1208 EEC MIcroproject

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Study Behavior of Single Phase AC Circuits

- Purely Resistive AC circuit, Purely


Inductive AC circuit, Purely Capacitive AC
circuit

Pure Resistive AC Circuit


The circuit containing only a pure resistance of R ohms in the AC circuit is
known as Pure Resistive AC Circuit. The presence of inductance and
capacitance does not exist in a purely resistive circuit. The alternating current
and voltage both move forward as well as backwards in both the direction of
the circuit. Hence, the alternating current and voltage follows a shape of the
Sine wave or known as the sinusoidal waveform.

Contents:

 Explanation of Resistive Circuit


 Phase Angle and Waveform of Resistive Circuit
 Power in Pure Resistive Circuit
In the purely resistive circuit, the power is dissipated by the resistors and the
phase of the voltage and current remains same i.e., both the voltage and
current reach their maximum value at the same time. The resistor is the
passive device which neither produce nor consume electric power. It converts
the electrical energy into heat.

Explanation of Resistive Circuit


In an AC circuit, the ratio of voltage to current depends upon the supply
frequency, phase angle, and phase difference. In an AC resistive circuit, the
value of resistance of the resistor will be same irrespective of the supply
frequency.

Let the alternating voltage applied across the circuit be given by the equation

Then the instantaneous value of current flowing through the resistor shown in
the figure below will be:

The value of current


will be maximum
when ωt= 90° or sinωt = 1

Putting the value of sinωt in


equation (2) we will get
Phase Angle and Waveform of Resistive Circuit

From equation (1) and (3), it is clear that there is no phase difference between
the applied voltage and the current flowing through a purely resistive circuit,
i.e. phase angle between voltage and current is zero. Hence, in an AC circuit
containing pure resistance, the current is in phase with the voltage as shown
in the waveform figure below.

Waveform and Pharos Diagram of Pure Resistive Circuit

Power in Pure Resistive Circuit


The three colours red, blue and pink shown in the power curve or the
waveform indicate the curve for current, voltage and power respectively.
From the phasor diagram, it is clear that the current and voltage are in phase
with each other that means the value of current and voltage attains its peak at
the same instant of time, and the power curve is always positive for all the
values of current and voltage.

As in DC supply circuit, the product of voltage and current is known as the


Power in the circuit. Similarly, the power is the same in the AC circuit also,
the only difference is that in the AC circuit the instantaneous value of voltage
and current is taken into consideration.

Therefore, the instantaneous power in a purely resistive circuit is given by the


equation shown below:

Instantaneous power, p= vi

The average power consumed in the circuit over a complete cycle is given by

As the valve of cosωt is zero.

So, putting the value of cosωt in equation (4) the value of power will be given
by
As the valve of cosωt is zero.

So, putting the value of cosωt in equation (4) the value of power will be given
by

The voltage and the current in the purely resistive circuit are in phase with each
other having no phase difference with phase angle zero. The alternating
quantity reaches their peak value at the interval of the same time period that is
the rise and fall of the voltage and current occurs at the same time.

Pure inductive Circuit


The circuit which contains only inductance (L) and not any other quantities like
resistance and capacitance in the circuit is called a Pure inductive circuit. In
this type of circuit, the current lags behind the voltage by an angle of 90
degrees.

Contents:

 Explanation and Derivation of Inductive Circuit


 Pharos Diagram and Power Curve of Inductive Circuit
 Power in Pure Inductive Circuit
The inductor is a type of coil which reserves electrical energy in the magnetic
field when the current flow through it. The inductor is made up of wire which is
wound in the form of a coil. When the current flowing through inductor changes
then time-varying magnetic field causes emf which obstruct the flow of current.
The inductance is measured in Henry. The opposition of flow of current is
known as the inductive reactance.
Explanation and Derivation of Inductive Circuit
The circuit containing pure inductance is shown below:

Circuit Diagram of pure Inductive


Circuit

Let the alternating voltage applied to the circuit is given by the equation:

As a result, an alternating current i flows through the inductance which induces


an emf in it. The equation is shown below:

The emf which is induced in the circuit is equal and opposite to the applied
voltage. Hence, the equation becomes,
Putting the value of e in equation (2) we will get the equation as

Integrating both sides of the equation (3), we will get

where, XL = ω L is the opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by a


pure inductance and is called inductive reactance.

The value of current will be maximum when sin (ωt – π/2) = 1

Therefore,
Substituting this value in Im from the equation (5) and putting it in equation (4)

we will get

Phasor Diagram and Power Curve of Inductive Circuit


The current in the pure inductive AC circuit lags the voltage by 90 degrees. The
waveform, power curve and phasor diagram of a purely inductive circuit is
shown below

Phasor Diagram and


Waveform of Pure Inductive Circuit

The voltage, current and power waveform are shown in blue, red and pink
colours respectively. When the values of voltage and current are at its peak as a
positive value, the power is also positive and similarly, when the voltage and
current give negative waveform the power will also become negative. This is
because of the phase difference between voltage and current.

