PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODULATION SCHEMES FOR 5G

NETWORKS

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE FACULTY OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY)

THIS THESIS FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF MASTER OF

TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
MANAGEMENT

BY:-

BELACHEW ESHETU

ADVISOR

DR. SULTAN FEISSO

JANUARY, 2020

ADDIS ABABA
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this thesis entitled “Performance
Analysis of Modulation schemes for 5G Networks” is my original work carried out under the
supervisions of Belachew Eshetu (rank). It has not been presented for a degree of any other
university/institute and all source of materials used for this thesis are duly acknowledged.

Name of Candidate Signature Date

Belachew Eshetu -------------------- ----------------------

This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Name of Advisor Signature Date

Dr. Sultan Feisso (rank) ------------------------ -------------------

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 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
INSTITUTE (TVETI)

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODULATION SCHEMES FOR 5G

NETWORKS

BY

BELACHEW ESHETU

APPROVED BY EXAMINING BOARD

Name of Advisor Signature Date

----------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------

Name of examiner, internal Signature Date

----------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------

Name of examiner, external Signature Date

----------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------

Name of chairperson Signature Date

----------------------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of greatest All mighty GOD who has always bless me with potential knowledge
and success.
I would like to thank my supervising, Dr. Sultan Feisso, for his motivation and guidance
throughout this daunting yet interesting journey. In fact, he introduced me to about thesis part
by part and he guides me every day.
In addition, I would like to thank all my friends who supported and encouraged me to move
forward when the journey was tough.
Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to my beloved wife Gaddise and my greatest
appreciation goes to my parents
All thanks for your continuous support, unconditional love and precious time that I am able to
finish this work. I really owe your time and love.

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List Of Abbreviation

4G………………………... 4 Generation

5G ………………………. 5 Generation

LTE …………….............. Long term evolution

QAM…………………….. Quadrature amplitude modulation

BTS……………………… Base Transceiver Station

PAPR…………................ Peak to average power ratio

OFDM…………………… Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

UFMC…………………… Universal filter multi carrier

FBMC……………… …... Filter bank multi carrier

F-OFDM………………… Filter-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

IFFT……………………... Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

FFT……………………… Fast Fourier Transform

OQAM…………………... Offset QAM

SMT……………………... staggered multi tone

FMT…………………….. Filter multi tone

OOB……………………... Out-of-Band

BPSK………………... Binary Phase-Shift Keying

QPSK…………………… Quaternary Phase-shift keying

PSK……………………. Phase-shift keying

SNR……………………. Signal noise ratio

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BER……………………. Bit Error Ratio

IoT……………………… Internet of Things

CP………………………. cyclic prefix

ISI………………………. Inter Symbol Interference

GPP…………………….. General Purpose Processor

EMBB………………….. enhanced Mobile Broadband

URLLC…………………. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications

MCM…………………… multicarrier modulation

mMTC………………...... Massive machine type communications

IFFT…………………….. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

FFT……………………... Fast Fourier Transform

DVB/ ISDB…………….. Digital Video Broadcast

PAPR…………………… Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

ICI………………………. Intercarrier Interference, Interchannel Interference

MIMO…………………... Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output

P/S……………………… Parallel series

3GPP……………………. 3rd Generation Partnership Project

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Abstract

This paper analysis the performance of 5G Network different modulation schemes and
compares between them. In 5G networks, multi- carrier techniques will greatly multiply data
rate to meet people’s requirements of high-speed mobile services. Traditionally, Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) got a wide application for past decade. While
OFDM has many nice aspects, it also has some disadvantages making it less attractive in the
5G Network. Based on this, several advanced techniques supposed in latest literature were
expected to replace OFDM because of their respective technical advantages in spectrum
efficiency, complexity, compatibility and some aspects. Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC),
Filter Bank OFDM (FB-OFDM) and Universal filter multi carrier (UFMC) were reviewed in
this paper. Also, their characteristics were compared with each other briefly. In 5G, have
more new devices to be integrated in the network due to the convenient of wireless and
mobility to allow the devices easily connected to the internet, anywhere, anytime. These
devices include smart devices, sensors, and even machines and vehicles. One way to satisfy
the 5G requirements by enhancing the modulation techniques. In 4G, OFDM is use as the
multiplying technique. OFDM has been known to increase the network capacity
tremendously, but it has some drawbacks as well, such as high out-of-band (OOB) emission
that requires guard bands among the subcarriers. Consequently, the spectra efficiency
decreases. A number of new modulation schemes methods such as FBMC, F-OFDM and
UFMC have been proposed to overcome OOB emission in OFDM. UFMC seem to be the
best potential candidate for 5G. Similar to other methods, UFMC uses digital filter to reduce
the OOB emission. Longer filter may reduce OOB emission, but long filter also increases the
complexity of the system. In this study, we carry out simulation using Matlab to study the
effect of filter length on the network performance.

Keywords: Mobile network _ Multi-carrier transmission _ OFDM _ FBMC _ FB-

OFDM

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 List of Table Contents

Contents Page

Declaration------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------------- iii
List of Abbreviations------------------------------------------------------------- iv
Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
List of Figures -------------------------------------------------------------------- ix

List of Tables---------------------------------------------------------------------- x
1. INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Background Information ------------------------------------------------ 1
1.2 The Problem of the Statement------------------------------------------ 2
1.3 1.1.
Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.4 1.2.
Significance study of the thesis ---------------------------------------- 3
1.5 1.3.
Contribution of the thesis------------------------------------------------ 3
1.6 1.4.
Scope of the thesis-------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.7 1.5.
Organization--------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW------------------------------------------------------ 5
2.1 Fundamentals of 5G Network------------------------------------------ 6
2.1.1 Background----------------------------------------------------- 6
2.1.2 Key Requirements and Use cases of 5G-------------------- 7

2.1.3 Enabling Technologies for 5G------------------------------- 10

3. METHODOLOGY-------------------------------------------------------------- 14
3.1 Multi carrier modulation schemes for 5G Networks----------- 15
3.1.1 OFDM----------------------------------------------------- 15
3.1.2 F-OFDM--------------------------------------------------- 20
3.1.3 FBMC------------------------------------------------------ 22
3.1.4 UFMC------------------------------------------------------ 24
4. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS --------------------------------- 28
4.1 Performance Analysis of Modulation Schemes---------------- 28
4.1.1 Power Spectral Density---------------------------------- 28
4.1.2 Bit Error rate performance ----------------------------- 29
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 4.1.3 Spectral Efficiency--------------------------------------- 30
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION------------------------------------------------- 32
6. CONCLUSSION AND RECOMANDATION----------------------------- 37
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

viii
List of Figures

Fig.1 The major application of 5G communication technology ---------------------- 8

