 45 billion invested in main
roads has been eroded over the
last 20 years through lack of
maintenance in 85 countries. This
loss could have been averted at a
cost of less than $12 billion.
 1. Background

In order to preserved the

nation’s infrastructure asset
integrity and maintain its good
functional condition, Road
Maintenance is necessary.
 1. Background

Road Maintenance refers to the process

and resources that are combined to
manage road condition and longevity of
the road assets. It also keeps a road
network and transport services operating.
Increasing demand from traffic will
require continued construction and
improvement of roads. (2013 ADB
Annual Evaluation Review).
 1. Background

Maintaining Road requirement defer

from one country to country and
from place to place. There is no
standard formula and program that
will cater road problems experience
by all Road Administrator
throughout the globe.
 1. Background

• Executive order 124, 1987

“the State shall maintain an

engineering and construction arm
…”

“the planning, design,

construction and maintenance
…”
 1. Background

Bureau of Maintenance

Duties:
Inspect, check, and monitor maintenance activities of
implementing field offices for the purpose of ensuring
that such activities are being conducted in accordance
with the current standards and policies of the Ministry;
 1. Background

Bureau of Maintenance
Objective:

• To reduce the rate of deterioration of government

infrastructure and prolong their service life
• To provide a safe and convenient road network
to all road users
• To reduce structure utilization cost by providing high
standards of serviceability
 1. Background

• DPWH is composed of 16
Regional Offices. Each RO has a
division, namely Maintenance Division,
that supervises the District Engineering
Offices (DEOs) performance with regard
to routine maintenance.
 1. Background

• The District Maintenance

Engineers (DME), and his/her
subordinates which include Engineers
and Foreman /Capataz, is responsible in
the maintenance and upkeeping of the
national roads within their jurisdiction.
 1. Background

• The Engineers and

Foreman/Capataz are also called
Maintenance Point Persons (MPPs),
with particular road sections assignment
covering approximately
20 km for urban areas and 40 km for
semi-urban to rural areas.
1. Background
Maintenance
Crew

Maintenance Foreman / Six to Eight Laborers

Capataz per Crew
 2. Types of Maintenance

A. Routine Maintenance

refers to maintenance activity regularly

performed throughout the year and includes
carriageway maintenance and roadside
maintenance.
It is the day-to-day work that is necessary to
preserve and keep a pavement close to an as-
constructed condition as possible.
 2. Types of Maintenance

B. Periodic Maintenance

refers to works more extensive than routine

maintenance and helps prevent: (a) undue
roadway deterioration (b) increased routine
maintenance and (C) vehicular accidents.
 2. Types of Maintenance

C. Preventive Maintenance

it is the work which is done to prevent

deterioration of a pavement to restore a
pavement to its as-constructed condition, thus
reducing the need for more substantial work
(Construction and Improvement).
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

A. Pavement Life Cycle

 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

B. Funding Source
Performance Budget
12 11
10
Allocation in Billion

10
8.3
8
6.6 6.7
6
4 4 4
4
2
2

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Fiscal Year
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

B. Funding Source
Special Trust Accounts % Distribution
A. Special Road Support Fund 80%
(SRSuf)
B. Special Road Safety Fund 7.5%
(SRSaF)
C. Special Local Road Fund (SLRF) 5.0%
D. Special Vehicle Pollution 7.5%
Control Fund (SVPCF)
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

C. Routine Maintenance

• Philippine Highway Maintenance

Management Manual 2014
• Pocketbook on Routine
Maintenance 2014
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

Philippine Highway
Maintenance Management
Manual (PHMM) 2014

Figure 1.1 Management System

Components
Functional Relationship
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

a. Planning serves to estimate the annual

work quantities, resource requirements and
standard costs needed to meet Department’s
objectives for roadway maintenance. The
Annual Maintenance Work
Program/Performance Budget documents
and communicates these objectives.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

Philippine Highway
Maintenance Management
Manual

SEPTEMBER
2014

REFERENCE MATERIAL
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

Maintenance Activities

OUTPUTS AND WORK

CATEGORIES
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
OUTPUT WORK CATEGORY NUMBER and NAME
10 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE
CARRIAGEWAY
11 REGRAVELLING
MAINTENANCE
12 BRIDGE and STRUCTURE MAINTENANCE

15 SHOULDER MAINTENANCE

16 DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
ROADSIDE
MAINTENANCE 17 VEGETATION CONTROL

18 TRAFFIC SERVICES MAINTENANCE

3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 10
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE

Pavement maintenance work category provides for

the normal care and attention of the carriageway
to maintain its structural integrity and
serviceability.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 10
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE
Activities on Unpaved Roads
• Activity 101-Manual Repair of Unpaved Road Surfaces
• Activity 102- Manual Patching of Unpaved Road Surfaces
• Activity 103- Machine Patching of Unpaved Roads Surfaces
• Activity 104- Machine Grading of unpaved Road Surfaces
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 10
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE
Activities on Asphalt Roads
• Activity 111-Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement
• Activity 112- Penetration Patching of Bituminous Pavement
• Activity 113- Sealing of Bituminous Pavement
• Activity 114- Replacement of Bituminous Pavement
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 10
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE
Activities on Concrete Roads
• Activity 121- Patching Concrete Pavement
• Activity 122- Crack and Joint Sealing of Concrete Pavement
• Activity 123- Replacement of Concrete Pavement
• Activity 171- Temporary Patching
• Activity 401- Initial response to Emergency Roads
• Activity 41x- Emergency Projects
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 11
REGRAVELLING

Re-gravelling work category provides for the

replacement of the surface course, and the base
course, on a graved road.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 11
REGRAVELLING
Activities on Unpaved Roads

• Activity 61X-Resurfacing Unpaved Road Surfaces

3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 12
BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE
Bridge and structure maintenance work category
provides for all work necessary to maintain the
structural condition and appearance of all bridges
and retaining walls.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 12
BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE MAINTENANCE
• Activity 151- Cleaning of Bridges
• Activity 152- Patching of Concrete Decks
• Activity 153- Repairs to Concrete Bridges
• Activity 154- Repairs to Steel Bridges
• Activity 155- Repairs to Bailey Bridges
• Activity 156- Repairs to Timber Bridges
• Activity 157- Clearing of Bridge Waterway
• Activity 402- Initial Responses to Emergencies-Bridges
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 15
SHOULDER MAINTENANCE

Shoulder maintenance work category provides for the normal care and
attention of existing road drainage to maintain its effectiveness, other than
works covered by the pavement maintenance category.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 15
Shoulder Maintenance

• Activity 131- Manual Repair of Unpaved Shoulders

• Activity 132- Manual Patching of Unpaved Shoulders
• Activity 133- Machine Grading of Unpaved Shoulders
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 16
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE

Drainage Maintenance work category provides for the normal

care and attention of existing road drainage to maintain its
effectiveness, other than works covered by the pavement
maintenance category.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 16
Drainage Maintenance

• Activity 141- Manual Ditch Cleaning

• Activity 142- Manual Inlet/Outlet Cleaning
• Activity 143- Culvert Line Cleaning
• Activity 144- Repair and or replacement of minor Drainage Structures
• Activity 145- Other Maintenance to Road Related Features
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 17
VEGETATION CONTROL

Vegetation control work category provides for the manual,

mechanical or chemical control of roadside vegetation, including
that on the berm, to preserve side drainage, sight distances and
aesthetic standards and to reduce fire hazards.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 17
Vegetation Control

• Activity 201- Vegetation Control

• Activity 202- Erosion Repair and Control of Roadsides
• Activity 209- Other Roadside Maintenance
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 18
TRAFFIC SERVICES MAINTENANCE

Traffic services maintenance work category provides for the

normal care and attention of road furniture that promote a safe
and efficient road system.
3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
Work Category 18
Traffic Services Maintenance

• Activity 301- Sign Maintenance

• Activity 302- Centerline and Lane Line Repainting
• Activity 303- Guardrail Maintenance
• Activity 304- Sight Distance Mowing and Clearing
• Activity 309- Other Traffic Services
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

a. Planning
“The National Highway Maintenance Fund shall be
apportioned to all districts and cities in the Philippines to be
determined on the basis of the sum of the total equivalent
maintenance kilometers of national highways supplied by
the basic maintenance cost per kilometer, of standard
equivalent maintenance kilometer, at current prices or
wages”
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

b. Scheduling functions in the short term to

identify maintenance needs and plan and
assign work.

• Identification and prioritization of

maintenance needs;
• preparation of prioritized quincenal
schedules; and
• work assignment
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

c. Directing consists of the actions

necessary to produce acceptable work
results after the work assignment is
received. A work assignment does not detail
every aspects of the work. Numerous
decisions must be made at the work site to
produce acceptable results.
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

d. Reporting serves to document

work results and to provide
information to managers in form
suitable for comparing actual with
planned performance.
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

d. Reporting

The third letter refers to the office in which

the forms originate:
D = District
R = Region
N = National (represented by BOM)
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

d. Reporting

The first digit identifies the frequency of

the report.
1 = Daily
2 = Monthly
3 = Quarterly
4 = Annually
5 = Special Event
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

e. Control procedures help identify

significant deviations from the plans
and standards and provide guidelines
needed to make corrections or
adjustment required to improve
performance.
 3. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

e. Control

• Operational Control
• System Control
 4. Maintenance Implementation

Maintenance by Administration (MBA)

Maintenance by Contract (MBC)
Performance Based Maintenance (PBM)
 4. Maintenance Implementation

Performance Based Maintenance - is a

new Performance-Based contracting
methodology that will encompass the
whole asset management. It is otherwise
known as Design, Build, Operate,
Maintain and Transfer (DBOMT)
 4. Maintenance Implementation

LONG TERM PERFORMANCE-BASED MAINTENANCE OF ROADS

- is a new concept designed to increase the efficiency and

effectiveness of road maintenance operations.
- it is a multi year contract which consists of three
components, namely,
a. Road and Bridge Performance Based Maintenance,
b. Preventive Maintenance
c. Maintenance Backlog Reduction
4. Maintenance Implementation

LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED MAINTENANCE

CONTRACTS (LTPBMC) OF THE JICA ASSISTED-ROAD-
UPGRADING & PRESERVATION PROJECT, ROAD
CLUSTER I
4. Performance Based Maintenance
TEAM NO. PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING LENGTH (KM)

MANILA NORTH RD
PBM-1, Section 1
1 Aringay – Santa, Vigan City
K243+063 to K389+000 145.937
4. Performance Based Maintenance
TEAM LENGTH
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING
NO. (KM)
MANILA NORTH RD
PBM-1, K389+000 to
2 Section 2 Santa, Vigan City to Laoag K485+123
96.123
City
4. Performance Based Maintenance
TEAM LENGTH
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING
NO. (KM)
DAANG MAHARLIKA
PBM-2,
3 Section 1 Sta. Rita to Cabanatuan
K038+732 to
K112+500
73.768

City
4. Performance Based Maintenance
TEAM LENGTH
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING
NO. (KM)
DAANG MAHARLIKA
PBM-2,
4 Section 2
Cabanatuan to Nueva Ecija/
Nueva Viscaya
K112+500 to
K208+000
95.500
4. Performance Based Maintenance
TEAM LENGTH
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING
NO. (KM)
DAANG MAHARLIKA

5 PBM-3 Sipocot-Baao Section,

Camarines Sur
K370+700 to
K480+180
109.480

Sipocot
K0370+700

Baao
K0480+146
4. Performance Based Maintenance
TEAM LENGTH
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING
NO. (KM)
DAANG MAHARLIKA

6 PBM-4 Surigao-Davao Rd, Lipata to

Bdry. Agusan del Norte
K1113+500 to
K1237+000
123.500
4. Performance Based Maintenance
PACKAGE PROJECT NAME AND LENGTH
STATIONING
NO. LOCATION (KM)

1 LM 2.1 MANILA NORTH RD K009+000 to

Monumento to 234.062
K243+062
Aringay Section, La Union
4. Performance Based Maintenance
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING LENGTH (KM)

K091+493 to
MANILA SOUTH RD

2
K248+660;
LM 2.2
Tiaong-Sta. Elena, Camarines Norte; 207.260
and Pagsanjan, Laguna to Tayabas- K091+600 to
Lucena, Quezon
K142+143
4. Performance Based Maintenance
LENGTH
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING
(KM)

3 LM 2.3 MINDORO EAST RD

Calapan to Dangay Port
K000+000 to
K127+740
127.740
4. Performance Based Maintenance
PACKAGE NO. PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION STATIONING LENGTH (KM)

4 LM 2.4 CATICLAN NATIONAL RD

Aklan/Capiz Boundary
K211+028 to
K322+730
111.702
5. Monitoring and Evaluation
D.O. 41, s. 2016
“Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and
Bridges
To further improve the maintenance service delivery to the
public and with the preservation of government infrastructure
assets being one of the main thrusts of the Department, the
herein Policy Guidelines on the Maintenance of National
Roads and Bridges is hereby prescribed for compliance of all
concerned.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation
D.O. 41, s. 2016 INSPECTION
AND
VALIDATION

MEMORANDUM
. POINT SYSTEM OF NON-
COMPLIANCE

EVALUATION JUSTIFICATION
 5. Monitoring and Evaluation
D.O. 41, s. 2016: Inspection and
Validation District Maintenance
Bureau of Maintenance Engineer
Inspector (DME)
(BOM)

Maintenance Regional
Point Person Maintenance Division
(MPP)
. Representative
(Reg’l. Rep.)

