MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

D Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC, AMBI,

TALEGAON, PUNE

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2021 - 22

ELETRIC VEHICLES

Program:ETM Program code: 22652

Course: Course code: AE6I
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Suyash More Roll No. 7 of 6 th Semester of Diploma in
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING of Institute, D Y PATIL POLYTECHNIC (Code: 0996) has
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject - ETM(22652) for the academic
year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: AMBI, PUNE Enrollment No: 1909960053

Date: ……………………… Exam. Seat No: …………………………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Project Details:

Sr. Name of group Roll No Enrollment No Seat No

No members
1 Suyash more 7 1909960053

Name of Guide: Mr. Manohar Chavan

INDEX
SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 ELECTRIC BATTRY 01-02

2 TOP EV MANUFACTURERS 03-10

3 EV BATTERY CHARGING 11-12

4 LITHIUM ION BATTERY 13

5 SODIUM TYPE BATTERY 14

6 SODIUM CHLORIDE NICKLE 15-16

ELECTRIC BATTERY
An electric vehicle battery (EVB, also known as a traction
battery) is a rechargeable battery used to power the electric
motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV). Typically lithium-ion batteries, they are
specifically designed for high electric charge (or energy)
capacity.
Electric vehicle batteries differ from starting, lighting, and
ignition (SLI) batteries as they are designed to give power over
sustained periods of time and are deep-cycle batteries.
Batteries for electric vehicles are characterized by their
relatively high power-to-weight ratio, specific
energy and energy density; smaller, lighter batteries are
desirable because they reduce the weight of the vehicle and
therefore improve its performance. Compared to liquid fuels,
most current battery technologies have much lower specific
energy, and this often impacts the maximum all-electric range
of the vehicles.
The most common battery type in modern electric vehicles are
lithium-ion and lithium polymer, because of their high energy
density compared to their weight. Other types of rechargeable
batteries used in electric vehicles include lead–acid ("flooded",
deep-cycle, and valve regulated lead acid), nickel-
cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, and, less commonly, zinc–air,
and sodium nickel chloride ("zebra") batteries.[1] The amount
of electricity (i.e. electric charge) stored in batteries is
measured in ampere hours or in coulombs, with the total
energy often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Since the late 1990s, advances in lithium-ion battery
technology have been driven by demands from portable
electronics, laptop computers, mobile phones, and power tools.
The BEV and HEV marketplace has reaped the benefits of
these advances both in performance and energy density. Unlike
earlier battery chemistries, notably nickel-cadmium, lithium-
ion batteries can be discharged and recharged daily and at any
state of charge.

TOP EV MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA

Mahindra Electric

Mahindra is the pioneer of electric vehicles in India. As the

first major manufacturers of electric vehicles, the company
launched the first electric vehicle, Mahindra Reva, in 2001.
Mahindra Reva is India’s first electric car.

The specialized R&D center in Bangalore. Mahindra E20 and

eVerito are some of its other EV options. However, Mahindra
not only focuses on the manufacture of electric vehicles, but
also on the manufactures of batteries, and has cooperated with
various institutions to promote the charging of electric
vehicles.

Tata Motors
Tata Motors is India’s largest Electric Vehicle Manufacturers
in India. The automotive sector includes automobiles, trucks,
buses, trucks, and defense vehicles. His employees include
Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Daewoo. In India, Tata Motors
has established a joint venture with Fiat.

One of Tata’s main advantages is the ability to access

resources from all over the world. Tata’s innovative work
focuses on the development of sustainable automotive
technology. Tata Motors has R&D centers in India, the United
Kingdom, Italy, and South Korea, aiming to cooperate with its
subsidiary Tata Motors UK European Technology Center
(TMETC) to play an important role in the production of
electric vehicles.

For electric vehicles, Tata focuses on the electric bus and

passenger car market in India. For four-wheeled vehicles, Tata
offers 3 types of vehicles for you to choose from.Tigor EV,
Nano EV and Tiago electric version.

In the field of electric buses, Tata expects the National

Transportation Union to raise demand. The long-term demand
is expected to be about 400,000 vehicles. In addition to electric
vehicles, Tata is also focusing on installing charging stations to
improve the industry’s infrastructure.

Hyundai
Hyundai Motor launched Hyundai Kona electric vehicles in
India, thus became an Electric Vehicles Manufacturer in India
entering the Indian electric vehicle market.

The South Korean global automotive giant said that Kona was
specifically designed for India. An autonomy of 452 kilometers
can be achieved with a single charge.

This fully meets the needs of Kitna Children’s Sea Indians for
vehicles. In contrast, the distance between Kona and other
market leaders is hundreds of kilometers. The earlier cost in
the showroom was 2.38 million kronor, which is extremely
expensive for the Indian market.