Fig.2 signal reflected off buildings and obstacles ,delay------------------------------- 11
Fig.3 Massive MIMO multi-user system model----------------------------------------- 11
Fig.4 5G air interface components--------------------------------------------------------- 13
Fig.5 Flow chart of Methodology---------------------------------------------------------- 14
Fig.6 Physical layer block diagram of OFDM Transmitter and Receiver------------ 17
Fig.7 full-band of OFDM ------------------------------------------------------------------ 17
Fig.8 simple cyclic prefix of OFDM------------------------------------------------------ 19
Fig.9 F-OFDM transmitter------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
Fig.10 FBMC Transmitter Block Diagram------------------------------------------------- 22
Fig.11 FBMC Receiver Block Diagram---------------------------------------------------- 23
Fig.12 Sub carrier in FBMC ---------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Fig.13 The block diagram of UFMC transceivers----------------------------------------- 25
Fig.14 Sub band in UFMC system---------------------------------------------------------- 26
Fig.15. PSD of OFDM------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Fig.16. PSD of UFMC------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Fig 17 PSD of FBMC------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Fig 18 BER of OFDM------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
Fig 19 BER of FBMC------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Fig 20 BER of UFMC------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37

ix
List of Table

Table 1 PSD of OFDM parameters………………………………………. 33

Table 2 PSD of FBMC parameters……………………………………… 33

Table 3 PSD of UMFC parameters………………………………………. 34

x
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Information

Networks technology has improved, overcoming the shortcomings of previous generations

leading to the advent of new network technology with increasing performance. As the world
needs data rate increasing day today. A faster network seems more inevitable than ever as
more and more devices come online with every passing day. The 4G data transfer rates our
data network speed may not be able to sustain the continuous influx of devices over the
internet for very long. Hence, the need for the upgraded technology, i.e. 5G, that will cater for
increased capacity, and reduced interference. 5G deployments also aim at achieving lower
latency than what LTE network has achieved and efficient consumption of battery, for
implementing internet of things. 4G network is no standard that has been defined for 5G
network deployments [4]. To address the new challenges that 4G networks are solve, various
types of modulation schemes have been proposed to reduce the out-of-band (OOB) leakage
of OFDM signals. Some new types of modulations schemes have been proposed specifically
for 5G networks [7]. This new modulation schemes like FBMC, UFMC, and F-OFDM. The
modulation schemes are used in different ways. Such as, for the users nearer to the Base
Transceiver Station (BTS), QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulation technique
has been applied. The main vision of 5G is to develop a Wireless mobile communication
network free from existing wireless hurdle and give a feeling of real wireless world , should
be capable of providing a high quality of service, high data speed, and excellent coverage to
fulfill the demand of the next generation of mobile subscribers. The vision of 5G can be
achieve by combining various radio access technology with 5G .The 5G network is capable
to give a high quality of service at anywhere, at any time and to anyone .The most demanding
feature of the 5G Network is its high transmission and data rate[2] [12]. The modulation
schemes are used in different ways. Such as, for the users nearer to the Base Transceiver
Station (BTS), QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulation technique has been
applied. Because, it can provide high data rate in case of High SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) as
the SNR is high closer to the BTS. And, QPSK 5G Network modulation schemes is used for
the users closer to the border of the cell as there the value of SNR is low (QPSK modulation
schemes provides high data rate in case of low SNR values) [5]. To increase the data rate by
1
decreasing the BER (Bit Error Rate), 5G will have a higher capacity than the current 4G
equipment partly to support the device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine
communications expected to help define the IoT of the future. Among the goals of 5G: lower
latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, data rates of tens of megabits per
second for tens of thousands of users, several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous
connections available for wireless sensors, along with better spectral signaling efficiency.
The better spectral efficiency will partly be a function of the modulation schemes used in 5G.
However, those modulation schemes have yet to be standardized. There are several
contenders, and derivatives of the same quadrature-style schemes in use by mobile networks
today haven’t been ruled out for 5G. So it is interesting to review the major modulation
techniques now up for consideration as part of 5G. Techniques discussed for 5G tend to use
multiple carriers as a means of obtaining spectral efficiency[9].At present 4G LTE uses QAM
(quadrature amplitude modulation) with OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
as modulation and OFDMA (OFDM multiple access) as access scheme. 5G will provide a
high bit rate so it will need to make efficient use of the spectrum. Several of the ideas
proposed for 5G are hybrids of QAM and OFDM principles [16].

1.2 The Problem of the Statement

4G wireless networks face various challenges to support large-scale traffic and users, some
of the 4G Networks problems are small bandwidth, High peak-to-average power ratio
(PAPR), and low efficiency of power amplifier. Therefore, new modulation schemes are
being developed to meet the changing demands. As this thesis space is ever- increasing, it
becomes more important to analyze various approaches we present a comprehensive
overview of the most promising modulation schemes for 5G networks. Identify the
opportunities and challenges that will have significant impact on the Performance of
modulation for 5G networks. The challenges that 4G networks are solve, various types of
modulation schemes have been proposed to reduce the out-of-band (OOB) leakage of OFDM
signals. In the current LTE, 10% of the spectrum is used as guard band to prevent the OOB
emission. With this is mind, there is a need to look at the possibility of improving OFDM to
be use in 5G network. Several newly proposed multi carriers have been study to improve the
OFDM to suit the 5G requirements. Among them are FBMC, F-OFDM and UFMC.

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1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective
To evaluate and analyze of the performance of Modulation schemes for 5G networks.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The above general objective is accomplished by the following specific tasks:
 Compare the performance of various Modulation schemes for 5G networks
from the point of view of bandwidth, power and SNR performance.
 Analyze the performance of at different of Universal filter multi carrier sizes
of carrier per sub-band.

1.4 Significance study of the thesis

The study of this thesis to investigate the performance modulations schemes in 5G network
to solve the user traffic and to increase the bandwidth and speed of the data rate.

1.5 Contribution of the thesis

We contribute in this thesis explain the ways or techniques to solving the data rate traffic,
slow speed, and low bandwidth by using modulation techniques, and also we define the
performance of the new modulation schemes. In all the literatures seen detail in Section has
been analyze at various levels. However, some of the differences in the previous work and
the current work are underlined in the following points. New Modulation schemes and
UFMC because of it is better performance than the other.