“TEAM”
❑The Team inspects all national roads
❑The Team will validate all noted defects after a given period of time.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation
Code Defects/Deficiencies Response Time
01 Potholes 3 days
02 Alligator Cracks 3 days
03 Major Scaling 30 days
04 Shoving and Corrugation 10 days
05 Pumping and Depression 30 days
06 No/Faded Road Markings 15 days
07 Low/Inverted Shoulder 7 days
08 Lush Vegetation 3 days
09 Clogged Drains 3 days
10 Open Manhole 10 days
11 No/Inadequate Sealant in Joints 3 days
12 Cracks 3 days
13 Ravelling 7 days
14 Unmaintained Road Signages 3 days
15 Unmaintained Bridges 3 days
CODE 01
POTHOLE
Code 01 – Bowl-Shaped Depression
Bowl-shaped depression in the pavement surface resulting from the
loss of wearing course or base materials.
Code 01 – Bowl-Shaped Depression
Bowl-shaped depression in the pavement surface resulting from the
loss of wearing course or base materials
Code 01 – Delamination
Loss of a discreet area of a wearing course layer due to poor bonding
between the surface and the lower layer.
Code 01 – Edge Break
Chipping or breaking occurs at the corner or edge side of the
pavement with depression or removal of pavement surface
Code 01 – Spalling
Breakdown or disintegration of slab surface at edges, joints, corners
or cracks (spalls≥ 50mm wide, measured from the face of the joint
or crack, with loss of material, or broken into two or more pieces)
Code 01 – Chuck-hole or Punch-Out
A depressed or broken part of a slab resulting from pavement
cracking or disintegration of concrete
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure
Time
/ Treatment

01 POTHOLES sq.m. 3 Days

Any of the following defects can be recorded under
Code 01: On bituminous
pavement, bituminous
Bowl-Shaped Depression in the pavement surface premix (hot) or
resulting from the loss of wearing course or base penetration patching of
materials; the affected area; adding
base materials, if
Delamination - loss of a discreet area of the wearing needed, is included if no
course layer, due to poor bonding between the surface subgrade repair is
and lower layer. required.

Slippage cracking - often occurs as a result of poor

bonding or adhesion between layers.
On concrete pavement,
Edge Break - edge of the bituminous surface is fretted, bituminous premix (hot)
broken or irregular. or penetration patching.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure
Time
/ Treatment
01 POTHOLES sq.m. 3 Days
Any of the following defects can be recorded under Code
01: On bituminous
pavement, bituminous
Spalling - breakdown or disintegration of slab surface at premix (hot) or
edges, joints, corners or cracks (spalls > 50mm wide, penetration patching of
measured from the face of the joint or crack, with loss of the affected area; adding
material, or broken into two or more pieces). base materials, if
needed, is included if no
Chuck-hole or Punch out, a depressed or broken part of subgrade repair is
a slab resulting from pavement cracking and disintegration required.
of concrete.

On concrete pavement,
bituminous premix (hot)
or penetration patching.
Causes of Potholes
• Inadequate Thickness
• Non-uniform distribution of materials
• Poor asphalt mixtures
• Poor Drainage
• Weak spots in the base or subgrade
• Continued deterioration of another type of distress,
such as cracking, raveling, or a failed patch after
pieces of the original pavement surface have been
dislodged
 CODE 02
ALLIGATOR CRACK
Code 02 – Alligator Crack
Interconnected or interlaced cracks forming a series of small polygons
resembling an alligator hide.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment

02 ALLIGATOR CRACKS sq.m. Bituminous premix (hot) or 3 Days

penetration patching;
adding base materials, if
Interconnected or interlaced cracks forming a series of
needed, is included if no
small polygons resembling an alligator hide.
subgrade repair is
required.
 CODE 03
MAJOR SCALING
Code 03 – Major Scaling
Deterioration of the upper concrete slab surface of more than 10mm
affecting the whole slab.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment

03 MAJOR SCALING sq.m. Re-blocking of Slabs 30 Days

Deterioration of the upper concrete slab surface of more

than 10mm affecting the whole slab.
 CODE 04
SHOVING AND CORRUGATION
Code 04 - Shoving
is the bulging of the road surface generally parallel to the direction of
traffic and/or horizontal displacement of surfacing materials, mainly in
the direction of traffic where braking or acceleration movement occur.
Code 04 - Corrugation
refers to transverse undulations, closely and regularly spaced, with
wavelengths of less than 2 meters.
Code 04 - Rutting
is a longitudinal deformation in a wheel path. May occur in one
or both wheel paths of a lane.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
04 SHOVING & CORRUGATION sq.m. Half or full width 10 Days
replacement of defective
pavement. Frequent
Shoving - bulging of the road surface generally parallel to recurrence of the defect in
the direction of traffic and/or horizontal displacement of a section must be
surfacing materials, mainly in the direction of traffic where investigated to determine a
braking or acceleration movement occur. more appropriate
intervention such as:
Corrugation - refers to transverse undulations, closely and
regularly spaced, with wavelength of less than 2 meters. (a) Program road section
for reconstruction;
Rutting - often occurs as a result of poor bonding or
adhesion between layers. (b) Based on engineering
judgment, consider
Depressions - localized area within the pavement with removal and
elevations lower than the surrounding area. May not be replacement of the
confined to wheel paths and could extend across several affected area.
wheel paths.
 CODE 05
PUMPING AND DEPRESSION
Code 05 - Pumping
seeping or ejection of water from beneath the pavement through
cracks causing rocking, faulting and slab cracking
Code 05 - Faulting
is the difference in elevation across a joint or crack creating a "step"
deformation
Code 05 – Slab Cracking
under this code refers to shattered slab
Code 05 – Depression
a dip in the pavement surface almost invariably across a crack or
joint.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
05 PUMPING AND DEPRESSION sq.m. Re-blocking / replacement 30 Days
of concrete pavement,
including base correction
Pumping - seeping or ejection of water from beneath the
pavement through cracks causing rocking, faulting and slab
cracking.

Faulting - is the difference in elevation across a joint or

crack creating a "step" deformation.

Slab Cracking under this code refers to shattered slab.

Depression - a dip in the pavement surface almost

invariably across a crack or joint.
 CODE 06
No/Faded Pavement Markings
Code 06-E (Edge Line)

No Edge Line

Faded Edge Line

Code 06-C (Center Line)

No Center Line
Code 06-Y (Yellow Line)

Faded Yellow
Lines
Code 06-Y (Yellow Box)

No Yellow
Box
Code 06-P (Pedestrian Lane)

Faded Pedestrian Lane

 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure
Time
/ Treatment
06 NO/FADED PAVEMENT MARKINGS l.m. Application or re- 15 Days
application of pavement
markings using
Absence of pavement markings or as visually assessed, less Thermoplastic Paint.
than 50% visibility; lane markings are classified into:

06-E - Edge Line Carriageway width >

6.10m must be provided
06-C - Center Line with Edge and Center
Line markings
06-Y - Yellow Line ( includes Yellow Box Lines in
major intersections with traffic light; Red
Box Lines for Metro Manila area) Repainting of Faded
Strips.
06-P - Pedestrian Lane (in schools, hospitals,
government offices and major intersections)
 CODE 07
Low/Inverted Shoulder
Code 07 – Low Shoulder
Code 07 – Inverted Shoulder
Code 07 – Vegetated Shoulder
Code 07 – Low Paved Shoulder
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment

07 LOW/INVERTED SHOULDERS l.m. Resurfacing or reshaping 7 Days

of unpaved shoulder;

This defect refers to the loss of or excess shouldering materials Reinstatement of dropped
resulting on shoulder level being lower or higher than the / settled shoulder
pavement level, which also include any of the following:
Provided that the shoulder
Lane-to Shoulder Drop-off - which is the difference in elevation is stable, grasses are
between the edge of slab and shoulder; typically occurs when the trimmed to a height that
outside shoulder settles. would allow water to drain
from the pavement
Uneven finished grade level - between an AC overlaid surface.
pavement and existing sealed shoulder.
For purposes of
Vegetated Shoulder- growth of grass on shoulders along minimizing danger,
secondary roads. provide lane-to-shoulder
transition
 CODE 08
Lush Vegetation
Code 08 – Lush Vegetation
Code 08 – Lush Vegetation
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
08 LUSH VEGETATION l.m. Vegetation control 3 Days

Growth of grass, weeds and shrubs or any kind of vegetation

from the side of the canal to the RROW limits reaching an
average height of 0.60 meters. This will include
trimming/pruning of trees in compliance with DO 93 s. 2014.
 CODE 09
Clogged Drains
Code 09 – Clogged Drains
Code 09 – Vegetated Canal
Code 08 – Silted Canal
Code 09 – Obstructed Canal
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
09 CLOGGED DRAINS l.m. 3 Days

Obstructed flow of surface run-offs in the drains due to

accumulated materials such as construction spoils, soil, Manual cleaning/de-
garbage, leaves, rocks, and etc. Any of the following defects are clogging of
covered under this code: canals/drainage culverts.

Silted/clogged line/barrel culverts, lined or unlined canals Repair damaged lined

canal / replace damaged
Damaged lined canal/culvert individual culvert pieces.

Obstructed ditches (lined or unlined) and inadequate flow Manual ditch cleaning
lines and reshaping of unlined
ditch.
 CODE 10
Open Manhole
Code 10 – Open Manhole
Code 10 – Open Manhole
Code 10 – Damaged Manhole Cover
Code 10 – Damaged Manhole Cover
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
10 OPEN MANHOLE no. 10 Days

Not limited to uncovered drainage manhole but also includes the

following defects/deficiencies on these structures: Repair damaged drainage
manhole covers &
Damaged curb inlets and missing gratings opening edges, curb
inlets, and drainage
Damaged drainage/manhole edges and covers gratings

Unlevelled/unfit drainage/manhole covers

Replace missing drainage
Missing drainage steel gratings manhole covers, curb
inlets/drainage gratings
 CODE 11
No/Inadequate Sealant in Joints
Code 11 – Insufficient Sealant in Joints
Code 11 – No Sealant in Joints
 Recommended
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure / Response Time
Treatment
11 NO/INADEQUATE SEALANT IN JOINTS no. Apply sealant on open and 3 Days
under sealed joints
CODE 12
Cracks
Code 12 – Transverse Crack
unconnected crack running transversely across the pavement/slab.
Code 12 – Longitudinal Cracks
crack running longitudinally along the pavement; can occur singly or
as a series of nearly parallel cracks.
Code 12 – Block Cracks
interconnected cracks forming a series of blocks approximately
rectangular in shape, commonly distributed over the full pavement.
Cell sizes are usually greater than 1m.
Code 12 – Corner Cracks
a crack extending diagonally from longitudinal edge to
transverse/weakened plane joint.
Code 12 – Diagonal Cracks
unconnected crack diagonally across a pavement/slab
Code 12 – Reflection Cracks
cracks on asphalt mirrored from the unsealed concrete weakened
plane joint and longitudinal joint.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
12 CRACKS l.m. 3 Days
Breaks on pavement occurring in variety of patterns ranging Seal working cracks with
from isolated single crack to an interconnected pattern extending asphalt sealant or
over the entire pavement surface. This defect includes the pressurized concrete
following crack types: epoxy.

Transverse Crack - unconnected crack running transversely

across the pavement/slab. For cracks on concrete,
consider cross-stitching
Longitudinal Crack - unconnected crack running longitudinally (Type 1: Staple tie bar or,
along the pavement; can occur singly or as a series of nearly Type 2 diagonal tie bar).
parallel cracks. See DO 4, s. 2006:
Interim Guidelines for the
Block Crack- interconnected cracks forming a series of blocks maintenance and
approximately rectangular in shape, commonly distributed over rehabilitation of
the full pavement. Cell sizes are usually greater than 1m. unreinforced concrete
roads.
Corner Crack - a crack extending diagonally from longitudinal
edge to transverse joint.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
12 CRACKS l.m. 3 Days
Seal working cracks with
asphalt sealant or
Corner Crack - a crack extending diagonally from longitudinal pressurized concrete
edge to transverse joint. epoxy.

