Warming Up: 1. Discuss in Your Class: (Write Your Own Answers. Points Only Given For Reference)

LESSON 4.
2
REVOLUTIONARY STEPS IN SURGERY
WARMING UP
1. Discuss in your class: (WRITE YOUR OWN ANSWERS. POINTS ONLY GIVEN
FOR REFERENCE)
1. Do you like to study science?

Answer: (Points: yes, no, the reasons why)
2. What are the advantages of learning science?

Answer: Knowledge, information- more career opportunities, etc.
3.
Are robots truly useful to human beings?
Answer: (Points: yes, no, why – examples of robots you have read of, seen in
movies, etc.)
4. How can we take the help of robots in our daily life?

Answer: Household chores – boring, monotonous work – heavy manual jobs
very intricate, minute jobs – dangerous; jobs – operations, surgeries, etc.)
5. Name some gadgets and: appliances we use in day-to-day life.

Answer: (Points: washing machine, mixer, grinder, gas stoves, TV, dishwasher,
heaters, etc.)
2. Imagine that one of your family members I friends I classmates has recently
undergone a surgery. You were curious and wanted to learn about his/her
experience.
Match the questions you asked with their answers.
1. What health problem did you suffer from?
Answer: I had fractured my ankle while playing hockey.
2. Whom did you Inform about It first?

Answer: Our school hockey coach.
3. What type of doctor did you consult?

Answer: I consulted an orthopaedic surgeon.
4. How did he/she find out that you needed surgery?

Answer: The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle, and he found a fracture In my
ankle.
5. What preparation was done before the surgery?

Answer: I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.
6. How did you feel when you were taken to the operation theatre?
Answer: I was very nervous.
7. What was the first step before the actual surgery?

Answer: I was given an injection of anaesthesia.
8. Did you feel any pain during the surgery?
Answer: No, I did not feel anything. I was fast asleep.
9. What did you feel when you opened your eyes after the operation?
Answer: I was relieved and happy that the operation was over.
10. How soon did you recover?

Answer: I recovered and I could walk normally after three weeks.
3. We have learned that sentences may have two, three or more sets of
subject + predicate, joined by a conjunction. Each set of subject and predicate.
that is a part of a larger sentence is called clause. (WRITE IN YOUR GRAMMAR
BOOK UNDER A NEW TOPIC, “CO-ORDINATORS”)
Separate the clauses in the following sentences and write the conjunction.
1. The thief stole the money and he ran away.

Answer:
Clause (i): The thief stole the money.
Clause (ii): he ran away
Conjunction: and
2. She told me that she was a doctor.

Answer:
Clause (i): She told me
Clause (ii): that she was a doctor
Conjunction: that
3. He ran fast but he did not win the race.

Answer:
Clause (i): He ran fast
Clause (ii): he did not win the race
Conjunction: but
4. The traveller arrived at the station after the train had left.
Answer:
Clause (i): The traveller arrived at the station
Clause (ii): after the train had left
Conjunction: after
4. Coordination
Observe the clauses in the following sentences.
(1) He is intelligent and he is hardworking.

(2) Asit was tired but he could not rest.
(3) You can go for a walk or you can exercise at home.
(4) Seerna has recovered from fever, so she can attend school.
Each of the above sentences have clauses which do not depend on each
other for complete sense. They are called Independant or Co-ordinate
clauses. They are joined by conjunctions like and, but, o, so. Such
conjunctions are called Co-ordinators.
Other Co-ordinators are:
• as well as / not only but also

• yet / still I however / nevertheless
• or / nor / else / either or / neither nor
• so / therefore / thus / hence / for
From the sentences given in Activity 2 pick out two sentences having Co-
ordinate Clauses. Point out the Co-ordinators:
1. I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.

Answer:
Coordinate Clause (i): I was given a bath.
Coordinate Clause (ii): I wore a surgical gown.
Conjunction: and
2. The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle and he found a fracture in my

ankle.
Answer:
Coordinate Clause (i): The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle.
Coordinate Clause (ii): He found a fracture in my ankle.
Conjunction: and
WORKSHOP
1. Read the lesson and name the following:
a. First surgeon to perform operations

Answer: Sushruta
b. Anaesthetics used from mid19th century

Answer: Ether and chloroform
c. First successful Cardiac Surgeon

Answer: Dr. Williams
d. A sack around the heart

Answer: Pericardium
e. Father of modern neurosurgery

Answer: Harvey Cushing
f. World’s most advanced surgical robot

Answer: The Da Vinci.
2. Match the terms in ‘A’ with their explanation in ‘B’:
Question 1.
Answer:
(1) – (f).
(2) – (d).
(3) – (g).
(4) – (h).
(5) – (a).
(6) – (e).
(7) – (b).
(8) – (i).
3. Fill in the web with words related to ‘Surgery’:
Answer:
4. Write 3 to 4 lines about each of the following in your own words:
a. Sushruta Samhita
Answer: It is thought that Sushruta was probably the first surgeon to perform
surgical operations, and the Sushruta Samhita is one of the oldest works In the
world that deal with surgery.
b. First Cardiac Surgery