1.6 Scope of the thesis

The data traffic and number of users can increasing day to day, which cannot be supported by
existing 4G network technologies. Hence, there is a requirement of 5G network which need
to provide a large bandwidth, high capacity and data-rate. By selecting better modulation
techniques, the required capacity and data-rate speed can be achieved. The solution of 4G
network technologies is 5G networks where Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC) is used as a
modulation technology and it gives a large Band access for a wireless networks with more
capacity and data-rate and better service as compared to 4G networks . The Advanced FBMC
is identified on the basis of OFDM besides the usage of cyclic-prefix.
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1.7. Organization
This thesis is divided into 5 chapters. The chapter 1 is to briefly introduce the next the
background of history of network technology and problem. In chapter 2, literature review we
will go through the OFDM and newly proposed multicarrier FBMC, Filter-OFDM and
UFMC. Chapter 3 is the research thesis methodology. This chapter explains the Mat Lab
software being use and the selection on parameters. Chapter 4 presents the results Data
collected and analysis the observation. Conclusion and future work is presented in chapter 5
and chapter 6 is the the research thesis references. This chapter the main references of the
thesis or the beginning of the research.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Due to some drawback of OFDM in 4G network and the suitability of the use of OFDM in
5G network application, new multicarrier access modulation schemes are being actively
propose, study and research. Nevertheless, of disadvantages of OFDM, multicarrier is the
trend in the upcoming 5G of mobile communication. In this chapter, we will briefly look into
OFDM, F-OFDM FBMC, and UFMC [5].
FBMC is multicarrier system similar to OFDM. Each carrier is filtered in FBMC proposed by
(Gregory et al., 2017). FBMC is actively study by research group such as METIS,
EMPhh.AtiC (Rupendra & Dharma, 2015). F-OFDM, or filter-OFDM, is utilizing the OFDM
with sub-band filtering. (Xi, Ming, Lei, Jianglei, & Jing 2015).
Some of the drawback might see in OFDM in 5G network application, the understanding of
OFDM still important. Many new multi-carriers are developing based on OFDM. The history
of OFDM is back to 1960s. It was proposed by Chang and Saltzberg (Aankarali et al., 2017).
The signals of all the sub-bands are then sum and modulated by PSK or QAM for
transmission. F-OFDM is able to reduce the OOB emission about 2%. The OFDM in current
4G LTE use 10% as the guard band due to the OOB (Zhang et al., 2018). The reduction in
OOB, of course will increase the spectrum efficiency [21] [15].
FBMC is proposed as a new multicarrier to overcome the shortfall that may encounter by
OFDM in the future wireless communication system (Nissel, Schwarz, & Rupp, 2017). Each
carrier in FBMC is filtered and it is able to provide strength to counter. In OFDM, it uses one
filter to filter all its all subcarriers at once. FBMC employ one filter for each individual
carrier instea. The advantage of doing this is able to reduce the out of band emission
(Kishore, Umar, & Naveen, 2017). FBMC generally have 2 main streams, namely
FBMC/OQAM and FMT (filter multi toned). Filter multi tone is based on the QAM while
FBMC/OQAM is based on Offset QAM (Hayat et al., 2017). FBMC/OQAM is also known as
SMT (staggered multi tone). SMT is said to exhibit better spectral efficiency when compare
to FMT (Schaich & Wild, 2014) [27].
Investigation on FBMC is carry out at test bed using center frequency of 2.5 GHz and 60
GHz by Nissel et al using the variant of FBMC/OQAM. The real world result shown that the
FBMC at 2.5 GHz has better throughput than OFDM at higher SNR. The throughput is
higher for FBMC than OFDM when the SNR is larger than 0dB. At low SNR, 0dB and
5
below, the throughput of FBMC is comparable to the throughputs of OFDM (Nissel et al.,
2017). FBMC also known to be the best in suppressing the OOB emission when compare to
other multicarrier such as f-OFDM and UFMC (Zhang, Ijaz, Xiao, Molu, & Tafazolli, 2018).
This also consistent with the work done by Xi and his team (Xi et al., 2015) [27].
But, FBMC’s filter length is multiple time of sample per multicarrier symbols, which make
the entire system much complicated (Pooja , Silki , & Himanshu, 2018). This will also cause
long ramp up and ramp down, this is not suitable for bursty data.
Aside the complexity in the filter, the FBMC also increases the computational difficulty,
since each filter is applied to each carrier. Although FBMC still is better than OFDM in many
expect such as OOB emission, however, FBMC overall is complicated to implement. This
could be the factor FMBC will not employ in 5G by 3GPP (Stefan Pratschner et al., 2018).
Another sub-band filter type of multicarrier is UFMC. UFMC is similar to FMBC, instead of
filter each carrier in FBMC, UFMC filter at sub-band level. Similar to f-OFDM, UFMC is
divide the entire bandwidth to several sub-band. In UFMC, CP is an option (Hayat et al.,
2017). The use of CP in UFMC is to improve the ISI similar to OFDM. The University of
Malaya 9 application of filter will help to reduce the OOB emission; this is similar to the f-
OFDM. UFMC also known as generalization multicarrier of FBMC and f-OFDM (Rani &
Rani, 2016). Similar to f-OFDM, UFMC also can use with different spacing of carrier in
different sub-band (Schaich & Wild, 2014) [19, 26].

2.1. Fundamentals of 5G Network

2.1.1. Background
Over the most recent couple of decades, Mobile Wireless Communication network systems
have encountered a remarkable change. The mobile wireless Generation (G) for the most part
alludes to an adjustment in the idea of the framework, speed, technology, frequency, data
capacity, latency etc. Each generation has some standards, different capacities, new
modulation techniques and new features which separate it from the past one. The first
generation (1G) mobile wireless communication network was analog utilized for voice calls
only. The second generation (2G) is a digital technology and supported text messaging. The
third-generation (3G) mobile technology provided higher data transmission rate, increased
capacity and gave interactive media bolster. The fourth generation (4G) incorporates 3G with
fixed internet to help wireless mobile internet, which is advancement to mobile technology
and it beat the limitations of 3G. There was an increase in the bandwidth and reduced the cost
6
of resources [1] [30]. The 4G communication Network systems will provide a wide variety of
new services, from high quality voice to high definition video to high data rate wireless
channels. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP based
services. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps, even when used in such scenarios as a
vehicle traveling 200 kilometers per hour. New design techniques, however, are needed to
make this happen, in terms of achieving 4G performance at a desired target of one-tenth the
cost of 3G. Fourth Generation (4G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless
communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 4G wireless Network technologies will
allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer
information on demand at an amazingly high speed and low cost [17].Welcome to the world
of amazing realities of an amazingly high-speed data communication and mobile technology
at a very low cost. That’s Wireless network uses OFDM and millimeter wireless that enables
data rate of 20 mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz. 5G stands for fifth Generation mobile
technology and will be unveiled as another unrest in a portable market which will change the
way of utilizing cell phones within the very high bandwidth. A user will never experience
ever before such high esteem technology which will incorporate all kinds of advanced
features and 5G technology will be the most intense and in huge demand in the coming future
[26] [16]. The 5G communication Network system is envisioned as the real wireless network
capable of supporting wireless World Wide Web (WWWW) in 5G Network.