Meandering Crack - unconnected irregular winding crack

usually singular For cracks on concrete,
consider cross-stitching
Reflection Cracks - cracks on asphalt mirrored from the (Type 1: Staple tie bar or,
unsealed concrete weakened plane joint Type 2 diagonal tie bar).
See DO 4, s. 2006:
Interim Guidelines for the
maintenance and
rehabilitation of
unreinforced concrete
roads.
CODE 13
Ravelling
Code 13 – Ravelling
Progressive disintegration of the pavement surface by loss of both
binder and aggregates.
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
13 RAVELLING sq.m. 7 Days
Removal/replacement or
Progressive disintegration of the pavement surface by loss of resealing of the affected
both binder and aggregates road section or if a large
area is affected,
monitoring to the period
of reconstruction.
 CODE 14
Unmaintained Road Signages
Code 14 – Vandalized Signage
Code 14 – Leaning Signage
Code 14 – Missing Signage
Code 14 – Not Facing Traffic Signage
Code 14 – Other Unmaintained Signages
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
14 UNMAINTAINED ROAD SIGNAGES no. 3 Days
Repair/replacement of
Broken, damaged, vandalized, leaning, and dirty traffic signages, broken /damaged or
comprising of Regulatory Signs, Warning Signs and Information vandalized signages;
Signs. cleaning of dirty signages.
 CODE 15
Unmaintained Bridges
Code 15 – Damaged Railings
Code 15 – Damaged Curb & Sidewalk
Code 15 – Cracking on Bridge Deck
Code 15 – Faded Bridge Paint & Bridge
Name
Code 15 – Obstructed Bridge Waterway
 Recommended
Response
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Corrective Measure /
Time
Treatment
15 UNMAINTAINED BRIDGES no. Cleaning of bridge deck 3 Days
Refers to any of the following commonly noted defects: and water drain; Repair
of damaged curbs,
Clogged bridge deck water drain sidewalk, wing wall, and
Accumulated sand, gravel, dirt and grass/weed on bridge railing; bridge
deck painting/repainting;
Damaged curbs, sidewalk, wing wall, railing installation of signages
No/faded bridge paint and bridge name and bridge name; and
Absence of regulatory sign / not in standard regulatory sign clearing of bridge
(load limit) waterway.
Obstruction on bridge waterway
Scaling, spalling and cracking on bridge deck Repair moderate to
severe spalling, scaling,
NOTE: It takes a minimum combination of two from the listed and cracking by full or
defects in order to classify a bridge as unmaintained. partial depth replacement
(includes concrete decks
with bituminous wearing
surface).
6. Operation

MAINTENANCE METHODS
6. Operation

Maintenance Operations on Gravel Roads

• Grading
• Scarifying and Reshaping
• Patching Potholes
• Regravelling
 6. Operation

Maintenance Operations on Asphalt Roads

• Resealing
• Resurfacing
• Selective Repairs
 6. Operation

Maintenance Operations on Asphalt Roads

• Grading
• Scarifying and Reshaping
• Patching Potholes
• Regravelling
 6. Operation

Maintenance Operations on Concrete Roads

• Resealing
• Re-blocking
• Selective Replacement
6. Operation

POTHOLE PATCHING
Causes of Potholes
• Inadequate Thickness
• Non Uniform distribution of
materials
• Poor asphalt mix
• Poor Drainage
6. Operation

Activity 111
PREMIX PATCHING ON ASPHALT SURFACE
PAVEMENT
Typical Crew Typical Equipment

• 1 Foreman • 1 Service Vehicle or Dump Truck

• 1 Driver • 1 Vibratory Plate Compactor (for
• 1 Operator(for additional base)
levelling) • 1 Road Roller
• 6 Laborers • 1 Torch/Burner (if required)
• Hand Tools
• Safety Devices
• PPE (Personal Protective
• Equipment)
Typical Materials

• Hot Mix or Cold Mix Asphalt

• Emulsified Asphalt or
• Cut-back Asphalt
• Base Course ( for additional base )
1. Placing Road Safety Devices
2. Removal of Water
3. Marking the Defective Area
4. Cutting and Breaking the Defective Area
5. Disposal of Excavated Materials
6. Applying Tack Coat/Prime Coat
Applying Tack Coat/Prime Coat
• Before applying tack coat, the surface must be
swept or flushed. The rate of application of either
the rapid curing cutback or the emulsified asphalt is
within the range of 0.2 to 0.7 liter per sq.m.

• Rate of application for prime coat is 1 to 2 liters

per sq.m
7. Placing the Mix
Placing the Mix
Things to consider:
• Materials to be used should be dense-graded asphalt
mixture with maximum grain size equal to or less than
19mm.
• Laying of asphalt mixture should be approx. 1cm higher
than the adjacent surroundings to give allowance for
settlement.
• When the depth of hole is more than 7cm, compact
mixtures in two layers.
8. Compacting the Mix
9. Cleaning of tools and Area
10. Removal of Safety Devices
“A simple act of righteousness can create an endless
ripples. . .”
THANK YOU. . .
Building Construction Methods,
Equipment Requirements,
Proper Supervision,
Common Problems and
Safety Measures

ARCH. RICARDO M. IBAY

ARCHITECT II,PDD
 SCOPE OF WORKS IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
PART A – FACILITIES FOR ENGINEER

PART B – OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

- MOBILIZATION
- SAFETY AND HEALTH

PART C – EARTHWORKS
Item 800 – Clearing and Grubbing
Item 801 – Removal of Structures and Obstructions
Item 803 – Structure Excavation
Item 804 – Embankment
Item 807 – Site Development

PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

Item 900 – Structural Concrete
Item 902 – Reinforcing Steel
Item 903 – Formworks and Falseworks
 SCOPE OF WORKS IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER CIVIL WORKS

Item 1000 - Termite Control Work
Item 1001 - Storm Drainage and Sewerage System
Item 1002 - Plumbing
Item 1003 - Carpentry and Joinery Works
Item 1004 - Hardware
Item 1005 - Steel Windows
Item 1006 - Steel Doors and Frames
Item 1007 - Aluminum Glass Doors
Item 1008 - Aluminum Glass Windows
Item 1009 - Jalousie Windows
Item 1010 - Wooden Doors and Windows
Item 1011 - Roll-Up Doors
Item 1012 - Glass and Glazing
Item 1014 - Pre-painted Metal Sheets
Item 1015 – Clay Roof Tile
Item 1016 – Waterproofing
 SCOPE OF WORKS IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER CIVIL WORKS

Item 1017 – Roof Drains and Strainers
Item 1018 – Ceramic and Granite Tiles
Item 1020 – Vinyl Floor Tiles
Item 1021 – Cement Floor Finish
Item 1026 - Pebble Washout Finish
Item 1027 - Cement Plaster Finish
Item 1030 – Acoustical Ceiling
Item 1031 – Acoustical Treatment
Item 1032 – Painting, Varnishing and Other Related Works
Item 1033 – Metal Deck
Item 1034 – Dampproofing
Item 1038 – Reflective Insulation
Item 1043 – PVC Doors and Frames
Item 1044 – Folding Door / Partition
 SCOPE OF WORKS IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER CIVIL WORKS

Item 1046 – Masonry Works
Item 1047 – Metal Structures

PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

Item 1100 – Conduits, Boxes and Fittings
Item 1101 – Wires, Cables and Wiring Devices
Item 1102 – Power Load Center, Switchgear and Panel Boards, an Other
Overcurrent Protection Devices
Item 1103 – Lighting Fixtures and Lamps
 SCOPE OF WORKS IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

PART G – MECHANICAL WORKS

Item 1200 – Air Conditioning and Ventilating System
Item 1201 – Water Pumping Station
Item 1202 – Automatic Water Sprinkler System
Item 1203 – Elevator System
Item 1208 – Fire Alarm System
 REFERENCE

• DPWH STD. SPECS., VOL. I, 1988, ED.

• DPWH STD.SPECS.,VOL.II, 2013 ED.
• DPWH STD.SPECS.,VOL.III, 2019 ED.
• OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS (AS AMENDED) by DOLE
 PART A – FACILITIES FOR ENGINEER

FIELD OFFICE, LABORATORIES AND LIVING QUARTERS

The Contractor shall construct field offices, laboratories and living quarters,
including all the necessary air conditioning, electricity, water, drainage and
security services for the use of the Engineer and his staff for 24 h a day or
provide the same rental basis until end of Contract. All offices, laboratories
and living quarters shall be ready for occupancy and use by the engineer
immediately for rental basis; or if to be constructed within 3 months upon
the commencement of the Works. Their location and final plan shall require
the approval of the Engineer prior to the start of construction.
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

MOBILIZATION
Is best described as the deployment of resources at the
project site. This also involves any work that is necessary
to provide access to the site including, but not limited to,
grading, clearing and grubbing.

MANPOWER EQUIPMENT MATERIALS

 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

MOBILIZATION

Application in DPWH Projects

Mobilization and demobilization shall be treated as a separate pay

items of works as prescribed in D.O. 197, Series of 2016 (Revised
Guidelines in the preparation of Approved Budget for the Contract
(ABC)). It shall be computed based on the equipment requirements of
the project stipulated in the proposal and contract booklet. In no case
shall mobilization and demobilization exceed 1% of the Estimated
Direct Cost of the civil works items.
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

MOBILIZATION

D.O. 159 Series of 2015 –

STANDARDIZATION OF PROJECT
DURATION FOR STANDARD DPWH
SCHOOL BUILDING PROJECTS
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

MOBILIZATION

D.O. 159 Series of 2015 –

STANDARDIZATION OF PROJECT
DURATION FOR STANDARD DPWH
SCHOOL BUILDING PROJECTS
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Occupational Safety and Health is the Promotion and maintenance of highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupation.
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
General Requirements
1. Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP) refers to a set of
detailed rules to cover the processes and practices that should be utilized
in a specific construction site in conformity with the Occupational Safety
and Health Standard (OSHS).
▪ Shall include but not limited to the following:
a. Composition of the Safety and Health personnel
b. Specific safety policies
c. Penalties and sanctions for violations
d. Frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing
and training all workers at the site
e. Manner or disposing waste
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
2. Construction Safety and Health Organization
2.A Safety Engineer/ Officer
 PART B – OTHER GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

2.B Health Personnel

2.C Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) & Devices
2.D Signages and Barricades
2.E Facilities
2.F Safety and Health Training
PART C - EARTHWORKS
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

-Involves clearing and grubbing,

excavation, backfilling and
gravel bedding of all structural
foundation footings for
columns, walls, stairs and other EARTHFILL
structural members.

-Also involves the embankment

of suitable materials to meet
EXCAVATION
the required elevation
established on the line and BACKFILL
grade of the building structure.

GRAVEL FILL
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

ITEM 800 – CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Application in DPWH Projects

All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other protruding obstructions,
not designated to remain, shall be cleared and/or grubbed, include mowed as required,
except as provided below:

1. Removal of undisturbed stumps and roots and nonperishable solid objects with
minimum depth of 1m below subgrade or slope of embankment will not be required.

2. In areas outside of the grading limits of cut and embankment areas, stumps and
nonperishable solid objects shall be cut off not more than 150mm above the ground
line or low water level.

3. Grubbing of pits, channel changes and ditches will be required only to the depth
necessitated by the proposed excavation within such area.
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

ITEM 801 – REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

This item shall consist of the removal wholly or in part, and satisfactory disposal of
all buildings, fences, structures, old pavements, abandoned pipe lines, and any other
obstructions which are not designated or permitted to remain, except for the obstructions
to be removed and disposed of under other items in the Contract. It shall also include the
salvaging of designated materials, and filling the resulting trenches, holes and pits.

ITEM 803 – STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

As applied to public works structures, this item shall consist of the necessary
excavation for foundation of buildings in reasonably close conformity with the plans or as
established by the engineer.
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

ITEM 804 – EMBANKMENT

This item shall consist of the construction of embankment using
suitable materials of various composition and compacted in accordance with the
specification and in conformity with the lines, grades, and dimensions shown on
the plans established by the engineer.

ITEM 807 – SITE DEVELOPMENT

This item shall consist of furnishing and installation of the complete site
development work consisting of earthworks, roadway, drainage and sewerage,
driveway/parking, turfing, planting, mowing, sanitary works (waterline),
electrical works (lighting works), delivery of materials and other labor necessary
for the completion of the project in accordance with the Plans and this
Specification.
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

General Requirements
1.1 Earth- Moving Equipment

Methodology
2.1 Construction Survey
2.2 Finding Grade Level
2.3 Setting Batterboards
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

Construction procedure and lay-out

1. Locate the boundaries of the construction site.
2. Clear the site of any obstructions.
3. Determine the building set back from the road line.

NYLON CHORD

BATTER BOARD

PLUMB BOB
STAKES

STAKING AND BATTER BOARD LAYOUT

 PART C- EARTHWORKS

4. Fix the intersections ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE

or corners at 90 1/2" x 4’ x 8’
PLYWOOD BOARD
degrees.

2” x 3”

BATTER BOARD
5. Verify the measure- 2” x 2”
STAKES
ment in the plan.
a) Center to Center,
b) Center to Outer Side a c
c) Outer to Outer side
d) Inside to inside. b d
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

Method on Layout and Staking with the Aid of Instrument

 PART C- EARTHWORKS

Method on Layout and Staking with the Aid of Instrument

Staking out is done before establishing the grade level. It begins with locating the lot lines.
Corners of the lot should normally be marked with stakes. Then, proceed:

1. Center and level the instrument (builder’s level / transit / total station) over the lot
corner stake. Measure the setback called for by local codes. Sight across to the opposite
corner stake.

2. Drive a 2 × 2 stake at the setback in line with the lot stakes. Use the transit or
builder’s level to check alignment. The vertical and horizontal crosshairs should center on
the top of the stake. Drive a nail on the top-center of the stake.