However, in this regard, Hyundai Motor said that it is currently

developing another electric car to improve the availability of
the mass market. It is ready to be put on the market in the next
2-3 years.

Ashok Leyland

Ashok Leyland, the flagship store of the Hinduja Group, is the

world’s fourth-largest bus manufacturer and a leader in the
Indian commercial electric vehicle market. The company has
partnered with Sun Mobility to expand its vehicle knowledge.

Options specifically for Indian conditions and the introduction

of battery replacement functions in electric buses to meet the
country’s demand for electric vehicles.
The company released a variety of different electric buses,
such as Circuit, HYBUS, and Electric Euro 6 Truck, and
announced iBUS. The company is now providing more
momentum for exports.

Verge Motors
Saumya Rout, the Founder of Verge Motors, created the
prototype "VM KDH 100" with a team of around 15 personnel
after two years of R&D. The functional prototypes has a
mileage of around 100 km/l, a peak speed of the 100 km/h, the
EV range of 40 km, a switchable battery, and much more. An
electric scooter that not only operates on energy but also has a
fuel alternative that can be switched with a flip of the switch! It
can go 100 kilometres on one litre of petrol and has a peak
speed of around 100 kilometres per hour.
Okinawa
Okinawa happens to be one of India's fastest-increasing makers
of electric two-wheelers. Okinawa Praise Scooter was
introduced in Tripura on the 8th of October. Okinawa happens
to be the first Indian firm to introduce high-speed electric
scooters to the market. You may ride Okinawa praise with
comfort over the world's toughest driving road, Khardung La,
which is the mountain pass in the Jammu & Kashmir's area of
Ladakh in India.
Tunwal
Tunwal E Vehicle India Pvt. LTD introduced the country's first
three-wheel electric scooter, the STORM ADVANCE. This
electric vehicle happens to be specifically developed for the
elderly, senior citizens, & persons with disabilities. The
electric scooter has a range of 50 kilometres on a single charge
and a peak speed of thirty kilometres per hour.

Lush Motors
Lush Motors happens to be the multi-award-winning
Hyderabad business that was founded in 2013. The Lush L1
turns out to be the electric car that they brought to Indian EV
markets. It is the very first Smart Urban Vehicle in the nation.
And even after five years of R&D, that business launched the
totally Indian-developed car with the lithium-ion battery.

Kia Motors
Kia Motors manufactures Hybrid Plug-in Cars, EVs,
Sustainable and environment Monitors, and many more
products. Its efforts towards Zero Emissions resulted in the
establishment of the EV mass manufacturing system. It
generates a large lithium-ion polymer battery, the highest
efficiency motor, a built-in long charging system for domestic
usage, and a monitoring cluster. KIA Motors committed the
1.6 billion USD in the Anantapur for the first Electric Vehicle
Manufacturing Unit. With the KIA MOTORS' development,
unemployed youngsters will have work prospects, and the very
first phase of the electric automobiles is planned to launch
during 2019's fourth quarter.

Kabira Mobility
Kabira happens to be the Indian electric vehicle business
formed in the year 2017 by a team of proficient engineers. It
has made its debut at Indian Auto Expo in the year 2020. What
makes the company renowned is the fact that Kabira makes
electric two-wheelers. Their vehicles get produced in Goa and
Dharwad. The production plant in Goa has around 10,000 units
of capacity, while the facility in the land of Dharwad has a
capacity of around 8,000 units. In the year 2017, Kabira
Mobility had introduced six scooters.
Ultraviolette Automotive
Ultraviolette Automotive happens to be a Bengaluru-based
start-up that manufactures luxury electric motorbikes and is
supported by TVS Motor Co. Ltd. As a matter of fact,
Ultraviolette also intends to build a sophisticated network of
recharging stations city by city, beginning with Bengaluru.
EV BATTERIES

The choice of batteries depends on the energy density, weight

and costs. Electric cycles and low range mopeds have simple
battery units while electric cars deploy a large number of
batteries. Traditionally, most electric vehicles have used lead -
acid batteries due to their mature technology, easy availability
and low cost. However, since the 1990s battery technologies
have evolved significantly and several new types of batteries
have been developed. More recently, batteries using
combinations of lithium ion and its variations are gaining
widespread acceptance due to better efficiency, reduced
weight, lower charging time, better power output, longer
lifetime, and reduced environmental implications from battery
disposal.