2.1.2. The Key Requirements and Use cases of 5G Network

5G is of mobile networks after LTE (4G). While next versions of 4G specifications are under
development and there will be further LTE evolution, there is a new standard published that
defines 5G [7]. During early days of 4G it was developed primary to provide subscribers with
Mobile Broadband services (MBB). Later LTE specifications were extended with new
functionality to support another use cases as well. For example new functionality includes an
ability to support a massive number of low cost devices for IoT (Internet of Things) use cases
that have specific and different requirements comparing to initial MBB use cases. In contrast
to 4G 5G covers the following classes of use cases including Enhanced Mobile Broadband
(EMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communication (MMTC), Ultra-Reliable and Low-
Latency Communication (URLLC) [27] [13].

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 Fig.1 The major application of 5G communication technology including, Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (EMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communication (MMTC), Ultra-Reliable and
Low-Latency Communication (URLLC).

The applications above the triangle benefit from 5G three major applications: enhanced
mobile broadband/capacity enhancements, massive IoT /massive connectivity, and low
latency/ultra-high reliability and low latency. The proximity of each application to each
application indicates the benefit's influence on the application [6].

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Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
Enhanced MBB (eMBB), requiring both extremely high data rates and low-latency
communication in some areas, and reliable broad band access over large coverage areas.
Increasing capacity in the network is vital to satisfy the performance requirements of
applications and people. In mobile networks, poor capacity is experienced as great coverage
with extremely slow service. The 5G goals of increased speed and increased density require a
huge increase in network capacity to deliver the promised performance [32].
The highly improved mobile broadband services with regards to user experienced data rates,
traffic volumes, coverage, and seamless mobility. It concerns both wide and dense area (e.g.
hotspot) coverage cases with each different requirement. The wide area coverage case desires
seamless coverage and medium to high mobility, with improved but less stringent data rates
compared to the hotspot case. In the hotspot case with low mobility and high user density,
very high traffic capacity is needed and the user data rate is higher than that of wide area
coverage. Examples of 5G services in this scenario are augmented reality, virtual reality, and
ultra-high definition video [7].

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC)

Requiring wireless connectivity for up to tens of billions of network-enabled devices
worldwide. Here, scalable connectivity for an increasing number of devices, wide area
coverage and deep indoor penetration are key priorities. Enabling many more applications
and people with cellular service requires mobile networks to support a level of device density
that is rarely seen today outside of stadiums. The architects of 5G, knowing that mobile
operators cannot blanket a country with stadium-class infrastructure, have addressed device
density in it [7].These are the scenarios with very large numbers of connected low-cost
devices. They have very long battery life and transmit a relatively small amount of data not
so sensitive to delays. Examples of 5G services in this scenario are smart metering, inventory
control, agriculture sensors, and Internet of Things (IoT) [32].

Ultra-reliable Machine-Type Communications (uMTC)

Latency is the round-trip time between two systems such as a self-driving car and its
navigational infrastructure .In a remote surgery scenario, the feedback to the surgeon must be
as immediate as possible to ensure that the surgeon’s actions are not slowed or limited by

9
network latency. There are many other industrial latency problems with older wireless
technologies that have prevented them from moving off fixed cabling. 5G is architected to
deliver a substantially lower latency to be able to support these applications. Examples of 5G
services in this scenario are industrial automation, autonomous self driving vehicles, remote
surgery, and smart grids [2].
Ultra-high reliability is targeted in increasing the availability of 5G so that self-driving cars or
other industrial machines and processes can be implemented with a higher degree of
assurance around availability of network services.

2.1.3. Enabling Technologies for 5G

5G technologies being developed to improve all the requirements identified in the above
section, both as part of an evolution of LTE (4G), and to enable new 5G networks. As
discussed in the papers, in order to cater for the requirements of 5G Networks needs to
achieve significant enhancements in addition to existing technologies. New technologies that
might actually help attain the requirements for 5G Technology [8]. The main technologies
under this research to achieve the data rate and capacity for 5G are:

Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

Established wireless Networks communications technique for sending and receiving multiple
data signals simultaneously over the same radio channel. MIMO techniques play a prominent
role in Wi-Fi communications, as well as 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE networks.
5G New Radio, however, takes it to the next level, introducing the concept of massive
MIMO, which as the name implies involves the application of MIMO technology on a much
larger scale for greater network coverage and capacity. Massive MIMO uses many more
transmit and receive antennas to increase transmission gain and spectral efficiency. To
achieve massive MIMO capacity gain, multiple UEs must generate downlink traffic
simultaneously. Many variables impact the actual gain provided by massive MIMO.
Massive MIMO also acknowledges that in real-world systems, data transmitted between an
antenna and a user terminal and vice versa undergoes filtering from the surrounding
environment. The signal may be reflected off buildings and other obstacles, and these
reflections will have an associated delay, attenuation, and direction of arrival (Fig. 2). There
may not even be a direct line-of-sight between the antenna and the user terminal. It turns out
that these non-direct transmission paths can be harnessed as a power for good.

10
Fig.2 signal reflected off buildings and obstacles, delay, attenuation, and direction of arrival

Fig.3 Massive MIMO multi-user system model

In order to take advantage of the multiple paths, the spatial channel between antenna
elements and user terminals needs to be characterized. The CSI is effectively a collection of
the spatial transfer functions between each antenna and each user terminal. Such spatial
information is gathered in a matrix (Fig. 3). The CSI is used to digitally encode and decode
the data transmitted from and received by the antenna array.

11
Millimeter-Wave Mobile Communications (mmWave)
The wireless technology we use today uses the frequency of less than 6 Gigahertz. However
with more devices coming online, we may see some significant decrement in Performance.
The millimeter waves use higher frequency i.e. lower wavelength signals (wavelength may
vary from 1 to 10 millimeter). Scientists are testing the frequencies of up to 300 Gigahertz,
which is going to create a lot of room for the devices that are going to be added in the future.
But this technology comes with a major drawback. The signals cannot easily travel through
buildings, and they are likely to be easily absorbed by trees and rain. Hence, the other
technology: Small Cells [24].
Flexible 5G New Air Interface
Different application requirements for air interface technology is complex and diverse, a
unified new air interface with flexibility and adaptability is proposed to meet these
requirements. New air interface consists of building blocks and configuration mechanisms
such as adaptive waveform, adaptive protocols, adaptive frame structure, adaptive coding and
modulation family and adaptive multiple access schemes. With these blocks and mechanisms,
the air interface is able to accommodate the future wide variety of user services, spectrum
bands and traffic levels.
Key technology components, as shown in Figure.4, include a new waveform technology
Filtered-OFDM (Filtered-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), a new multiple
access technology SCMA (Sparse Code Multiple Access), a new channel code Polar Code,
the full-duplex mode and massive MIMO technology. The new air interface design can
effectively improve spectral efficiency, increase connectivity, and reduce latency, thus
facilitating the deployment of customized scenarios applied to the IoT and for high
bandwidth-consuming scenarios such as virtual reality.