3. Place another stake at the correct setback for one side of the property line. You are
now ready to stake out the building lines.
 PART C- EARTHWORKS
Method on Layout and Staking with the Aid of Instrument
Staking Procedure
Staking out building lines requires two persons. When a builder’s level is used, the
second person will use a rod that must be plumbed along the line of sight. Since a transit
can pivot up and down, the second person uses a stake to locate corners along the
building line.
1. Attach a plumb bob to the center screw or hook on the underside of the instrument.
Some instruments have an optical plumb for zeroing in over a point. Shift the tripod
until the point of the plumb bob is directly over the point marking the corner of the
building lines. This is at point A on line AB, as shown in the figure.
2. Level the instrument before proceeding further. Recheck for plumb.
3. From point A (or station A), turn the telescope so the vertical crosshair is directly in
line with the edge of a stake or rod held at point B. When using a transit, sight the
telescope on the stake.
4. Use a measuring tape along line AB to locate distance to the corner. Drive a corner
stake at this point.
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

Quality Control
*For Clearing and Grubbing, Removal of Structures and obstructions, Structure
Excavation:

- If excavated materials are wasted, the volume involved shall be reported so

that Quality Control requirements may be adjusted accordingly.
*Submit Project Engineer Certificate of Waste

- If excavated materials are incorporated into the work:

*For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
*For every 150 mm layer in uncompacted depth:
1-D, Field Density Test
 PART C- EARTHWORKS

Quality Control
*For Embankment:

*For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:

1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI)
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
*For every 200 mm layer in uncompacted depth:
1-D, Field Density
PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

General Requirements
1.1 Foundation Works
1.2 Structural Concrete (Item 900)
• Cement
• Aggregates
• Water
• Admixture
1.3 Reinforcing Steel (Item 902)
1.4 Formworks and Scaffoldings (Item 903)
1.5 Storage of Materials
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

FOUNDATION WORKS

(2) main structures

Superstructure- the structural
elements above the ground.
Substructure-usually called the
“Foundation” which is the chief means of
supporting a building. They carry both
the dead load and the live loads and
their primary purpose is to transmit the
collective building loads to the
underlying soil or rocks.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

FOUNDATION WORKS
General Requirements
Considerations:
1. Check the foundation base or soil condition if it complies with the
boring data.
2. Check the depth if it complies with plans.
3. Check alignment and distances.
4. No footing shall rest on fill.
5. All footings and tie beams shall rest on a well compacted gravel bed
6. Back fill shall be place in layers at 200mm thk. and shall be
compacted to 95% Maximum Dry Density.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

FOUNDATION WORKS
Types of Building Foundation
2.2 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Strip Foundation Mat Foundation Isolated footing

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

FOUNDATION WORKS
Types of Building Foundation Driven Concrete Piles
2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION
Bored Piles

Micropiles
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

FOUNDATION WORKS
Types of Building Foundation
2.3 JET GROUTING
Ground stabilization procedure that works on plastic granular materials
using the principle of Ultra High Pressure Injection of Cement Grout
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

FOUNDATION WORKS
Quality Control
3.1 Pile integrity test

Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) Low Strain High Strain

Dynamic Testing Dynamic Testing
(Bearing)
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

1. Mixing and Delivery

Concrete may be mixed at the site of construction or at the batching plant.

Mixer Capacity Mixing Time

1.5m3 not less than 60 seconds
Greater than 1.5 m3 not less than 90 seconds

Delivery of concrete shall be timed and regulated to sustain continuous placing

unless there is delay in the actual placing operations. The intervals between
deliveries of batches shall not be so long allowing the concrete in place to harden
partially. In no case shall such gap exceed 30 minutes.
Retempering of concrete will not be permitted.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

2. Storage of Materials

Cement and aggregates shall be stored in such a manner as to prevent their

deterioration or the intrusion of foreign matter. Cement shall be stored,
immediately upon arrival on the site of the work, in substantial, waterproof
bodegas. The floor must be sufficiently elevated to deter dampness.
Aggregates shall be stored separately from other foreign materials.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Aggregate Tests
Samples of the fine and coarse aggregates to be used shall be selected by the
engineer for test at least 30 days before the start of the concreting operations.
No aggregates shall be used unless certified to have satisfactory passed all tests,
and a written authority has been served for their use.

Admixtures
Admixture Shall Conform to
Air-entraining admixtures ASTM C 260
Water-reducing admixture
Retarding
ASTM C 494.
Water-reducing/retarding
Water-reducing/accelerating
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

3. Conveying/ Transporting

Buckets or Hoppers Self-loading

Manual or Motor Propelled Buggies

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

3. Conveying/ Transporting

Chutes Pipes
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

3. Conveying/ Transporting

Conveyor Belt Concrete Pump

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

4. Depositing of Concrete
a. Column

Drop
Chute

Maximum
Drop Height

1.50 meter
or less

PROPER IMPROPER
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

b. Slab
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

c. Wall
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

5. Compaction of Concrete

Concrete during and immediately after placing shall be thoroughly compacted. Compaction
shall be done by mechanical vibration. The intensity of vibration shall be such as to visibly affect a
mass of concrete with a 3 cm slump over a radius of at least 50 cm.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

6. Construction Joints
Construction joints shall be made only as shown in the Plans or as called for in the pouring schedule,
unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. It shall be thoroughly cleaned of foreign matter and laitance.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 900 - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

7. Curing of Concrete

All newly placed concrete shall be cured in accordance with this

Specification unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. The
types of curing methods are the following:

1. Water Method
2. Curing Compound
3. Waterproof Membrane Method
4. Forms-in-Place Method
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

Steel is considered as an excellent partner of concrete in resisting tension and
compression. The design of reinforced concrete assumes that concrete and steel acts
together in carrying load in the state of simultaneous deformation.

1. ) Bar splicing
a. Tension Bar
b. Compression Bar

2. ) Bar Spacing
- shall not be less than the normal diameter of the bars or
40 mm for column, or as specified in the structural design notes.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

a. Splice location on suspended slab

b. Splice location for continuous beams

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

a. Splice location for cantilever beams

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

a. Splice location for columns

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

3. Concrete Protection For Reinforcement

Structure Minimum
cover (mm)
A. Footing, Footing Tie Beams 75 mm
B. Beams and Columns (to 40mm
stirrups and ties)
C. Walls, side of FTB (cast 40mm
against forms)
D. Suspended Slab 20mm
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

4. Details of Reinforcement

a. ) Standard Hooks
• 180 deg. Bend plus 4 bar diameter extension, but not less
than 65 mm at free end of bar.
• 90 deg. Bend plus 12 bar diameter extension at free end
of bar.
•For stirrup and tie hooks
A. 16mm bar and smaller, 90 deg. Bend plus 6 bar diameter at free of bar or
B. 20mm and 25mm bar, 90 deg. Bend plus 12 bar diameter extension at free end of bar or
C. 25mm bar and smaller, 135 deg. Bend plus 6 bar diameter at free end of bar, or
D. As specified in the structural design notes
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 902 - REINFORCING STEEL

5. Minimum Bend Diameter

MINIMUM DIAMETER OF BEND

Bar size Minimum Diameter
10mm to 25mm 5 bar diameter
28mm to 32mm 8 bar diameter
36mm 10 bar diameter

6. Bending

1. All reinforcements shall be bent cold, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer.

2. Reinforcement partially embedded in concrete shall not be field-bent except as shown in

the design drawings or as permitted by the engineer.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 903 – FORMWORKS AND FALSEWORKS

1. Formworks Construction

Concrete forms shall be mortar-tight, true to the dimensions, lines and grades
of the structure. They should have the sufficient strength, rigidity, shape and
surface smoothness.

Form fasteners consisting of form bolts, clamps or other devices shall be used
as necessary to prevent wrecking the forms during concrete placement. The
use of ties consisting of twisted wire loops to hold forms in position will not
be permitted.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 903 – FORMWORKS AND FALSEWORKS

2. Removal of Forms
Forms shall not be removed without the consent of the Engineer.
Minimum %
Minimum Time
Design Strength
Centering under girders,
14 days 80%
beams frames or arches
Floor slabs 14 days 70%
Walls 1 day 70%
Columns 2 days 70%
Sides of beams and all other
1 day 70%
vertical surfaces
Forms and falsework shall not be released from under the
concrete without first determining if the concrete has gained adequate
strength without regard to the time element. In the absence of strength
determination, the forms and falsework are to remain in place until
removal is permitted by the Engineer.
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 903 – FORMWORKS AND FALSEWORKS

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:
a) CONCRETE:
1. Design Mix
1.a Batching Plant – to be prepared by the Supplier
1.b Jobsite – to be prepared by the contractor
2. Conduct Trial Mix (reference only)
3. Submit Samples for:
3.a Portland Cement
1- Q (Quality Test) for every 2,000 bags or fraction thereof
3.b Fine Aggregates:
1- Q (Quality Test) for every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof
1- G (Grading Test) for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof
3.c Coarse Aggregate:
1- Q (Quality Test) for every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof
1- G (Grading Test) for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof
3.d Water:
1- Certificate from Project Engineer
 PART D – REINFORCED CONCRETE

ITEM 903 – FORMWORKS AND FALSEWORKS

Minimum Test Requirements:

3.e As work progresses, at least one (1) set of sample consisting of

three (3) concrete cylinder test specimens, shall be taken from
each class of concrete placed each day. Each set represents not
more than 75 cu. m of concrete. The age strength test shall be
28 days, or where specified.
PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER CIVIL WORKS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK
UPPER LOCATION:
-Are methods to prolong and protect WOOD PRESERVATION

wood products and structures from

termite infestation
Soil poisoning
A process wherein the soil is treated with
chemical solutions to control and prevent the
entry of termite into the structure

Wood preservation
LOWER LOCATION :
a process wherein the wood is also treated with SOIL POISONING
chemical solution and are applied directly either
external or internal on wood surfaces.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK

General Requirements

1.1 All labor, materials and equipment to be used in the completion of

the job shall be furnished by the pest control provider.

1.2 Product demo should be presented which includes product data and
methods of application

1.3 All work shall be done in the order of progress required by the
Owner’s construction program.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK

Treatment Procedures
2.1 Pre-Construction Treatment
2.1a Soil Treatment
Bottom surface and the sides
of the excavation made from
masonry foundations and
basements shall be treated
with termicide concentrate at
a rate of 5 L/ m2 surface area
or as specified by the product
data

Treatment for Foundation Pits

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK

Treatment Procedures

Treatments for Masonry Foundation,

Reinforced Concrete Foundation
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK
Treatment Procedures
2.2 Post- Construction Treatment
2.2. a Soil Treatment

▪ Cordoning Method
- When there is no visible evidence of
termite infestation

▪Drenching Method
- When the soil shows termite
infestation

Drenching Method along the

perimeter of the building
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK

Treatment Procedures 2.2. b Drilling Service

2.2 Post- Construction Treatment - Is done in order to treat the soil

under cemented floor slabs.

Termicide solution is injected through soil

injector using the power machine deep
under the surface to penetrate the hidden
areas susceptible to subterranean termites
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK 2.3a Pressure Treatment Method

Pressure treating is a process that

forces a chemical preservative deep
Treatment Procedures into the wood. The wood product is
placed into a humongous
cylindrical holding tank, and the tank is
depressurized to remove all air. The
tank is then filled with the preservative
under high pressure, forcing it deeply
into the wood. The tank is then drained
and the remaining preservative reused.
The wood is removed from the tank
and prepared for shipment to your
local lumberyard.

2.3b Non-pressure Treatment Method

- Hot-Cold Bath, Vacuum Process,
Pressure Treatment Method Double Diffusion, Cold Soaking,
Superficial Methods
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – TERMITE CONTROL WORK

QUALITY CONTROL

Minimum Test Requirements:

1- IR (Inspection Report for materials used)

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1001 – STORM, DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM
This Item shall consist of furnishing all materials, equipment and
labor for the complete installation of the storm drainage system
inclusive of all pipings, gutters, canals, catch basin, junction
boxes, handholes, manholes and other appurtenant structures,
as well as the sewerage system inclusive of all sanitary sewer
pipings and septic vaults where no public sewer exist, from the
building to the point of discharge.

Construction Requirements
a. Installation of Pipes
b. Sewer Connections and Clean-outs
c. Inspection and Quality Control
d. As-built drawings
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1001 – STORM, DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

1-IR (Inspection Report of materials used and if completed

conduct Pressure/Leak Test (PT)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1002 – PLUMBING

This Item shall consist of furnishing all materials, tools, equipment

and fixtures required as shown in the Plans for the satisfactory
performance of the entire plumbing system including installation in
accordance with the latest edition of the National Plumbing Code
and Specifications.

Material Requirements
a. Water supply pipes and fittings
b. Approved alternate pipe and fittings
c. Septic Tank
d. Plumbing fixtures and fittings
e. Roof Drains, Downspout
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1002 – PLUMBING

Construction Requirements
a. Installation of Soil, Waste, Drain and Vent Pipes
b. Water Pipes, Fittings and Connections
c. Inspection, Warranty Test and Disinfection
d. Drainage System Test
e. Water Test on System
f. As-built Drawings
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1002 – PLUMBING
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1002 – PLUMBING

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

1-IR (Inspection Report of materials used and if completed

conduct Pressure/Leak Test (PT)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
Requirements
Quality of Materials
All materials to be incorporated in the carpentry and joinery works shall be
of the quality specified in the approved plans and specification. Before
incorporation in the work, all materials shall have been inspected / accepted
by the Engineer or his authorized representative.