The following four types of batteries are commonly used today

in EVs:

• Lead Acid

• Nickel Cadmium (NiCd)

• Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

• Lithium - ion (Li- ion) - Lithium - ion batt eries have

higher specific energy relative to the other battery types. In the
future, technology innovations with Li - ion and other battery
technologies are expected to result in batteries with much
higher specific energy and lower costs.
Battery Charging

In low power applications the power conditioning which

includes the AC to DC conversion, the power control unit
which delivers a variable DC voltage to the battery, and
various filtering functions are all carried out within the charger
and can be implemented at a relatively low cost. The Battery
Management System (BMS) is tightly integrated with the
battery. It monitors the key battery operating parameters of
voltage, current and temperature and controls the charging rate
to provide the required constant current / constant voltage
(CC/CV) charging profile and it triggers the protection circuits
if the battery's operating limits are exceeded, isolating the
battery if needed.
LITHIUM ION BATTERY
A Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a type of rechargeable battery
used in electric vehicles and a number of portable electronics.
They have a higher energy density than typical lead-acid or
nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. This means that battery
manufacturers can save space, reducing the overall size of the
battery pack.

Lithium is also the lightest of all metals. However, lithium-ion

(Li-ion) batteries contain no lithium metal, they contain
ions. For those wondering what an ion is, an ion is a an atom or
molecule with an electric charge caused by the loss or gain of
one or more electrons. 

Lithium ion batteries are also far more safer than other
alternatives and battery manufacturers have to ensure that
safety measures are in place to protect consumers in the
unlikely event of a battery failure. For instance,
manufacturers equip electric vehicles with charging safeguards
to protect the batteries during repeated rapid charging sessions
in a short period of time.
SODIUM TYPE BATTERY
Sodium based batteries have a high energy density, long cycle
life and can operate in harsh environments, such as
temperatures of -40°C to +60°C. For these reasons they can be
found in application in energy grid storage, such as storing
energy from intermittent energy sources such as wind- and
solar-power.
Unlike many batteries, sodium based batteries consist of a
solid or solid and molten electrolyte with liquid sodium acting
as the negative electrode. These batteries are usually
constructed in a cylindrical form, encased in a container that
acts as the positive electrode. The chemistry is quite simple
with no side reactions and roundtrip efficiency
(charge/discharge) of up to 85%.
Sodium-Nickel Chloride Technology
The cathode is Nickel Chloride (NiCL2) while the anode is
made of Sodium (Na). The electrolyte is made up of
tetrachloraluminate of sodium, such as NaAlCL4, and is liquid
at the operating temperature of the cells (and battery) in
between 270°C and 350°C. 
When the battery is being charged, the sodium atoms in the
cathode become ions and migrate through the ceramic
electrolyte (beta Al). Available free electrons could flow as
current to an external load. This process is reversed during
discharge.
The main advantages of Na-NiCl2 batteries, compared to other
advanced batteries, are:
No need for air conditioning
High energy density (cell level: 328 KWh/m3, 142 KWh/ton;
complete battery level: 170 kWh/m3,120 kWh/ton)
Long cycle life (2,000 cycles @ 80% depth of discharge)
combined with a long calendar life of more than 15 years
Maintenance-free
SOC (State of Charge) & SOH (State of Health) indication,
remote monitoring of the systems
Zero emission and high recyclability of the raw material 
Commercialised since the middle of the 1990s, Sodium-Nickel
Chloride batteries have found application in EV (electric
vehicle) cars and HEV (hybrid electric vehicle) buses, trucks
and vans. The implementation of Sodium-Nickel Chloride
batteries in the stationary field is in its starting phase.
Demonstration systems combined with distributed renewable
generators (large PV plants and micro wind turbines) as well as
for grid support with voltages up to 600V have been designed
and are now in field test phase.
No toxic or dangerous materials are used during the
manufacture of Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries. The battery
is fully recyclable within existing industries for the production
of stainless steel and road paving.
 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
MICRO PROJECT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF GUIDE DATE

1 1st
Discussion and finalization of
topic

2 2nd Preparation and submission of

Abstract
3 3rd Literature Review

4 4th Collection of Data

5 5th Collection of Data

6 6th Discussion and outline of

Content

7 7th Formulation of Content

8 8th Editing and proof Reading of

Content
9 9th Compilation of Report And
Presentation
10 10th Seminar

11 11th Viva voce

12 12th Final submission of Micro

Project

Sign of the student Sign of the faculty

REFERENCE:
SOURCES USED

ANEXURE II

Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2021 - 22 Name of the Faculty: Mr. Manohar chavan
Course: Course code: 22652
Title of the project: ETM
Cos addressed by Micro Project:
A: Formulate grammatically correct sentences.

B: Summarize comprehension passages.

C: Use relevant words as per context.

D: Deliver prepared speeches to express ideas, thoughts and emotions.

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project

(a) Practical outcome:
1) Deliver oral presentations using correct grammar.

(b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:

1) Rewrite sentences using relevant forms of verbs.

(c) Outcomes in Affective domain:

1) Function as team member
2) Follow Ethics
Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Marks out of 6 Marks out of 4for

for performance performance in
Roll No Student Name in group activity oral/ presentation Total out of 10
(D5 Col.8) (D5 Col.9)
07 SUYASH MORE

(Signature of Faculty)