12
 Fig.4 5G air interface components

The new air interface exploits two-level non-orthogonality to maximize the spectrum
efficiency, the number of connected devices and to provide flexibility to support vastly
diverse services. Filtered OFDM allows inter-subband non-orthogonality while SCMA
enables intra-subband non-orthogonality.

13
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

In this study, Compare the performance of various Modulation schemes for 5G network from
the point of view of bandwidth, power and SNR performance and investigation is done using
Matlab software simulation to understand the performance of UFMC under different filter
lengths and different sizes of carrier per sub-band.
In this thesis the following Methodologies are adopted to achieve the objectives the flowchart
showing in the following Fig 1.which have used in my thesis .

Reviewing the
previous
literature

Identify and
define proposal
problem
statement

Define the
objective of as
solution

Identify and
Compare and analysis
evaluate the
of the performance of
performance
different multi carrier
of modulation
modulation schemes

Fig.5 Flow chart of Methodology

In order to accomplish the desire modulation schemes for 5G networks thesis gone through
the following method the first we going to review different literatures to gather or collect the
information from previous work done by the others .Second parting or identify and define the

14
problems to initiate for starting this thesis . Next step define the objectives or the purpose
the thesis used for guide the future work and evaluate the different modulation techniques
type’s performances, and compare the performance the multi-carriers.

3.2. Multi carrier modulation schemes for 5G Networks

The principle of transmitting data by dividing the stream into several bit streams, each of
which has a much lower bit rate, and by using these sub streams to modulate several carriers.
Multicarrier modulation, MCM is a technique for transmitting data by sending the data over
multiple carriers which are normally close spaced. Multicarrier modulation has several
advantages including resilience to interference, resilience to narrow band fading and
multipath effects. As a result, multicarrier modulation schemes are widely used for data
transmission as it is able to provide an effective signal waveform which is spectrally efficient
and resilient to the real world environment. Multicarrier modulation operates by dividing the
data stream to be transmitted into a number of lower data rate data streams. Each of the lower
data rate streams is then used to modulate an individual carrier. When the overall
transmission is received, the receiver has to then re-assemble the overall data stream from
those received on the individual carriers. It is possible to use a variety of different techniques
for multicarrier transmissions. Each form of MCM has its own advantages and can be sued in
different applications. There are many forms of multicarrier modulation schemes that are in
use of being investigated for 5G networks use. Some of the more widely known schemes are
below. In this section discussion detail the Multi carrier modulation schemes for 5G
Networks on OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), FBMC (Filter Bank
Multi Carrier), F- OFDM , and UFMC (Universal Filtering Multi-Carrier) [26].

3.2.1. OFDM
OFDM is a multicarrier modulation Schemes used in 4G technology . OFDM is making
up of multiple small bandwidth of carrier, instead of single carrier by itself. This individual
carrier is known as sub carrier. The entire sub carrier is orthogonal to each other. The IFFT in
the OFDM is to transform the frequency signal to time and FFT is for the reverse [26].
The principle of OFDM
OFDM uses IFFT and FFT, which allow the both the transmitter and receiver reduce it
complexity. CP insertion in OFDM is to make OFDM resist against the delay spread in the
channel. OFDM is the currently preferred technique for broadband wireless 4G (3GPP-LTE),
15
WiFi (IEEE 802.11), Digital TV (DVB/ISDB). Reduced and fixed equalization complexity
for large number of multi paths (depends on FFT size) .OFDM has a large Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio (PAPR) .Power amplifiers must be over dimensioned and operate inefficiently.
In OFDM, many closely spaced orthogonal sub-carriers carry data on several parallel data
streams or channels. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme
such as QPSK at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional
single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth. The channel assigned by the
system transmission signal into multiple orthogonal sub-channels, converts the high-speed
data signal into a parallel low-speed sub-data stream, and then sends the signal to the channel
for transmission. And the subcarriers are also orthogonal to each other, and their spectrums
overlap each other. This method not only greatly reduces the complexity of receiver
equalizer, but also avoids the interference between parallel data and the influence between
adjacent channels. Its block diagram is shown in figure 6. The signal data transmitted serially
is firstly converted into the sub-data stream transmitted in parallel after flowing through the
series in OFDM system, and then respectively to orthogonal sub-carrier modulation, then all
the subcarrier signal superimposed together, and form a OFDM symbols on the channel
transmission .Finally, the original data signal is obtained through the concatenation
conversion [19].

16
 Fig.6. Physical layer block diagram of OFDM Transmitter and Receiver

OFDM Spectrum overflow, it need guard bands. Shown below Fig 7 the Entire band should
use the same sub carrier spacing, Entire time should use the same symbol size and cyclic
prefix and all users should strictly time synchronize in the uplink.

Fig .7 full-band of OFDM

17
Mathematical Model of OFDM
After the qualitative principle of the system, it is valuable to discuss the mathematical model
of the modulation system. This allows us to see how the signal is generated and how receiver
must operate, and it gives us a tool to understand the effects of imperfections in the
transmission channel. As noted above, OFDM transmits a large number of narrowband
carriers, closely spaced in the frequency domain. In order to avoid a large number of
modulators and filters at the transmitter and complementary filters and demodulators at the
receiver, it is desirable to be able to use modern digital signal processing techniques, such as
fast Fourier transform (FFT)
Mathematically, the OFDM signal described as:
If N subcarriers are used, and each subcarrier is modulated using M alternative symbols, the
OFDM symbol alphabet consists of 𝑀𝑁 combined symbols

X (t) =∑𝑁−1
𝑘=0 𝑋𝐾 𝑒
𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑡/𝑇
, 0≤ 𝑡 < 𝑇

Where 𝑋𝐾 are the data symbols, N is the number of subcarriers, and T is the OFDM symbol
time. The subcarrier spacing of 1/T makes them orthogonal over each symbol period; this
property is expressed as:

𝑇 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑡
𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑡/𝑇
1/𝑇 ∫ (𝑒 𝑇 ) ∗ (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑇
1/𝑇 ∫ 𝑒𝑗2𝜋( 𝐾1−𝑘2) 𝑡/𝑇 𝑑𝑡 = 𝛿𝑘1𝑘2
0

To avoid inter symbol interference in multipath fading channels; a guard interval of length

is inserted prior to the OFDM block. During this interval, a cyclic prefix is transmitted

such that the signal in the interval −𝑇𝑔≤𝑡< 0 equals the signal in the interval (𝑇 −
𝑇𝑔) ≤𝑡< 0 . The OFDM signal with cyclic prefix is thus

X (t) =∑𝑁−1
𝑘=0 𝑋𝐾 𝑒
𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑡/𝑇
, −𝑇𝑔≤𝑡<𝑇

18
Cyclic Prefix of OFDM
When the number of sub-carriers increases, the OFDM symbol duration Ts becomes large
compared to the duration of the impulse response τmax of the channel, and the amount of ISI
reduces. Reduce the ISI, add guard interval larger than that of the estimated delay spread. If
the guard interval is left empty, the orthogonality of the sub-carriers no longer holds, i.e., ICI
(inter-channel interference) still exists. To prevent the ISI as well as the ICI, OFDM symbol
is cyclically extended into the guard interval.