Storage and Protection of Materials

All materials under this item shall be protected from dampness or bad
weather conditions during and after delivery at the site. Materials shall be
delivered in advance of actual use and in adequate quantity to preclude delay
in the work. It shall be piled in orderly stack at least 150 mm above ground
and at a sheltered place where it will be of least obstruction to the work.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
DRY WALL PARTITION
Requirements
Shop Drawings
Shop drawings complete with essential dimensions and details of construction, as may be
required by the Engineer in connection with the carpentry and joinery work, shall be submitted
for approval before proceeding with the work.

Prior to enclosure of drywall partitions and ceiling, the following controls should be properly
complied:
a. Drywall Partition
1. Vertical and horizontal alignment
2. Material specification
3. Complete installation of Electro-mechanical rough-ins
4. Rigidly connected to the flooring, walls and at the bottom of the ceiling frames.
5. Appropriateness of tools to be used.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
DRY WALL PARTITION
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
DRY WALL PARTITION

Before Before

After After
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
CEILING
Requirements
1. Dimension and alignment of nailers/metal frames
2. Material specification
3. Complete installation of sanitary/plumbing and electro-
mechanical rough-ins
4. Properly anchored to the carrying metal channel/wood runner.
5. Complete installation of roof framing and roofing
6. Appropriateness of tools to be used.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
CEILING

Metal Furring Channel

Steel Stud
Furring
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
CEILING
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
LUMBER
Requirements WOOD DEFECTS

1. Well seasoned
2. Sawn straight
3. Sundried or kiln dried
4. Free from defects
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
LUMBER
WOOD JOINERY
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1003 – CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS

Quality Control

Minimum Test Requirements:

1-IR (Inspection Report for each material used)

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1004 – HARDWARE

Consist of furnishing and installing all building hardware required to:

1. Ensure rigidity on joint/connections of different parts of the structure.

2. Equip in a satisfactory operating condition parts of the structures such as:
• Doors
• Windows
• Cabinets
• Lockers
• Drawers
• Other similar operating parts
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1004 – HARDWARE
Requirements
ROUGH HARDWARE
Rough hardware shall be of standard
manufacture and shall be approved by a
recognized agency for the intended applications.
Unless otherwise indicated, hardware items shall
be steel, and hot-dip galvanized after fabrication. Nuts Anchor Bolts

Screws Nails Bolts Washers

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1004 – HARDWARE
Requirements
FINISHING HARDWARE
All finishing hardware shall be first-class quality
available locally and conforming with the Plans
and Specifications.

Door Knobs Handles

Hinges Door Closer Lockset Grab Bars

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1005 – STEEL WINDOWS

Installation

a. Steel windows
- shall be plumb set and true in the openings. The joints between the window
frame and masonry shall be carefully caulked. Windows shall be designed for glazing
from the outside with spring wire glazing clips and glazing putty.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1005 – STEEL WINDOWS

1. Steel Windows – Hot rolled and Hot Rolled Fire Rated (Fixed, Project-In, Project-Out,
Side Hung-Out or Side Hung-In)
2. Steel Windows – Cold-Formed and Cold Formed Fire Rated(Fixed, Project-In, Project-
Out, Side Hung-Out or Side Hung-In)
3. Casement Windows
4. Projected Windows
5. Awning Windows
6. Double and Single Hung Windows
7. Hardware
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1005 – STEEL WINDOWS

Awning

Fixed casement Projected

Hung
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1006 – STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES
Consists of furnishing and installing all fabricated steel doors and frames equipped with
fixing accessories and locking devices in accordance with the Plans and Specifications.

Material Requirements
All door cladding plates or panels shall be formed from gauge 20 cold-rolled, prime
quality steel. Frames shall be formed, from gauge 16 cold-rolled steel. The materials used
shall conform to the specification requirements of ASTM A505, Standard Specification for
Steel Sheet and Strip, Alloy, Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1006 – STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES
Hollow Steel Doors

1. Shall be custom built of size and

details as indicated on the Plans
and/or shop drawings
2. Cladding of doors shall be flush or
louver type
3. Doors shall be 44mm thick
4. Side hinged or overhead hung
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1006 – STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES
Grilled Doors

1. Shall be of flat, square or round

bars (wrought iron) as indicated on
the Plans framed on galvanized
black iron pipe or flat wrought iron
bars
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1006 – STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES
Fire Rated Exit Steel Door

1. Shall be swing-type
2. The assemblies such as the frame,
hardware and other accessories
shall be in accordance with
National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA)
3. Testing of fire rated doors shall be
in accordance with ASTM E119
(Standard Test Methods for Fire
Tests of Building Construction and
Materials)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1006 – STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES
Steel Louvers

1. Louvers shall be machine pressed

conforming to the size and design
indicated on the plans
2. Steel sheets shall meet the
requirement for (ASTM A505)
3. Rivets (ASTM B316M)
4. Heading Wire and Rods, screws,
bolts, nuts and washers (ASTM
B211)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1007 – ALUMINUM GLASS DOORS
Consist of furnishing all aluminum glass door materials, labor, tools and equipment
required in undertaking the proper installation in accordance with the Plans and
Specifications.
Material Requirements
1. Frame and panel members shall be fabricated from extruded aluminum sections true
to details with clean, straight, sharply defined profiles and free from defects
2. Screws, nuts, washers, bolts, rivets and other miscellaneous fastening devices shall
be made of non-corrosive materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, or other
material equivalent.
3. Hardware for fixing and locking devices shall be closely matched to the extruded
aluminum section and adaptable to the type and method of opening.
4. Vinyl weatherstrip shall be first class quality flexible vinyl forming an effective seal
and without adverse deformation when installed
5. Pile weather strip shall be silicon treated and free from residual wetting agents and
made of soft fine hair as on wool, fur, among others.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1007 – ALUMINUM GLASS DOORS
Common Types

Single Swing Double Swing Sliding

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1008 – ALUMINUM GLASS WINDOWS
Material Requirements
1. Frame and panel members shall be fabricated from extruded aluminum
section true to details with clean, straight, sharply defined profiles and free
from defects impairing strength or durability.
2. Extruded aluminum section shall conform to the specification
requirements defined in ASTM B211.
3. Hardware for fixing and locking device shall be closely matched to the
extruded aluminum section and adaptable to the type of method of
opening.
4. Weather strip shall be first class quality flexible vinyl forming an effective
seal and without adverse deformation when installed.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1008 – ALUMINUM GLASS WINDOWS
Common Types
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1009 – JALOUSIE WINDOWS
Material Requirements
Glass Jalousie Windows
1. Jalousie metal frames shall be temporarily fixed at the bottom and top
ends using wood screw.
2. Glass slats are lugged into the slat clips starting from way down and up
until the whole unit is entirely glazed.
3. Actual test the unit and make adjustments where required taking into
consideration that all units are properly aligned and satisfactory
operational.
4. Close the slat clips in a manner that the glasses are securely fixed.
Permanently fix all the units with wood screws.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1009 – JALOUSIE WINDOWS

Aluminum Frame – Glass Slats

Wooden Frame – Wood Slats

Aluminum Frame – Wood Slats

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1010 – WOODEN DOORS AND WINDOWS
Material Requirements

1. Lumber doors, windows jambs, and panels when required, shall be kiln-
dried with moisture content of not less than 14% and shall be of the specie
indicated in the Plans and/or specifications.
2. Plywood for hollow core flush doors shall be 3-ply, rotary cut, 6mm thick
ordinary plywood or as indicated in the plans.
3. Adhesives shall be water resistant resins and shall be non-staining.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1010 – WOODEN DOORS AND WINDOWS
Material Requirements

Fabrication
Wooden doors, including frames, shall be fabricated in accordance with the designs and sizes shown in
the Plans. The fabricated products shall be finished square, smoothly sanded and free from damage.

Installation

1. Frames shall be plumb set and squared in the concreting/masonry work, frameworking of walls or
building partitions.
2. Frames shall be plumb set and squared in the concreting/masonry work, frameworking of walls or
building partitions.
3. Locks of doors shall be fitted at the lock block, 1000 mm above the finished floor level. Locks shall
be installed in conformity with the templates and instructions supplied with the locksets
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1010 – WOODEN DOORS AND WINDOWS
WOODEN DOORS WOODEN WINDOWS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1010 – WOODEN DOORS AND WINDOWS
WOODEN DOORS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1010 – WOODEN DOORS AND WINDOWS

WOODEN DOORS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1011 – ROLL-UP DOORS
Material Requirements
1. Curtain – Shall be manufactures of interlocking
curved or flat slats, rolled from galvanized and
bonderized steel, aluminum or stainless steel.
2. Counter balance barrel assembly – shall include
spring barrel which serves as load carrying beam
encases counter balance mechanism and provide
axis around curtain coils.
3. Hood – Shall be manufactured from minimum of
0.60mm thick galvanized sheet metal
4. Bracket Plates – Shall be made of precisely formed
plate with permanently sealed ball bearings,
designed to enclose end of the curtain coil.
5. Guides/Wall Angles – Shall be fabricated from
structural steel angles or precision roll formed
channels and angles.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1012 – GLASS AND GLAZING

Material Requirements
1. A 6mm thick sheet glass of locally manufactured clear quality (unless otherwise
indicated on the plans as frosted) shall be used for the following:
a) Aluminum windows and doors, notwithstanding plate glass indicated elsewhere.
b) Jalousie window glass slats.
c) Fixed glass louvers
d) Glass panels for partitions and counter door panels, if any.
e) Sliding glass doors for cabinets.
3. All glass panels for cabinets, except sliding doors shall be of mm thick.
4. For Steel windows:
a) For areas not exceeding 0.609 sq.m., 3mm thick clear glass shall be used.
b) For areas exceeding 0.609 sq.m., 5mm thick clear glass shall be used.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS

Requirements
1. Corrugated / Rib type Pre-painted Galvanized Iron
Sheets
2. Roofing nails, fasteners, tekcrews and washers
3. Fabricated Metal Roofing Accessories, Ridge Roll, End
Flashing, Wall Flashing, Valley Roll and Gutter
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
CORRUGATED
Construction Requirements
A. Preparatory Works
Preparatory to the installation of the corrugated G.I. roofings, purlins should
have been placed and spaced properly to fit the length of the roofing sheets.
The top of the purlins should be at the same plane.
B. Installation of Roofing Sheets
Installation of Roofing sheets with end laps shall start at the lower part of
the roof. The sheets should have side laps of two-and-a-half (2-1/2)
corrugations. Succeeding upper rows of corrugated G.I. sheets shall be
installed in the same manner until the entire roof area is covered. Screw holes
shall be drilled using a 5 mm (13/64”) diameter bit. Sheets should be handled
carefully to prevent damage.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
CORRUGATED

Purlins
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
CORRUGATED
a. Lay-outing
In laying out the placement for
the J-Bolts, make sure that it will
be aligned near enough to the
lip of the purlin avoiding it to be
drilled when making holes. A
guide chord may be stretched
out from end to end of the
purlin to establish alignment.
b. Drilling

After lay outing, drilling points

should be located at the crown every
two other corrugations of the
roofing material (G.I. Sheet)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
c. Installation
CORRUGATED
In the installation of J-Bolt, two (2)
manpower is required to work
concurrently. One will insert the bolt
through the hole from the indoor
and the other will fasten the nut out
door.

Before fastening the nut, fit a

neoprene gasket then a washer
bigger than the gasket.

In fastening the nut, a nut driver

must be used with precautious
control on the gun to avoid warping
of the G.I. Sheet.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
CORRUGATED
a. Lay-outing
In laying out the placement for
the J-Bolts, make sure that it will
be aligned near enough to the
lip of the purlin avoiding it to be
drilled when making holes. A
guide chord may be stretched
out from end to end of the
purlin to establish alignment.
b. Drilling

After lay outing, drilling points

should be located at the crown every
two other corrugations of the
roofing material (G.I. Sheet)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
C. Installation of Roofing Accessories

a) Ridge and Hip Rolls

Ridge and hip rolls shall lap at least 250mm over the roofing
sheets and, together, shall be riveted at every second
corrugation.

b) Valleys
Valleys shall lap at least 450 mm each way under the roofing
sheets and shall be secured to the framework with
galvanized nails. The nails are placed below the roofing
sheets. Rivets along the side of the valley shall be fastened
at every second corrugation.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS
c) Flashing
Flashing, of gauge 26 plain G.I. sheets, unless otherwise specified, shall be installed
along intersections of roofs and concrete or masonry walls. Flashing running parallel to
sheet corrugations must have its edge turned down. Flashing across sheet corrugations
or at an angle thereto, shall lap at least 250 mm and the edge of flashing turned down at
each corrugation.
d) Gutters
Gutters, of gauge 24 plain G.I. sheets, shall be fabricated to the shape and dimensions
indicated in the Plans. Gutter joints shall be flat seam folded in the direction of flow and
soldered evenly. Gutter shall be attached to fascia board with appropriate nails or screws
spaced of not more than 900 mm on centers. As additional support, gutters shall have
plain G.I. strap hangers 25 mm wide fastened to the roof nailers and shall be spaced at
not more than 900 mm on centers.
The gutter shall be installed with a pitch of 1 in 100 sloped toward the downspout.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1014 – PREPAINTED METAL SHEETS

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

1- Q (Quality Test for each type of Roofing Sheets)

1- IR (Inspection Report for other materials not required for
testing)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1015 – CLAY ROOF TILE
Materials Requirements
1. Tiles shall be manufactured from red clay specie, moulded to custom tile
patterns.
2. Tiles shall be kilned to improve natural aesthetic appearance and
resistance to erosion and withstand any climatic condition in the tropics.
3. Tiles shall be free of defects, deficiencies, or bloating.
4. Exposed tile surface shall be free of chippage or other imperfections
detracting from appearance when viewed by an observer with normal
vision.
5. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller, a
delivery of tiles shall contain not less than 95% whole tiles.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1015 – CLAY ROOF TILE
Materials Requirements
SHEATHING
- Shall be strong enough to support the required loads between rafters.

