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History of Graphics

1) The history of computer graphics began with Ivan Sutherland's SKETCHPAD program in 1963, which introduced concepts like constraint-based drawing and hierarchical modeling. 2) Early display hardware included vector displays using modified oscilloscopes and raster displays using frame buffers and liquid crystal displays. 3) Input hardware evolved from devices like light pens and mice to 3D trackers and cameras capable of high dynamic range imaging.

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67 views18 pages

History of Graphics

1) The history of computer graphics began with Ivan Sutherland's SKETCHPAD program in 1963, which introduced concepts like constraint-based drawing and hierarchical modeling. 2) Early display hardware included vector displays using modified oscilloscopes and raster displays using frame buffers and liquid crystal displays. 3) Input hardware evolved from devices like light pens and mice to 3D trackers and cameras capable of high dynamic range imaging.

Uploaded by

Visible Drishya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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History of computer graphics

CS 248 - Introduction to Computer Graphics


Autumn quarter, 2002
Slides for September 26 lecture

? ??????Marc Levoy
Ivan Sutherland (1963) - SKETCHPAD

pop-up menus
constraint-based drawing
hierarchical modeling
? ??????Marc Levoy
Display hardware
vector displays
– 1963 – modified oscilloscope
– 1974 – Evans and Sutherland Picture System
raster displays
– 1975 – Evans and Sutherland frame buffer
– 1980s – cheap frame buffers ? bit-mapped personal computers
– 1990s – liquid-crystal displays ? laptops
– 2000s – micro-mirror projectors ? digital cinema
other
– stereo, head-mounted displays
– autostereoscopic displays
– tactile, haptic, sound
? ??????Marc Levoy
Input hardware
2D
– light pen, tablet, mouse, joystick, track ball, touch panel, etc.
– 1970s & 80s - CCD analog image sensor + frame grabber
– 1990s & 2000’s - CMOS digital sensor + in-camera processing
? high-X imaging (dynamic range, resolution, depth of field,…)

[Nayar00]
? ??????Marc Levoy
negative film = 130:1 (7 stops)
paper prints = 46:1
[Debevec97] = 250,000:1 (18 stops)

? ??????Marc Levoy
Input hardware
2D
– light pen, tablet, mouse, joystick, track ball, touch panel, etc.
– 1970s & 80s - CCD analog image sensor + frame grabber
– 1990s & 2000’s - CMOS digital sensor + in-camera processing
? high-X imaging (dynamic range, resolution, depth of field,…)
3D
– 3D trackers
– multiple cameras
– active rangefinders
other
– data gloves
– voice ? ??????Marc Levoy
Rendering
1960s - the visibility problem
– Roberts (1963), Appel (1967) - hidden-line algorithms
– Warnock (1969), Watkins (1970) - hidden-surface algorithms
– Sutherland (1974) - visibility = sorting

? ??????Marc Levoy
1960s - the visibility problem
– Roberts (1963), Appel (1967) - hidden-line algorithms
– Warnock (1969), Watkins (1970) - hidden-surface algorithms
– Sutherland (1974) - visibility = sorting

1970s - raster graphics


– Gouraud (1971) - diffuse lighting
– Phong (1974) - specular lighting
– Blinn (1974) - curved surfaces, texture
– Catmull (1974) - Z-buffer hidden-surface algorithm
– Crow (1977) - anti-aliasing

? ??????Marc Levoy
1960s - the visibility problem
– Roberts (1963), Appel (1967) - hidden-line algorithms
– Warnock (1969), Watkins (1970) - hidden-surface algorithms
– Sutherland (1974) - visibility = sorting

1970s - raster graphics


– Gouraud (1971) - diffuse lighting
– Phong (1974) - specular lighting
– Blinn (1974) - curved surfaces, texture
– Catmull (1974) - Z-buffer hidden-surface algorithm
– Crow (1977) - anti-aliasing

? ??????Marc Levoy
early 1980s - global illumination
– Whitted (1980) - ray tracing
– Goral, Torrance et al. (1984), Cohen (1985) - radiosity
– Kajiya (1986) - the rendering equation

? ??????Marc Levoy
early 1980s - global illumination
– Whitted (1980) - ray tracing
– Goral, Torrance et al. (1984), Cohen (1985) - radiosity
– Kajiya (1986) - the rendering equation

late 1980s - photorealism


– Cook (1984) - shade trees
– Perlin (1985) - shading languages
– Hanrahan and Lawson (1990) - RenderMan

? ??????Marc Levoy
early 1990s - non-photorealistic rendering
– Drebin et al. (1988), Levoy (1988) - volume rendering
– Haeberli (1990) - impressionistic paint programs
– Salesin et al. (1994-) - automatic pen-and-ink illustration
– Meier (1996) - painterly rendering

? ??????Marc Levoy
early 1990s - non-photorealistic rendering
– Drebin et al. (1988), Levoy (1988) - volume rendering
– Haeberli (1990) - impressionistic paint programs
– Salesin et al. (1994-) - automatic pen-and-ink illustration
– Meier (1996) - painterly rendering

? ??????Marc Levoy
The graphics pipeline

modeling animation rendering

? ??????Marc Levoy
Modeling
polygons
constructive solid geometry
parametric surfaces
implicit surfaces
subdivision surfaces
particle systems
volumes

? ??????Marc Levoy
Animation
scripted
key-frame interpolation
inverse kinematics
dynamics

? ??????Marc Levoy
The graphics pipeline
the traditional pipeline

modeling animation rendering

the new pipeline?

3D motion image-based
scanning capture rendering

? ??????Marc Levoy
early 1990s - non-photorealistic rendering
– Drebin et al. (1988), Levoy (1988) - volume rendering
– Haeberli (1990) - impressionistic paint programs
– Salesin et al. (1994-) - automatic pen-and-ink illustration
– Meier (1996) - painterly rendering

late 1990s - image-based rendering


– Chen and Williams (1993) - view interpolation
– McMillan and Bishop (1995) - plenoptic modeling
– Levoy and Hanrahan (1996) - light field rendering

? ??????Marc Levoy

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