Fig 8.simple cyclic prefix of OFDM

OFDM systems insert a cyclic prefix (CP) before each symbol to be transmitted. To preserve
orthogonality, the end of the current symbol is transmitted before each symbol. As long as the
length of the CP is at least equal to the length of the multipath channel, all copies of the
current symbol are received before the start of the useful part of the next symbol, thus
preventing ISI.

19
3.2.2. F-OFDM
Filter OFDM or f-OFDM is similar to the OFDM. In the f-OFDM, the total carriers are
divided to number of sub-band and each sub-band is then filtered. Each of the sub-bands can
have different carrier spacing. The objective to have different carrier spacing at different sub-
band is to ensemble the need of type of services [32].

The principle of F-OFDM

In f-OFDM, filter is applied at both receiver and transmitter. F-OFDM technology is based on
the principle that a plurality of filters (i.e., filter banks) are used to filter the multiple
subcarriers in the transmission bandwidth, and then superimposed together to form a time
domain data signal [32]. Filtered OFDM (F-OFDM) is also a new proposed multicarrier
modulation scheme. It also introduces the filtering process in the time domain. The filter
bandwidth is designed for a certain sub-band but it is not necessarily equal to 1 PRB; each
sub-band is separately modulated using classical OFDM modulation. The F-OFDM does not
fix the filter length to the CP length which gives more freedom for the design of filter,
implying a small filter transition bandwidth. The F-OFDM transmitter scheme is depicted in
Fig.9. We denote M the number of carriers, and Ni the number of subcarriers. There are Ni
subcarriers per carrier. For each F-OFDM symbol, Ni data are mapped in frequency domain,
an IFFT of size Ni is applied to each carrier, and a CP is appended. It ensures the circularity
of the received signal. The outputs of each stage are then fed to a filter parameterized by a
prototype filter. After that the summation of the M stages is done and symbols are then
transmitted. The receiver scheme consists on selecting a window of size MN. It is followed
by a MNFFT stage. The receiver is thus with low complexity, similar to the one of CP-
OFDM.

20
 Fig.9. F-OFDM transmitter

Mathematical Description of F-OFDM

The signal FOFDM is formed by KCP-OFDM sub-symbols of length𝐾 + 𝐿𝑐𝑝 . After applying
the L-length time-domain filter 𝑓𝑖 on each sub-band i, the FOFDM signal is produced and
can be written for 𝑘 ∈ [−𝐿𝑐𝑝, 𝑀𝐾 + (𝑀 − 1)𝑀𝑐𝑝 + 𝐿 − 2] as

𝑩 𝑴−𝟏 𝑳−𝟏 𝑲−𝟏 𝟐𝝅(𝒎−𝒍−𝒏𝑳 𝒄𝒑 )𝑲

𝒋
𝒔𝑭𝑶𝑭𝑫𝑴 (𝒌) = ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒏 .𝒆 𝑲
𝒇𝒊
𝒊=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏 𝒍=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

Where 𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒏 , are the complex symbols for subcarrier n, the sub-symbol m and sub-band i.
Only a fraction of the K subcarriers may need to be activated, depending on the schemes of
the different modulation. The FOFDM targets the uplink with narrow sub-bands
corresponding to few tens of subcarriers, should be considered in the implementation.

21
3.2.3. FBMC
FBMC is a combination of multiplexing and modulation with function by breaking the
wide band channel into a number of narrowband channels which is called the sub
channels. The FBMC increases the computational difficulty, since each filter is applied to
each carrier. FBMC is better than OFDM in many expect such as OOB emission, A filter is
used to remove the sub carrier overflow , No side lobes, No cyclic prefix needed ,Þ More
bits/Hz , Different users can have different sub bands with different parameters.

The principle of FBMC

FBMC is best suitable technique considered among the different multicarrier modulation
schemes for 5G Network. OFDM and FBMC are mostly differing in the selection of the
filter. In case of OFDM, rectangular filter is used to pass the each subcarrier where as in
FBMC the pulse shaping filter is used in order to give the better spectral characteristics by
reducing the radiation in the out of band.
In FBMC system, in transmitter the data symbols are transferred to parallel stream from
series stream by s/p. The parallel symbols are modulated to OQAM signal. The OQAM
signal is transformed into a s/g filtered by each sub-carrier by using the synthesis is filter
bank that consists of IFFT.

Fig.10. Filter Bank Multicarrier Transmitter Block Diagram

22
 Fig.11. Filter Bank Multicarrier Receiver Block Diagram

FBMC Spectrum overflow no need guard bands. The Entire band should use the individual
sub carrier (per sub- carrier) spacing, Entire time should use the different symbol size and
cyclic prefix and All users should strictly time synchronize in the uplink.

Fig 12.Sub carrier in FBMC

Mathematical Description of FBMC

Mathematically, FBMC the transmitted signals s (t) of a multicarrier system in the time
domain can be expressed as:
𝑀−1 𝑁−1

𝑠(𝑡) = ∑ ∑ 𝑔𝑛,𝑚 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑚(𝑡),

𝑚=0 𝑛=0

Where𝑥𝑛 , mdenotes the transmitted symbol at subcarrier-position n and time-position m, and

is chosen from a symbol al-phabet A, usually a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or

23
a Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) signal constellation. The transmitted basis pulse
𝑔𝑛 . 𝑚(t) in is defined as

𝑔𝑛 , 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑝(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝐹(𝑡−𝑚𝑇) ∗ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑛,𝑚

Time and frequency shifted version of the prototype filter p (t) with T denoting the time
spacing and F the frequency spacing (subcarrier spacing). The choice of the phase shift 𝜃𝑛,𝑚
becomes relevant later in the context of FBMC-OQAM
m becomes relevant later in the context of FBMC-OQAM. After transmission over a channel,
the received symbols are decoded by projecting the received signal r(t)into the basis pulses
𝑔𝑛 . 𝑚(t), that is:-

𝑦𝑚,𝑛 = (𝑟(𝑡), 𝑔𝑛,𝑚 (𝑡)) = ∫ 𝑟(𝑡)𝑔𝑛,𝑚 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

−∞

3.2.4. UFMC
UFMC is a generalization of F-OFDM and FBMC modulations, another sub-band filter
type of multicarrier is UFMC. UFMC is sub-band filtering similar to FMBC, instead of filter
each carrier in FBMC, UFMC filter at sub-band level. UFMC has more spectral efficiency.