1. Corrugated G.I subroofing – shall be 0.50mm thick, long span.

2. Plywood Sheathing – when used instead of G.I., shall be 12mm thick marine plywood treated
with two (2) piles of felt paper, asphalt impregnated.

WOOD BATTEN – shall be 25mmx50mm pressure treated lumber properly laid to fit clay rood tiles
and accessories.

FASTENERS – shall be manufactures from non-corrosive materials. Nails shall have large head with
sufficient length to give at least 19mm penetration on wood battens.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1015 – CLAY ROOF TILE
Materials Requirements
HIPS AND RIDGES – shall be from
50mmx75mm to 50mmx150mm, set on
edge to hold the trim tiles in an even
plane.

UNDERLAYMENT – shall be an asphalt-

saturated roofing material covering all
area below the tile clay cover.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1016 – WATERPROOFING

A. Types of Waterproofing

Cement-base Waterproofing

Cement-base waterproofing powder mix shall be cement-base,

aggregate type, heavy duty, water-proof coating for reinforced
concrete surface and masonry exposed to water. The aggregates are
graded and sized so as to mesh perfectly and are selected for purity,
hardness, strength and are non-metallic. When mixed with other
ingredients, they are free flowing, water-proof coatings that possess
strength, durability and density.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1016 – WATERPROOFING

A. Types of Waterproofing
Membrane Waterproofing

Primer shall be of asphalt cold applied free from water and

other foreign matters, and shall conform to the specifications
requirement defined in ASTM D-41.

Built-up membranes shall be made of smoothly woven fibers

that are impervious to acid, heat, dampness and totting. They
should permit complete penetration of asphalt compound or
bituminous coating in the woven glass fiber.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1016 – WATERPROOFING

A. Types of Waterproofing
Liquid Waterproofing

Alternate material shall be elastomeric or other

substance applied in liquid form and cured to an
impervious membrane.

B. Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

1-IR (Inspection Report of materials used and if

completed conduct Flood Test)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1017 – ROOF DRAINS AND STRAINERS
Materials Requirements
Roof drains shall be installed at low points of the roof and shall be adequate in size to
discharge all tributary run-off.

STRAINERS – shall have an available inlet area, of not less than one and one-half
times the area of the conductor or leader to which the drain is connected.

FLAT DECKS – Rood drain strainers for use on flat decks that are normally serviced and
maintained shall comply with the aforementioned or shall be of the flat-surface type.

ROOF DRAIN FLASHINGS – the connection between roofs and roof drains which pass
through the roof and into the interior of the building shall be water tight by the use of
approved flashing material.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES
Requirements
CERAMIC TILES
Material Requirements
a. Glazed Tiles and Trims
b. Unglazed Tiles
c. Trims
d. Accessories
e. Cement
f. Sand
g. Lime
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES
Construction Requirements
A. Surface Preparation

The surface where the tile is laid must be level, true to elevation, dry, and
free from dirt, oil and other sediments. Allow at least seven days curing of the scratch
coat and setting bed.

On masonry or concrete surface, first apply a thin coat with pressure, then
bring it out sufficiently to a thickness not less than 10mm at any point to compensate
for the major irregularities of the surface.

Evenly rate the scratch coat to provide good mechanical key before the
mortar mix has fully hardened.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES
Construction Requirements
B. Installation Procedure
• Before the tile is applied the floor surface shall be tested for levelness or uniformity of slope by
flooding it with water.
• Ceramic tiles shall be soaked in clean water prior to
installation for a minimum duration of one hour.
• Determine and mark the layout of ceramic tiles, joint location and position of trims and fixtures
so as to minimize the incidence of a tile being cut less than one half of its size.
• All lines shall be kept straight and true to profiles, plumbed and internal corners rounded using
the appropriate trims.
• Pitch the floor to drain as shown in the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.
C. Grouting and Pointing - Tiles shall have been laid in place for at least 24 hours before grouting of
the joints is started
D. Cleaning
E. Protection from Construction Dirt
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES

Methods
Ceramic Wall Tiles

1. Layout

2. Apply a bond coat mix (Tile Adhesive) 3. Lay tiles true to profile 4. Keep straight w/ tile spacer
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES

Methods
Vitrified Unglazed
Floor Tiles
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES

Methods

C. Grouting and Pointing

Tiles shall have been laid in place for at
least 24 hours before grouting of the
joints is started

D. Cleaning

E. Protection from Construction Dirt

Grouting and Pointing
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1018 – CERAMIC AND GRANITE TILES

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

b) Tile Finish
- IR (Inspection Report for each type of material used)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1020 – VINYL FLOOR TILES
Materials Requirements
Vinyl tiles shall be of first grade quality measuring 3mm thick, fully homogeneous,
flexible, resilient and resistant to alkali moisture, grease and oil.

Classifications:
1. Class 1, Solid Tile – solid color tile shall be uniform throughout.
2. Class 2, Through Pattern Tile – either the pattern or colors on the surface of the
tile extend entirely through the thickness of the tile without significant change.
3. Class 3, Surface Pattern Tile – the pattern of this tile need not extend through the
entire thickness of the tile.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1020 – VINYL FLOOR TILES
Materials Requirements
ADHESIVE – shall be suited for topical
application and compatible with the
vinyl tiles be installed as
recommended by the manufacturer
and approved by the engineer.

SEAL POLISH – shall be plastic

emulsion suited for the particular
type of floor as recommend by the
vinyl tile manufacturer.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1021 – CEMENT FLOOR FINISH

This Item shall consist of furnishing all materials, labor, tools

and equipment in undertaking cement floor finishing where
shown in the Plans and in accordance with this Specification.

Material Requirements Construction Requirements

a. Cement a. Mixture
b. Fine Aggregates b. Preparation of Concrete Surface
c. Coloring Material c. Application
d. Metallic Floor Hardener (Premix) d. Protection of Finished Surface
e. Non-Metallic Floor Hardener e. Workmanship
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1021 – CEMENT FLOOR FINISH

1 2

3
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1021 – CEMENT FLOOR FINISH

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

a) Cement Floor Finish

-same tests for Concrete Works on Cement, Fine Aggregates
and Water
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1026 – PEBBLE WASHOUT FINISH

This Item shall consist of furnishing all materials, labor,

tools and equipment required in undertaking the proper
application of pebble washout finish as shown in the
Plans and in accordance with Specifications.

Material Requirements Construction Requirements

a. Pebble a. Surface Preparation
b. Cement b. Application
c. Colored Cement c. Workmanship
d. Curing and Protection
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1026 – PEBBLE WASHOUT FINISH

Methods

1 2

4 5
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1026 – PEBBLE WASHOUT FINISH

Quality Control

Minimum Test Requirements:

a) same tests for Concrete Works on Cement, Fine Aggregates

and Water
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
FINISHES
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1027 – CEMENT PLASTER FINISH

This Item shall consist of furnishing all cement plaster

materials, labor, tools and equipment required in
undertaking cement plaster finish as shown in the Plans
and in accordance with Specifications.

Material Requirements Construction Requirements

a. Cement a. Surface Preparation
b. Hydrated Lime b. Application
c. Fine Aggregates c. Workmanship
d. Curing and Protection
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1027 – CEMENT PLASTER FINISH

1. Roughen surface to improve

adhesion of cement plaster

2. Clean surface to receive

cement plaster

3. Apply mortar mix with

sufficient pressure

4. Trowel finish
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1027 – CEMENT PLASTER FINISH

Quality Control

Minimum Test Requirements:

a) Wall Cement Plaster Finish

-same tests for Concrete Works on Cement, Fine Aggregates
and Water
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1030 – ACOUSTICAL CEILING
Material Requirements
1. All acoustical ceiling shall be non-combustible.
2. Acoustical ceiling panels shall be in accordance with ASTM
standards for the following properties:
a) Classification
b) Strength
c) Flammability
d) Fire-resistance Rating
e) Light Reflectance
f) Sound Absorption
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1030 – ACOUSTICAL CEILING
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1031 – ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
Material Requirements
1. All acoustical products shall be produced by the manufacturers
regularly engaged in the manufacture of similar materials and
history of successful production acceptable to the
Architect/Engineer.
2. Acoustical tile/board/panel shall be manufactured on non-
combustible mineral fiber having varied thickness as required on
the plans.
3. Sprayed-on acoustical material shall be mineral fiber manufactured
as acoustical treatment for structural frames and the like.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1031 – ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
Sample Method of Installation
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1032 – PAINTING, VARNISHING AND OTHER RELATED WORKS

Requirements
Material Requirements Construction Requirements
a. Paint Materials a. Surface Preparation
b. Tinting Colors b. Application
c. Concrete Neutralizer c. Mixing and Thinning
d. Silicon Water Repellant d. Storage
e. Patching Compound e. Cleaning
f. Varnish f. Workmanship
g. Lacquer g. Method of Measurement
h. Shellac h. Basis of Payment
i. Sanding Sealer
j. Glazing Putty
k. Natural Wood Paste Filler
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1032 – PAINTING, VARNISHING AND OTHER RELATED WORKS
Requirements
a. PAINT MATERIALS

Material Application
Flat latex Paint Properly prepared plaster, masonry and
primed wood and other architectural
surfaces
Semi-gloss Latex Paint Properly prepared plaster, masonry and
primed wood and other architectural
surfaces

Semi-gloss Enamel Paint Primed wood and other architectural

surfaces
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1032 – PAINTING, VARNISHING AND OTHER RELATED WORKS
Requirements
a. PAINT MATERIALS

Material Application
Enamel Paint Wood, metal and other architectural
surfaces
Alkyd-based Metal primer Ferrous metal
Epoxy Metal Primer Ferrous metal
Flatwall Enamel Paint Wood
Gloss Latex Paint Masonry
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1032 – PAINTING, VARNISHING AND OTHER RELATED WORKS
Requirements
a. PAINT MATERIALS

Material Application
Water Based Gloss Roof Paint Concrete, metal, Wood and other
paintable roofing material
Elastomeric Wall Coating Plaster, masonry, other architectural
surfaces
Epoxy Enamel Concrete, wood, metal and other
architectural surfaces
Roof paint (water-based, flat) Paintable roofing materials
Roof Paint (Portland Cement) Paintable roofing materials
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1032 – PAINTING, VARNISHING AND OTHER RELATED WORKS

b. Surface Preparation

Surface preparation
Surface preparation for Concrete &
for Boards Masonry Surface
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1032 – PAINTING, VARNISHING AND OTHER RELATED WORKS
Safety Concerns

Appropriate platform,
scaffolds and supports while Quality Control
working on elevated areas Minimum Test Requirements:
1- Q (Quality Test) for each type for every 100 cans
(4-Liters or 20-Liters can) or fraction thereof
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1033 – METAL DECK
This Item shall consist of furnishing and
placing of metal deck panel, acting as
support and formworks, constructed in
conformity with the lines, grades and
dimensions in accordance with the Plans
and Specification or as established by the
Engineer.