Answer: The first cardiac surgery was done by Dr Williams. A patient, James
Cornish. was suffering from a very serious knife wound, and the knife had cut
an artery less than an inch from his heart. It had punctured the pericardium. Dr
Williams and six staff doctors performed a complicated and daring operation
and repaired the heart. This became the first successful cardiac surgery.
c. First Neurosurgeon
Answer: Harvey Cushing was the first neurosurgeon and is considered to be
the father of modern neurological surgery. In the early part of the 20g”
century, he developed basic techniques and instruments for operating on the
brain. Cushing reduced the mortality rate for neurosurgery from 90% to less
than 10%. By 1937, when he retired, he had successfully removed more than
2000 tumours. One of his most significant achievements was the development
of a method to stem blood loss by inventing a clip called the ‘silver clip’ or the
‘Cushing clip’.
d. The Robotic Surgery
Answer: Robotic surgery is a type of minimal invasive surgery. Use Is made of
miniature surgical Instruments, that fit through quarter-inch Incisions. Robotic
surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the operating site. Every movement he
makes with the master controls Is replicated accurately by the robot. When
necessary. the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot’s movements.
Surgeons can use this technology to perform complex surgical procedures.
5. A. Fill in the gap in the table of Degrees of Comparison:
Answer:
(1) old Older oldest

(2) healthy Healthier healthiest
(3) near Nearer nearest
(4) fine Finer finest
(5) ancient more ancient most ancient
5. B. Adjectives which have more than two syllables (long words) take more
and most before them to form Comparative and Superlative degrees:
For example : successful – Positive Degree

more successful – Comparative Degree
most successful – Superlative Degree
Give the Comparative and Superlative forms of:
Answer:
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative degree

(1) Old Older Oldest
(2) Health Healthier Healthiest
(3) Near Nearer Nearest
(4) Fine Finer Finest
(5) Early Earlier Earliest
(6) Small Smaller Smallest
(7) Fast Faster Fastest
(8) High Higher Highest
6. Join the sentences using appropriate Co-ordinators. (but, or, so, and):
(WRITE IN YOUR GRAMMAR BOOK)
a. There was lack of technology. Major surgery could not develop for centuries.
Answer:
There was lack of technology, so major surgery could not develop for
centuries.
b. Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past. Patients did not survive.
Answer: Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past but patients did not survive.
c. He places his fingers into the master controls. He operates all four arms of
the Da Vinci.
Answer:
He places his fingers into the master controls and He operates all four arms of
the Da Vinci.
d. Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves. It can also replace them.
Answer: Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves or it can also
replace them.
e. Heart patients were treated with sedatives. They did not survive.
Answer: Heart patients were treated with sedatives but they did not survive.
f. These procedures can be performed through very small incisions. Our

patients experience a number of benefits.
Answer: These procedures can be performed through very small incisions so
our patients experience a number of benefits.

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LESSON 4.

1. Do you like to study science?

2. What are the advantages of learning science?

4. How can we take the help of robots in our daily life?

5. Name some gadgets and: appliances we use in day-to-day life.

2. Whom did you Inform about It first?

3. What type of doctor did you consult?

4. How did he/she find out that you needed surgery?

5. What preparation was done before the surgery?

7. What was the first step before the actual surgery?

10. How soon did you recover?

1. The thief stole the money and he ran away.

2. She told me that she was a doctor.

3. He ran fast but he did not win the race.

Observe the clauses in the following sentences.

(1) He is intelligent and he is hardworking.

• as well as / not only but also

1. I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.

2. The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle and he found a fracture in my

1. Read the lesson and name the following:

a. First surgeon to perform operations

b. Anaesthetics used from mid19th century

c. First successful Cardiac Surgeon

d. A sack around the heart

e. Father of modern neurosurgery

f. World’s most advanced surgical robot

2. Match the terms in ‘A’ with their explanation in ‘B’:

3. Fill in the web with words related to ‘Surgery’:

4. Write 3 to 4 lines about each of the following in your own words:

b. First Cardiac Surgery

5. A. Fill in the gap in the table of Degrees of Comparison:

(1) old Older oldest

For example : successful – Positive Degree

Give the Comparative and Superlative forms of:

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative degree

f. These procedures can be performed through very small incisions. Our

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