The principle of UFMC

UFMC filters each sub-band that consists of orthogonal multi-carrier in order to
reduce OOB power. UFMC is the best in suppressing the OOB emission when compare to
other multicarrier such as f-OFDM and FBMC. Each sub-band is consisting number of
carriers. The advantage of the UFMC is the reduce in the filter length when compare to
FBMC, since the sub band is filter instead of individual carrier. In the UFMC system, each
sub-band signal is transformed into series stream by P/S. Secondly, in UFMC
receiver, the received signal is applied to RF chain and transformed into base band
signal by RF chain. After RF to baseband link section the signal will be passing through the
time domain pre-processing window. In this window the interference is suppressed.

24
After this process the signal will be converted to 2N point streams. Those streams are parallel
streams and here N is defined as number of sub carriers. The frequency domain symbol
processing block is also known as symbol demapper. Here the symbol demapping process
takes place. The demodulator used here is QPSK demodulator which is used to retrieve the
data bits from the received symbols [17].
UFMC is also based on the filtering method. The differentiator is how and what type of the
filter is applied. The more sub-carries in one sub band, the less load on baseband processing,
but final performance gets poorer as you put more sub-carriers into one sub band. We are
going to filter a subgroup of carriers, so multiple carriers in a bank filtered together. This give
us the ability to improve the out of band emission (OOB) and it gives us the ability to
improve the spectral efficiency and at the same time we can have cyclic prefix if we want, so
we can still support MIMO in this filter technology.

Fig.13 The block diagram of UFMC transceivers

25
To overcome the drawbacks of OFDM we should find a new modulation schemes in 5G
network physical layer. That new modulation schemes should achieve asynchronous
transmission, better spectral efficiency, low OOB emission and low latency. But at the
same time it must possess the easily tunable sub carriers. In this situation some new
modulation schemes available with less complex designs well as more attracted by the
industries and researchers, i.e. UFMC. Universal Filtered Multi carrier (UFMC) is a novel
candidate modulation schemes for 5G network.
UFMC Spectrum overflow, it not need guard bands. The Entire band should use the same
divide into four per sub band spacing, entire time should use the same four symbol size and
cyclic prefix and all users should strictly time synchronize in the uplink.

Fig.14 Sub band in UFMC system

Mathematical model of UFMC

A mathematical analysis of the above process is presented in the following. For an arbitrary i
th sub band B i (i ∈ [1: N]), the frequency domain signal X i (k) of the ith equipment is
transformed to the time domain x i (m) by the IDFT, and its expression is

1 2π
xi(m)= ∑ X i (k)ej N mk m = 0,1 … . . , M − 1
M
kϵBi

Then, the complete original signal in the frequency domain X(k) is the sum of each X i (k)

X(k) = ∑ X i (k)
i=1

26
By filtering through BPF, the output signal t i (m) is the result of discrete linear convolution
between the filter impulse response f i (m) and the time-domain signal x i (m). As previously
mentioned, f i (m) has length L, and t i (m) has length M+L−1. Therefore, the formula of
UFMC symbol y(m), in consideration of CFO, is expressed as

N N

y(m) = ∑ ci (m). t i (m) = ∑ ci (m). (xi (m) ∗ fi (m))

i=1 i=1

27
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
In this section we discuss performance analysis of modulation schemes. 5G network
modulation schemes system is fast, flexible have new modulation schemes than the 4G
network. The capacity of these 5G Networks is aimed to be much higher than current 4G
Network. Higher capacity would allow higher density of mobile users, ultra reliability and
massive communications. Also research that is going on 5G Networks aims at Better
coverage area, low battery consumption, low network access and SIM security, speed hand
offs, battery consumption, elements introduced international MIMO availability of multiple
data roaming technology, transfer path, energy and global spectral efficiency is more
technology and has a high security.

4.1. Performance Analysis of Modulation Schemes

The main feature of the 5G wireless network system Support higher data rates, less
interference and lower PAPR a new waveform candidate is required. 5G network to improve
the performance of the system from three aspects, such as, Power Spectral Density, Bit Error
rate, Spectral Efficiency to meet the future needs of the huge communications.

4.1.1 .Power Spectral Density

Suppressing the OOB leakage is a key purpose for most of the modulation candidates for 5G
networks. The Power Spectral Density of the some modulations all modulations achieve
much lower leakage compared to the traditional OFDM. Among them, UFMC applies sub
band filtering and also has low leakage, and FBMC and f-OFDM have the lowest leakage. GI
DFT-s-OFDM, and SP-OFDM, although do not reduce the leakage as much as FBMC and f-
OFDM, can still achieve much better performance than the traditional OFDM.

28
4.1.2. Bit Error rate performance
The main parameter for measuring the performance of a data wireless data channel is Bit
Error rate (BER).When data is transmitted over a data channel, there is a possibility of errors
being introduced into the system. If errors are introduced into the data, then the integrity of
the system may be compromised. As a result, it is necessary to assess the performance of the
system, and bit error rate, BER, provides an ideal way in which this can be achieved. Many
other forms of assessment, bit error rate, BER assess the full end to end performance of a
system including the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the two. In this way, bit
error rate, BER enables the actual performance of a system in operation to be tested, rather
than testing the component parts and hoping that they will operate satisfactorily when in
place. Having analyzed the PSD properties of transmitted signal using different Multicarrier
Modulation schemes, we now analyze the Bit Error Rate performance of different waveforms
assuming only one transmitter and receiver using the entire bandwidth for data transmission
and no interferer in adjacent frequency bands. If the medium between the transmitter and
receiver is good and the signal to noise ratio is high, then the bit error rate will be very small
possibly insignificant and having no noticeable effect on the overall system However if noise
can be detected, then there is chance that the bit error rate will need to be considered. At this
time data of the channel degrade. The main reasons for the degradation of a data channel and
the corresponding bit error rate, BER is noise and changes to the propagation path (where
radio signal paths are used). Both effects have a random element to them, the noise following
a Gaussian probability function. This means that analysis of the channel characteristics are
normally undertaken using statistical analysis techniques.

Factors affecting bit error rate, BER

The bit error rate, BER can be affected by a number of factors. By manipulating the variables
that can be controlled it is possible to optimize a system to provide the performance levels
that are required. This is normally undertaken in the design stages of a data transmission
system so that the performance parameters can be adjusted at the initial design concept four
sections.