Material Requirements
Structural metal for metal deck panel and
finished metal deck panel (galvanized coated)
shall conform to ASTM Standard
Specifications.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – DAMP PROOFING

- is a process designed to contain and eliminate the penetration of

moisture discharged by the earth/soils on the building structures.
- Damp proofing membrane/vapor barrier is a vertical, horizontal or
sloping water proof skin such as asphalt, copper sheets, polyethylene
film or any other materials of various designs and manufacturing
specifications.
- It is placed directly on the slab on fill (SOF) for low rise building or on
the basement floor for high rise building to form a protective barrier
between the soil and the concrete structure which, in turn, ensure
protection to its architectural finishes.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1034 – DAMP PROOFING
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1038 – REFLECTIVE INSULATION
Material Requirements
1. Reflective insulation materials shall consist of low
emittance surfaces with, or without, substrates and
adhesives required to meet the specified thermal
performance and physical properties.
2. Multiple layer reflective insulations shall be
designed to attain the intended separation of layers
in normal application.
3. Insulation shall be furnished in dimensions to fit
framing members, at spacings standard in the
construction industry, or as specifically agreed upon
between the producer and the buyer.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1043 – PVC DOORS AND FRAMES

This Item shall consist of furnishing and

installing all pre-fabricated PVC doors
and frames equipped with fixing
accessories and locking devices in
accordance with the Plans and/or shop
drawings and Specifications.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1044 – FOLDING DOOR/PARTITION
Material Requirements
1. Sizes, dimensions, color, finishes, descriptions,
locations and framing details, support type,
folding mechanism, and operation type of folding
door/partition system shall be in accordance to
manufacturer’s product manual and shall be
indicated on the approved plans.
2. It shall be furnished complete with all required
hardware including track, ceiling sweep guard,
pull-in latching hardware, and trim.
3. Panel types shall consist of but not limited to
intermediate panel, corner panel, pass door,
expandable panel and expandable wall jamb
closure.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1046 – MASONRY WORKS
- is a form of construction work equipped with stone, bricks, concrete, hollow clay tile,
concrete block or tile, or other similar building units or material or a combination of these
materials laid up unit and set in mortar.
Concrete Hollow Blocks
Concrete hollow blocks are classified as load bearing and non- load bearing blocks.

Requirements
A. Strength Requirements
a) Non load bearing concrete masonry units – ASTM C 129
- 100 mm thick
Individual – 3.45 Mpa ( 500 Psi )
Average - 4.14 Mpa ( 600 Psi )
b) Load bearing Concrete masonry units – ASTM C 90
- 150 mm to 200 mm thick
Individual - 5.5 Mpa ( 800 psi )
Average - 6.9 Mpa ( 1000 Psi )
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1046 – MASONRY WORKS

Methods
Block laying after the
concreting of tied
column

Concreting of column
after block laying of
walls

DPWH | Bureau of Construction

 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1046 – MASONRY WORKS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1046 – MASONRY WORKS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1046 – MASONRY WORKS
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1046 – MASONRY WORKS

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB )

1- Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 units or fraction thereof
a) Non load bearing concrete masonry units – ASTM C 129
Individual – 3.45 Mpa ( 500 Psi )
Average - 4.14 Mpa ( 600 Psi )
b) Load bearing concrete masonry units – ASTM C 90
Individual - 5.5 Mpa ( 800 psi )
Average - 6.9 Mpa ( 1000 Psi )
For Portland Cement, Fine Aggregates, Water and Steel Bars:
-same requirements as in Concrete Works
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1047 – METAL STRUCTURES (ROOF FRAMING)
Procedure
1. Steel frames are attached together by means of a rivet, a bolt or by welding. Before
assembly, a sample of all the steel members shall be tested if they conform to the desired
strength specified in the plans and specifications.

2. Fabrication of steel frames can be done in the field during erection of the building or at
the shop.

3. When punching and drilling steel make sure that the hole drilled or punched is 1.5 to 3
mm greater than the diameter of the bolt to make it easy in inserting and bolts through it.

4. Verify if the welding work needs a partial or complete penetration. The metal surface is
set in accordance with the shape needed in welding. Be sure that the metals are in their
proper position before welding.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1047 – METAL STRUCTURES (ROOF FRAMING)
Procedure
5. When the work is completed, inspect if it is welded in accordance with
the penetration length and thickness needed in the construction.

6. Purlins are then placed equidistantly as specified in the plans. Purlins

should have an angle strap and a sag rod to prevent lateral buckling.

7. If all works are done in accordance with plans and specifications, paint
all metals with metallic paint for rust protection.
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1047 – METAL STRUCTURES (ROOF FRAMING)
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1047 – METAL STRUCTURES
(ROOF FRAMING) LENGTH OF WELD

Top Chord

Top Chord

Web Member
Cleats
 PART E – FINISHING AND OTHER
CIVIL WORK
ITEM 1047 – METAL STRUCTURES (ROOF FRAMING)

Quality Control
Minimum Test Requirements:

1- Q (Quality Test for each type/size of Structural Steel)

1- IR (Inspection Report for other materials not required for
testing)
PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1100 – CONDUITS, BOXES AND FITTINGS

This Item consist of furnishing and installation of the complete

conduit work consisting of:

1. Electrical conduits
2. Conduit boxes
3. Conduit fittings and other electrical materials
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1100 – CONDUITS, BOXES AND FITTINGS

Material Requirements

All materials shall be of the approved type in accordance with the

requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), Part I and
bearing the Philippine Standard (PS) mark for locally manufactures
and Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) certification marks duly issued
by Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS) for imported materials.
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1100 – CONDUITS, BOXES AND FITTINGS

 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1101 – WIRES, CABLES AND WIRING DEVICES

This Item shall consist of furnishing and installation of all wires and
wiring devices consisting of:

1. Electric wires and cables

2. Wall switches
3. Convenience receptacles
4. heavy duty receptacles and other devices
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1101 – WIRES, CABLES AND WIRING DEVICES

Material Requirements
All materials shall meet the requirements specified in the Philippine Electrical Code
(PEC), Part 1 and PNS 35-1, electrical wires and cables rated 600 volts: General
Specifications, and shall bear the Philippine Standard (PS) mark unless specified or
indicated otherwise and shall be marked to indicate the following information:
1. The maximum rated voltage
2. The proper type letter or letters for the type of wire or cable as specified in the
PEC Part 1 (TW, THHN, THWN and THW)
3. The manufacturer’s name, trademark, or other distinctive marking by which
the organization responsible for the product can be readily identified
4. The size in square millimeter or millimeter diameter
5. Cable assemblies where the neutral wire is smaller
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1101 – WIRES, CABLES AND WIRING DEVICES

CONVENIENCE OUTLETS SWITCHES

 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1101 – WIRES, CABLES AND WIRING DEVICES

CABLES

WIRES
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1102 – POWERLOAD CENTER, SWITCHGER AND PANELBOARDS,

AND OTHER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES

This Item shall consist of furnishing and installation of the power load center unit
substation or low voltage switchgear and distribution panelboards at the location
shown on the approved Plans complete with transformer, circuit breakers, cabinets,
and all accessories, completely wired and ready for service.
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1102 – POWERLOAD CENTER, SWITCHGER AND PANELBOARDS,

AND OTHER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES
TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT BREAKER

PANEL BOARDS

ELECTRIC CABINET
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1102 – POWERLOAD CENTER, SWITCHGER AND PANELBOARDS,

AND OTHER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES
Material Requirements

All materials shall be brand new and shall be of the approved type. It shall conform
to the applicable requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 and the
products locally manufactured shall bear a Philippine Standard (PS) mark, while
imported products shall bear Important Commodity Clearance (ICC) certification
marks duly issued by the Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS).
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1103 – LIGHTING FIXTURES AND LAMPS

Material Requirements
1. All fixtures shall be suitable for 220 V single phase 60 Hz power supply system.
2. Fixtures shall be installed at mounting heights as shown on the Plans.
3. The weight of the fixtures shall be adequately supported by hangers.
4. Fixtures shall be completely free from burrs and tool marks.
5. Solder shall not be used as a mechanical fastening device on any part of the
fixture.
6. All materials to be used for lighting fixtures shall be in accordance with the Plans
and Specifications.
 PART F – ELECTRICAL WORKS

ITEM 1103 – LIGHTING FIXTURES AND LAMPS

PART G – MECHANICAL
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1200 – AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATING SYSTEM

Material Requirements
The types, sizes, capacities, quantities and electrical requirements of the
compressor, evaporator, condenser chilled water pump and condenser water pump
shall be as shown on the plans.

1. REFRIGERANTS – shall comply with the Implementing rules of Philippine Clean

Air Act, 1999. the use of chlorofluorocarbons as refrigerant shall not be
permitted.
2. REFRIGERANT PIPES
- shall be copper tubing, type L or L or black steel pipe, Sched. 40 for size of
100mm diameter and smaller. Pipes over 100mm shall be black steel pipe
Sched. 40.
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1200 – AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATING SYSTEM

Material Requirements

The types, sizes, capacities, quantities and electrical requirements of the

compressor, evaporator, condenser chilled water pump and condenser water pump
shall be as shown on the plans.

1. Refrigerants 6. Ductwork Insulation

2. Refrigerant Pipes 7. Diffusers
3. Pipes for Cooling Water 8. Dampers
4. Pipe Insulations 9. Fire Damper
5. Ductworks
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1200 – AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATING SYSTEM

FLOOR MOUNTED
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1201 – WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

Material Requirements
WATER PUMP
1. Pumps shall be end suction centrifugal type conforming to the standard
requirements.
2. Booster pumps and jet pumps shall only be required if deemed necessary.
3. Pumps shall be supplied with a pump nameplate easy to read and corrosion
resistance containing complete pump information.
4. The type, size, capacity, location, quantity and electrical requirements of
pumping units shall be as specified in the Plans.
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1201 – WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

Material Requirements
WATER TANK
The materials used for water storage structures shall provide stability and durability,
as well as protect the quality of the stored water.

1. Concrete Tanks
2. Polyethylene tanks 3. Steel Tanks 4. Fiberglass Tanks
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1202 – AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (AFSS)

Material Requirements
FIRE PUMP
1. The type, size, capacity, location, quantity and power characteristics shall be
specified or as shown on the plans.
2. Shall be diesel engine or electric motor driven and capable of delivering a
minimum of residual pressure (103 KPa) at the topmost and remotest sprinkler.
3. Diesel engine shall be designed specifically intended for an automatic water
sprinkler protection system.
4. A fuel storage tank shall be asphalt coated with necessary piping and fittings for
connection.
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1202 – AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (AFSS)

Material Requirements
JOCKEY PUMP
1. Shall be electric motor driven
2. The capacity to be supplied shall not be less than the indicated on the plans.

SPRINKLER HEAD
Common Types: Kind of Building Coverage of one
Sprinkler Head

Light Hazard 20 square meters

Occupancy

Extra Hazard 10 square meters

Occupancy
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1202 – AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM (AFSS)

Material Requirements
SIAMESE TWIN (Fire Department Connection)
- Shall be 63mm x 63mm x 100mm, 90 degrees angle female
coupling national standard thread, swivel type, with
protective coupling cap and joint lug.

PIPE HANGERS
- Shall be steel bars, 3mm minimum thickness, with corrosion
protection or as indicated on the plan.
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1203 – ELEVATOR SYSTEM

Material Requirements
ELECTRICAL ELEVATOR
1. Walls and partitions enclosing elevator and hoistway shafts shall not be of less than
the fire-resistive construction requirements under Fire Code of the Philippines.
2. Elevator shafts extending through more than two-storey shall be equipped with an
approved means of adequate ventilation to and through roof.
3. Automatic sprinklers shall be provided around the perimeter of the opening and
within 600mm of the draft curtain.
4. Elevator installation shall be in accordance with the Philippine Society of Mechanical
Engineering (PSME) Code.
5. Elevators shall be provided with controls to reduce the energy demand.
6. Lighting shall switch off after the elevator has been inactive for a maximum period
of 5 minutes.
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1203 – ELEVATOR SYSTEM

Material Requirements
ELECTRICAL ELEVATOR
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1208 – FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

Material Requirements
ONE-WAY EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (ECS) / EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM
COMMUNICATIONS (EVAC)
- The sub-system, which will be activated by an initiating device when a fire or
emergency occurs, shall automatically send out an alarm tone and a pre-recorded
warning message, alternating with each other, to serve as programmed zone alarm.

- ECS or EVAC shall be required for the following facilities:

1. Airports
2. Seaports
3. Transportation terminals with more than 10,000 sq.m. floor area.
4. Office buildings with total floor area of more than 20,000 sq.m.
5. Buildings classified as high rise building (23 m above ground level)
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1208 – FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

Material Requirements

TWO-WAY TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

- also known as fireman’s telephone shall be part of the fire alarm system and used by
the fire responders in the event of fire or emergency.

FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL

- Shall be the central processing unit of the system.
- Receive and analyze the signals from fire sensors.
- Provide audible and visual information to the user.
- Initiate automatic alarm response sequences.
- Provide the means on how the user should interact with the system.
 PART G – MECHANICAL

ITEM 1208 – FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

Material Requirements
SMOKE DETECTORS
- shall be designed for detection of abnormal densities by the use of
photoelectric or ionization principle and shall have a time delay to prevent
false alarm.

HEAT DETECTORS
- shall be used where the speed of operation of smoke detectors is not
required.
- heat detectors can provide an acceptable, though less sensitive alternative.
- shall be designed to operate when the temperature rises abnormally
quickly or when a pre-selected temperature is reached.
COMMON PROBLEMS
 COMMON PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES

I. MOBILIZATION
1. Insufficient manpower deployed in the project site. -Thoroughly review/check PERT/CPM and schedule then
2. Inadequate equipment deployed in the project site. make the necessary adjustment on the number of
manpower and equipment to avoid delay.
- Work overtime to catch-up with the schedule and
programs.
-Impose sanction if necessary.
3. Lack/Inadequate supply of construction materials. -Review/Check the flow and the acquisition of supply by
the contractor, if found inadequate, require the contractor
to make the necessary adjustment to catch-up with the
requirement.
-Review the financial status of the contractor.
-If possible, prioritize construction activities based on the
availability of the construction materials.
-Impose sanction if necessary.