When the voltage drops, the value of the current changes. When the value of
current is at its maximum or peak value of the voltage at that instance of time
will be zero, and therefore, the voltage and current are out of phase with each
other by an angle of 90 degrees.

The phasor diagram is also shown on the left-hand side of the waveform where
current (Im) lag voltage (Vm) by an angle of π/2.

Power in Pure Inductive Circuit

Instantaneous power in the inductive circuit is given by

Hence, the average power consumed in a purely inductive circuit is zero.

The average power in one alteration, i.e., in a half cycle is zero, as the negative
and positive loop is under power curve is the same.

In the purely inductive circuit, during the first quarter cycle, the power supplied
by the source, is stored in the magnetic field set up around the coil. In the next
quarter cycle, the magnetic field diminishes and the power that was stored in the
first quarter cycle is returned to the source.

This process continues in every cycle, and thus, no power is consumed in the
circuit.

Pure Capacitor Circuit


The circuit containing only a pure capacitor of capacitance C farads is known as
a Pure Capacitor Circuit. The capacitors stores electrical power in the electric
field, their effect is known as the capacitance. It is also called the condenser.

The capacitor consists of two conductive plates which are separated by the
dielectric medium. The dielectric material is made up of glass, paper, mica,
oxide layers, etc. In pure AC capacitor circuit, the current leads the voltage by
an angle of 90 degrees.

Contents:

 Explanation and derivation of Capacitor Circuit


 Phasor Diagram and Power Curve of Capacitor Circuit
 Power in Pure Capacitor Circuit
When the voltage is applied across the capacitor, then the electric field is
developed across the plates of the capacitor and no current flow between them.
If the variable voltage source is applied across the capacitor plates then the
ongoing current flows through the source due to the charging and discharging of
the capacitor.

Explanation and derivation of Capacitor Circuit

A capacitor consists of two insulating plates which are separated by a


dielectric medium. It stores energy in electrical form. The capacitor works
as a storage device, and it gets charged when the supply in ON and gets
discharged when the supply is OFF. If it is connected to the direct supply,
it gets charged equal to the value of the applied voltage.
Circuit Diagram of pure
Capacitor Circuit

Let the alternating voltage applied to the circuit is given by the equation:

Charge of the capacitor at any instant of time is given as:

Current flowing through the circuit is given by the equation:

Putting the value of q from the equation (2) in equation (3) we will get
Now, putting the value of v from the equation (1) in the equation (3) we

will get

Where Xc = 1/ωC is the opposition offered to the flow of alternating


current by a pure capacitor and is called Capacitive Reactance.

The value of current will be maximum when sin(ωt + π/2) = 1. Therefore,

the value of maximum current Im will be given as:

Substituting the value of Im in the equation (4) we will get:

Phasor Diagram and Power Curve


In the pure capacitor circuit, the current flowing through the capacitor leads
the voltage by an angle of 90 degrees. The phasor diagram and the waveform
of voltage, current and power are shown below:
Phasor Diagram
and Waveform of Pure Capacitor Circuit
The red colour shows current, blue colour is for voltage curve, and the pink
colour indicates a power curve in the above waveform.

When the voltage is increased, the capacitor gets charged and reaches or
attains its maximum value and, therefore, a positive half cycle is obtained.
Further when the voltage level decreases the capacitor gets discharged, and
the negative half cycle is formed.

If you examine the curve carefully, you will notice that when the voltage
attains its maximum value, the value of the current is zero that means there is
no flow of current at that time.

When the value of voltage is decreased and reaches a value π, the value of
voltage starts getting negative, and the current attains its peak value. As a
result, the capacitor starts discharging. This cycle of charging and
discharging of the capacitor continues.
The values of voltage and current are not maximised at the same time
because of the phase difference as they are out of phase with each other by an
angle of 90 degrees.

The phasor diagram is also shown in the waveform indicating that the current
(Im) leads the voltage (Vm) by an angle of π/2.

Power in Pure Capacitor Circuit

Instantaneous power is given by p = vi

Hence, from the above equation, it is clear that the average power in the
capacitive circuit is zero.

The average power in a half cycle is zero as the positive and negative loop
area in the waveform shown are same.

In the first quarter cycle, the power which is supplied by the source is stored
in the electric field set up between the capacitor plates. In the another or next
quarter cycle, the electric field diminishes, and thus the power stored in the
field is returned to the source. This process is repeated continuously and,
therefore, no power is consumed by the capacitor circuit.
THANK YOU

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