1. Interference: The interference levels present in a system are generally set by external
factors and cannot be changed by the system design. However it is possible to set the
bandwidth of the system. By reducing the bandwidth the level of interference can be

29
 reduced. However reducing the bandwidth limits the data throughput that can be
achieved.
2. Increase transmitter power: It is also possible to increase the power level of the
system so that the power per bit is increased. This has to be balanced against factors
including the interference levels to other users and the impact of increasing the power
output on the size of the power amplifier and overall power consumption and battery
life, etc.
3. Reduce bandwidth: Another approach that can be adopted to reduce the bit error rate
is to reduce the bandwidth. Lower levels of noise will be received and therefore the
signal to noise ratio will improve. Again this results in a reduction of the data
throughput attainable.
4. Lower order modulation: Lower order modulation schemes can be used, but this is
at the expense of data throughput.

It is necessary to balance all the available factors to achieve a satisfactory bit error rate.
Normally it is not possible to achieve all the requirements and some trade-offs are required.
However, even with a bit error rate below what is ideally required, further trade-offs can be
made in terms of the levels of error correction that are introduced into the data being
transmitted. Although more redundant data has to be sent with higher levels of error
correction, this can help mask the effects of any bit errors that occur, thereby improving the
overall bit error rate. The bit error rate, BER parameter is often quoted for many
communications systems and it is a key parameter used in determining what link channel
parameters should be used, everything from power to modulation type.

4.1.3. Spectral Efficiency

Spectral efficiency refers to the information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a
specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is
utilized by the physical layer protocol, and sometimes by the media access control (the channel access
protocol The number of bits that can be transmitted using the modulation scheme per second
per Hertz of bandwidth. Spectral efficiency analysis for part of the 5G OFDM cannot

achieve this maximum value due to the addition of a CP of length 𝑇𝑐𝑝 . This leads to an

overall efficiency reduction:

30
 𝑀
ƞ𝑂𝐹𝐷𝑀 = <1
𝑀 + 𝑇𝑐𝑝
Where ƞ is Transmission efficiency, M is the number of symbols per transmission block and
T is the length of each prototype filter.
FBMC scheme respects the Nyquist rate and no CP is used. Hence it is possible to achieve
the maximum efficiency:

1
ƞ𝐹𝐵𝑀𝐶 = =1
𝑇. 𝐹

Where F is the spacing between subcarriers, the maximum efficiency for an orthogonal
system is reached when: T.F=1.
Finally, The UFMC scheme does not use CP. But nevertheless, a zero-padding is employed
after OFDM modulation, which ensures isolation between consecutive symbols after time-
domain FIR filtering. The number of padded zeros is equal to the FIR filter length minus 1,
making the overall spectral efficiency the same as OFDM:

1 𝑇
ƞ𝑈𝐹𝑀𝐶 = = <1
(𝑇 + 𝑇𝑍𝑃).𝐹 𝑇 + 𝑇𝐶𝑃

Where 𝑇𝑍𝑃 is the zero-padding duration, which is equal to 𝑇𝐶𝑃 of the OFDM case.

31
CHAPTER FIVE
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
We show and discuss the results obtained from the simulations of the systems previously
described. Waveforms are presented and performance of UFMC, FBMC with those of
OFDM. The results were generated using MATLAB software. In the evaluation process,
based on the results, we assess the performances of the simulated in terms of, PSD, and
BER.OFDM is preferred because of filtering observed in both UFMC and FBMC, which
enhances the PAPR of FBMC to become slightly inferior to that of OFDM.
5.1. Power Spectral Density (PSD)
The power spectral densities of OFDM, FBMC, and UFMC are presented in figure below. dB
represents the Power Spectral density, which is a function of the normalized frequency. In
this case, it is evident that in FBMC, the power in the OOB is significantly low when we
compared to the equivalent band. Hence, it is safe to assume that in terms of Power Spectral
density, FBMC ranks better than UFMC and OFDM

OFDM Parameter
Parameter Value
Subcarrier 100
NumFFT 1024
SymIdx 1

Table.1 PSD of OFDM parameters

FBMC Parameter
Parameter Value
Overlap 4
SNR 12dB
Bitpersubcarrier 2
Numsymbols 100
numFFT 1024
Table.2 PSD of FBMC parameters
UFMC Parameter

32
Parameter Value
Subcarrier 20
Subband 10
Bitsubcarrier 4
Numsubbands 10
numFFT 512
SNR 15Db

Table.3 PSD of UMFC parameters

Fig.15 PSD of OFDM

33
 Fig.16 PSD of UFMC

Fig.17 PSD of FBMC

FBMC and UFMC are considered advantageous when we compare to OFDM by offering
higher spectral efficiency. Due to the per subcarrier filtering, it occurs a larger filter delay
when we FBMC compare to UFMC

34
5.2. Bit Error Rate (BER)
The probability of error is presented as the Bit Error Rate of FBMC, UFMC, and OFDM as
shown in figure 18. The figure shows that the BER results increase, the modulation level
increase, The simulations indicate that the FBMC and OFDM waveforms are almost similar
with regards to Bit Error Rate. Hence, UFMC has the best overall Bit Error Rrate.

Fig.18 BER for OFDM

35
Fig.19 BER for FBMC

Fig.20 BER for UFMC

36
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
This thesis paper has presented the performance analysis of multicarrier modulation schemes,
and comparison of multicarrier. FBMC and UFMC systems are the strong modulation
schemes for 5G network communication system. Since these systems are basically multi
carrier modulation system. In this paper, we have focused on power spectral densities and
BER performance evaluation of OFDM, FBMC, and UFMC. As simulation results, we have
confirmed that performance power spectral densities of FBMC power in the OOB is
significantly low when we compared to the equivalent band, FBMC better than OFDM.
Additionally, we have confirmed that the BER results of MCM increase, also the modulation
level become increase, the similarity of the FBMC and OFDM waveforms with regards to Bit
Error Rate. In this case UFMC has the best Bit Error Rate performance.
UFMC is multicarrier modulation schemes are used to remove the Inter channel
Interference and in order to increase the performance of the system. The filtering
process is used to reduce the OOB side lobe leakage it provides a better spectrum
operation when compared to OFDM. We suggest that UFMC is the better, high Peak-
to-Average Power Ratio reduction, more reliable and efficient for 5G Network.

Recommendation for Future Work

In this thesis paper, modulation scheme for 5G networks were discussed. The recommended
study area:
1. Study the parameter of different modulation schemes.
2. Study Future better multicarrier modulation schemes for 5G and for the future generation
(6G).

37
REFERENCES
[1]. Charu, Mr. Rajeev Gupta “A Comparative Study of Various Generations in Mobile
Technology” International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume
28 Number 7 - October 2015
[2].John Wiley & Sons “Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks” first edition, 2015
published [3].Amritpal Singh” A Review of Different Generations of Mobile Technology”
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