4. Inadequate/lack of testing equipment on the project - Require the contractor to strictly follow the requirement
site. of the contract.
5. Inadequate/lack of safety measures and signboards -Conduct briefing and train contractor’s personnel on the
including Personal Protective necessity of these requirements as part of the contract.
Equipment of workers on the project site. -Provide/set-up guidelines and procedures for immediate
6. Improper disposal of waste materials and debris within implementation by the contractor.
the project site. -Impose sanctions if necessary.
7. Lack of the necessary permit and clearances from
local officials.
 COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES

II. EARTHWORKS
ITEM 800-CLEARING AND GRUBBING -Verify from plan if the structure to be constructed will be
ITEM 801-REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND directly affected by the underground utilities.
OBSTRUCTIONS -Report/coordinate to proper authorities for removal and or
1. Presence of underground utilities such as power lines, relocation.
PLDT, existing water utility lines. -Check construction schedule and prepare necessary
2. Presence of existing structure underneath the natural adjustment in the contract duration or prepare revised
ground line such as existing footing foundation. PERT/CPM incorporating said encountered problem.
3.Cut-off elevation not clearly established.
ITEM 802: EXCAVATION
ITEM 803: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION -Review/check the plan against actual field measurements
1. Non conformance with the and make the necessary corrections and adjustments.
requirements for lines, grades, dimension and -Don’t allow the contractor to continue the work
elevations. unless otherwise said defect had been corrected.
2. Non conformance with the excavation support -Strictly enforce shoring and bracing requirements to
system for major excavation works. avoid accident.
-Issue instruction/directive to the contractor regarding said
defects.
-Impose sanction if necessary.
ITEM 804- EMBANKMENT -Conduct visual inspection to determine actual
1. Presence of unsuitable materials. classification of soil, recommend removal and
disposal of unsuitable materials and replace with
suitable materials in accordance with specifications.
2. Non-conformance with the required thickness of -Conduct inspection and require the contractor to
gravel filling. comply with requirements.
3. Non-conformance with the required density of -Conduct compaction test until the materials reach the
compaction. required density.
 COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES
III. TERMITE CONTROL AND WOOD PRESERVATION
ITEM 1000.3.1-SOIL POISONING
ITEM 1000.3.3-WOOD PRESERVATION -Verify and supervise the preparation and mixing of soil poisoning
and wood preservation solutions to ensure compliance with
1. Non-conformance with the required concentration and rate of specifications.
application of the soil poisoning solution and wood protection.

IV. FOUNDATION WORKS

A. PRE-STRESSED, PRECAST CONCRETE PILES
1. Non-conformance with the required length, width, thickness and/or -Put on hold the delivery and casting; conduct inspection and make
diameter. the necessary adjustments.

2. No-graduation marks -Do not allow driving of piles until the graduation is clearly marked on
the piles for accuracy of pile driving records and data.
3. Non-conformance with specified splicing requirements. -Call the attention of the Contractor ; direct rigger to have the splicing
on a staggered basis for cluster piles.
4. Presence of cracks -Remove and replace.
B. CAST-IN-PLACE BORED PILES
1. Non-conformance with the required level of excavation. -Monitor and check elevation through actual measurement.
2. Improper disposal of spoils and debris. -Require the Contractor to immediately dispose/spread spoils before
they become an obstruction and cause to delay the project
implementation.
3. Non-conformance with the required spacing of tie, stiffener bar and -Call the attention of the Contractor to properly adjust the spacing to
spacer. meet requirements.
4. Improper curing of concrete samples. -Require the Materials Engineer to thoroughly check and supervise
the curing and handling of samples since this is critical in the
determination of the actual strength of concrete.
 COMMON PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES

V. DAMPPROOFING/MOISTURE CONTROL WORKS.

1. Non-conformance with the required thickness and -Require the Contractor to make the necessary
number of layers of polyethylene materials. adjustment on the materials to conform with
2. Non-conformance with the required thickness and specifications.
number/layer of waterproofing materials.

VI. CONCRETE WORKS

A. FORMWORKS
1. Formworks has loose knots, splits, cracks and other -Use only on minor works and not as support or braces
defects. for major structures.
-Removed and replaced if necessary.
2. Plywood forms not coated with mould oil. -Instruct Contractor not to install the forms unless
coated with mould oil.
-If allowed to install, use only once.
3. Unaligned formworks/non-conformance with the -Immediately call the attention of the Contractor, don’t
required concrete cover. allow pouring unless correction had been made since
this may affect the entire structures.
4. Formworks are inadequately supported and braced. -Instruct Contractor to make the necessary installation of
additional brace and support, never allow pouring to
avoid untoward incidents.
5. Premature stripping and shore removal. -Immediately call the attention of the Contractor; reinstall
shoring and bracing since this may endanger both the
workers and the structures.
6. No provision of clean-out/opening at the bottom of -Instruct Contractor to make the necessary corrections.
column and wall formworks.
7. Insufficient concrete/steel spacer for slabs and beams.
 COMMON PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES

B. STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
1. Use of corroded and/or dirty rebars -Conduct inspection; clean and apply rust remover if necessary.
-Removed and replace if necessary.
-Elevate stockpile of rebars above the ground and pile on rack according
to sizes.
1. Rebars not securely tied in place. -Require the Contractor to make the necessary correction and
2. Non-compliance with the required spacing of the stirrups. adjustment to conform with the plans and specifications.
3. Unaligned rebar installation -Reject works if necessary.
4. No/improperly placed(irregular spacing) steel/dowel bars.
5. Improper splicing.
6. Non-conformance with the required concrete cover for rebars.

C.CONCRETE
1. Concrete structure failed to meet the strength requirements as per - Conduct investigation and in-place testing to determine actual strength.
concrete sample specimens. - If structure failed to meet strength requirement through in-place testing,
refer to Structural Engineer/ Designer to assess extent of remedial and
corrective works.

2. Appearance of hairline cracks - Chip off concrete to determine extent of cracks.

- Apply concrete epoxy.
3. Appearance of honeycomb or spalling - Chip off concrete to remove honeycomb portion.
- Apply concrete epoxy prior to re-concreting.
4. Sagging or bulging of concrete. - Provide additional shoring and bracing if concreting is still on
going.
- For minor sagging or bulging, remove affected portion and apply
cement plaster.
- For major bulging, remove and replace if necessary.
5. Non-conformance to finishing/ plastering requirement. - Require the Contractor to make the necessary adjustments.
- Remove and replace plastering works if necessary.

6. Improper curing -Call the attention of the Contractor to make the necessary
adjustment to conform with the standard requirements.
 COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL MEASURES
VII. MASONRY WORKS
1. Non-conformance with the required strength for both - Non-load bearing, 500 psi and load bearing at 800 psi.
non-load bearing and load bearing CHB. - Remove and replace all CHB that does not conform to
the strength requirements.
- Conduct visual inspection and field testing.
2. Non-provision of lintel beam and stiffener column. - Chip off laid CHB and install stiffener columns.
- Require the Contractor to make the necessary
adjustment.
- Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
3. Non-conformance with the vertical and horizontal dowel. - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
adjustments.
- Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
VIII. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS
1. Undersize lumber and plywood. - Require the Contractor to remove and replace all
undersize materials.
2. Non-conformance with the required spacing for ceiling - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
joist, nailers, vertical studs and horizontal studs. adjustments.
3. Non-conformance with the required species of lumber. - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
adjustments.
- Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
IX. FABRICATED MATERIALS AND HARDWARE
A. DOORS
1. Doors are not well fitted to the door frames. - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
2. Door accessories and other hardwares items were adjustment.
installed not according to schedule. - Conduct frequent inspection and verification to monitor
B. WINDOWS fabrication prior to installation.
1. Windows are not well fitted to the window frames. - Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
2. Window accessories and other hardwares item were
installed not according to schedule.
3. Installed doors and windows were not in accordance
with specifications.
 COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/REMEDIAL MEASURES
X. ROOF FRAMING WORKS
A. STEEL FRAMING
1. Use of corroded structural elements. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and
2. Undersize structural steel elements. monitoring of fabrication prior to installation and
3. Non-conformance with the required spacing of erection of steel trusses to ensure compliance to
purlins and trusses. materials and specifications.
4. Insufficient welding at critical joint. - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
adjustment on the materials and workmanship.
- Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
B. TIMBER TRUSSES
1. Use of low quality, untreated timber materials. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and
2. Undersize timber materials. monitoring of fabrication prior to installation of
3. Non-conformance with the required spacing of wooden trusses including bolts, nuts and nails to
purlins and trusses. ensure compliance to materials and specifications.
- Require Contractor to make the necessary
adjustment on the materials and workmanship of
the structure.
- Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
XI. ROOFING WORKS
1. Non-conformance with the required gauge and - Remove and replace.
length.
2. Non-conformance with the specified overlapping - Conduct inspection and monitoring to ensure
(end lap, side lap ). compliance with the plans and specifications.
3. Non-conformance with the approved method of - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
fastening and joining. adjustment on the workmanship.
1. Occurrence of leaks. - Conduct further leak test; provide silicon sealant.
2. Non-conformance with the approved material - Reject/remove and replace if necessary.
requirements such as downspouts, gutter, flashing
and ridge roll.
 COMMON PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/REMEDIAL MEASURES
XV. SANITARY WORKS
A. ITEM 1002- PLUMBING
1. Clogged pipes - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring of the
2. Pipes, fixtures and other sanitary accessories were installation of pipes to ensure compliance with the
installed not in accordance with the plans, e.g. slope, specifications.
alignment. - Require Contractor to make the necessary adjustment on
3. Failure to pass the leak test. sanitary works.
- Require the Contractor to rectify defective work and conduct
another test until such time that it passes the requirements.
- Reject/remove and replace defective works if necessary.
- Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
complied with the requirements.
B. PIPES CULVERT AND STORM DRAIN
1. Appearance of cracks on the materials. - Reject/remove and replace defective materials.
2. Inadequate collaring of reinforced concrete. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring of the
3. Inadequate bedding materials. installation of pipes, culvert and storm drain to ensure
4. Non-conformance with the required tolerance for elevation, compliance with the specifications.
slope and alignment. - Require the Contractor to rectify defective works.
- Require the Contractor to make the necessary adjustment
to conform with specifications.
- Reject work/remove and replace if necessary.
C. MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH BASIN
1. Non-conformance with the required tolerances for - Require Contractor to rectify the defective works.
elevations and dimensions. - Conduct visual inspection, verification and monitoring to
2. Covers and gratings are not well fitted with the opening of ensure compliance to specifications.
manholes and catch basin. - Require Contractor to make the necessary adjustment to
conform with specifications.
- Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
complied with the requirements.
 PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/ REMEDIAL
MEASURES
XVI. ELECTRICAL WORKS
1. Pipes were not properly installed and laid as - Reject/remove and replace defective materials.
per plan and schedule. - Conduct visual inspections, verifications and
2. Pipes, hangers, boxes, cable trays were not monitoring of the installation of electrical pipes,
properly installed and painted. fixtures and accessories to ensure compliance
3. Sharp edges of pipes not removed. with the specifications.
4. Over crowded wires in pipes. - Require contractor to rectify defective works
5. Inadequate and under gauge of pull boxes. and conduct another test until it passes the
6. Non-provisions of black-out and sleeves. requirements.
7. Pipes not properly bended. - Require the Contractor to make the necessary
8. Lighting fixtures, panelboard, circuit breakers, adjustment to conform with specifications.
etc. not properly installed. - Reject work/remove and replace if necessary.
9. Failure to meager test and load test. - Defer payment of accomplishment until the
contractor complied with the requirements.

XVII. MECHANICAL WORKS

A. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
1. Airconditioning units, transfer fans, pipes - Reject/remove and replace defective materials.
ducts, condenser installed not according to - Require the contractor to rectify defective
plan. works and conduct test until it passes the
2. Defective materials and accessories. requirements.
3. Pipes and ducts not sufficiently braced. - Conduct visual inspection, verifications and
4. Failed to meet performance test. monitoring of all materials and installation of
5. Leaks on pipes. mechanical works to ensure compliance with
B. GENERATOR SET the required specifications.
1. Installation of auxiliary piping and control not - Reject work if necessary.
according to plan. - Defer payment of accomplishment until the
2. Defective and damaged materials. contractor complied with the requirements.
3. Pipes not sufficiently braced.
C. ELEVATORS
1. Improper handling of elevator component
resulting to damage on accessories.
 COMMON PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS/COMMON DEFECTS CORRECTIVE ACTION/

REMEDIAL MEASURES
XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS AND OTHER RELATED WORKS
ITEM 604 – FENCING AND GATES
1. Defective/damaged materials. - Reject/remove and replace defective materials.
2. Non-conformance with the required tolerance for - Require the Contractor to rectify defective works.
alignment, dimensions and elevations. - Conduct visual inspection, verifications, monitoring
and close supervision on the installation of fencing
and gates to ensure compliance to specifications.
- Require the Contractor to make the necessary
adjustment to conform with the specifications.
- Reject work if necessary.
- Defer payment of accomplishment until the contractor
complied with the specifications.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION