WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME – BASED EDUCATION

SCIENCE GRADE
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 11

4
LEARNING QUARTER
MODULE WEEK 7

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self- Learning Module General Chemistry 2

0
 MODULE IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

QUARTER 4
WEEK 7

Biomolecules

Development Team

Writer: Preciousa F. Ramos

Editors/Reviewers: Elizabeth H. Domingo Hamilton C. Remigio
Flenie A. Galicinao Lourdes B. Arucan
Lay-out Artist: Flenie A. Galicinao
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda, CESO V
Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan
Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

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 What I Need to Know

This module helps you understand biomolecules. In your journey through the
discussions and assigned tasks, you are expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC):

Describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, and relate
them to their function (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-95)

Learning Objectives:

The learners should be able to:

1. define biomolecules;
2. describe the structure of the biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and
carbohydrates; and
3. relate the structure of biomolecules to their function.

Lesson 1 – Biomolecules

Note: All answers to assessments/activities must be written on a separate sheet of paper.

What I Know

Directions: Read the question/statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the four biomolecules?

A. cytosine, thymine, uracil and adenine
B. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
C. fatty acids, wax, steroids and prostaglandins
D. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
2. What is the simplest monosaccharide?
A. fructose C. glyceraldehyde
B. glucose D. ketose

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3. What type of covalent bonds bind together the several monosaccharide forming
polysaccharides?
A. amino acids C. H-bond
B. glycosidic bonds D. peptide bond
4. Which biomolecules are in starches and fibers?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
5. Which biomolecule is responsible for insulation and energy storage?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
6. What biomolecule do enzymes belong to?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
7. What is the function of a nucleic acid?
A. stores energy C. build structure
B. quick source of energy D. stores genetic information
8. Which biomolecule makes up cell membranes?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
9. What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
A. monosaccharides C. ribonucleic acids
B. amino acids D. nucleotides
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
A. long term energy storage
B. controlling numerous enzymatic reactions
C. protection against heat loss (thermal insulation)
D. chemical messengers (hormones) and signaling molecule

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 Lesson
Biomolecules
1
This module presents to you the structure and function of biomolecules. Living things
such as plants and animals are made up of organic molecules which are organized into larger
molecules, known as biomolecules. In the previous module, you learned about the structure
and function of organic compounds and polymers. In this module, you will be introduced to
some complex molecules that are associated with living things. You will learn about the
structures of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and
carbohydrates and how their structure relates to their function.

What’s In

Directions: Read the hints written on the right and write your answers in the box provided
in the crossword puzzle.

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 What’s New

The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are
called biological macromolecules. There are four major classes of biomolecules namely
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each is an important component of the cell
and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a
cell’s mass. Biomolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may
contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements. They
are macromolecules that provide the structural framework for all living things, as well as the
mechanisms needed to perform various biological processes. They serve as the building
blocks of life and also provide structural components of cells. Chemical reactions involving
biomolecules produce energy which is needed to sustain life.

What is It?

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates derive their general name from the formula Cx(H2O)y, which appears to
be “hydrates of carbon”. They have different biochemical functions and the most abundant
biomolecules. They are important food group for most organisms, and their metabolism
provides a significant amount of energy to most organisms. Carbohydrates also have structural
functions. They are a major component of the cell walls of bacteria, and make up the exterior
shells of animals like crabs and shrimps. Carbohydrates include sugar, starch and cellulose.
There are different types of simple sugar namely monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides or simple sugars are the basic building blocks of large carbohydrate
molecules. They contain two kinds of functional groups – two or more hydroxyl groups
and a carbonyl group. Because of these functional groups, they can be classified as
polyhydroxyaldehydes (aldoses) or polyhydroxyketones (ketoses). They are simple
sugars, the most common of which is glucose. In monosaccharides, the number of
carbon atoms usually ranges from three to six. Most monosaccharide names end with
the suffix -ose. Depending on the number of carbon atoms in the sugar, they may be
known as trioses (three carbon atoms), pentoses (five carbon atoms), and hexoses
(six carbon atoms). Below is the structure of the simplest monosaccharide.

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 glyceraldehyde

The ring structure is the dominant form of carbohydrates in nature. A five-

carbon atom monosaccharide in a cyclic form is known as furanose ring, while a six-
carbon atom monosaccharide forms a pyranose ring which is shown in the structure
below.

pyranose ring furanose ring

Glucose is a very important hexose, because it is the starting material for

cellular respiration and the primary source of energy for cellular metabolism. It is called
blood sugar. Fructose is called fruit sugar and is twice as sweet as glucose. Below is
the structure of glucose and fructose.

glucose fructose

• Disaccharides are two monosaccharide units bonded to each other. The three most
common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose. The body breaks down
disaccharides into monosaccharide units to be used for metabolism. Sucrose is made
up of one molecule each of glucose and fructose which are linked to each other through
a single bond. Lactose often called ‘milk sugar’ is made up of glucose and galactose.
Maltose is made up of two glucose units. It is present in malt, the grain used in brewing
beer. Below are the structure of sucrose, lactose and maltose.

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 Image Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/qndUJ9yJZSkfQFui8

• Polysaccharides are made up of several monosaccharide units joined together by

covalent bonds called glycosidic bonds. Examples are starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Starch occurs as microscopic granules in the cells of roots, tubers and seeds of plants.
They are the major storage form of carbohydrates. Plants store energy in the form of
starch while animals and humans store energy in the form of glycogen. Cellulose is the
materials that makes up plant cell walls. It is insoluble in water and cannot be digested
by humans. Both starch and cellulose are unbranched, straight chain polysaccharides
that come from plants. However, they differ in the way the glucose units are bonded to
each other.
Lipids
The substances which are extracted with a nonpolar solvent from plant or animal
tissues are collectively known as lipids. Lipids have a wide variety of structural types which
includes the following substances: carboxylic acids or fatty acids, triacylglycerols or neutral
fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids and prostaglandins. Lipids can be classified as
saponifiable (can be hydrolyzed by a base) like fats, oils and waxes; and nonsaponifiable
(cannot be broken down by basic hydrolysis) like steroids, cholesterol and prostaglandins.
There are six functions of lipids:
1. long term energy storage
2. protection against heat loss (thermal insulation)
3. protection against physical shock
4. protection against water loss
5. chemical messengers (hormones) and signaling molecule
6. major component of the cell membrane structure (phospholipids)

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• Fats and Oils
The most abundant of the lipid compounds are the fats and oils, also called
triglycerides, or triacylglycerols. At room temperature, fats are usually solid while oil
exist as liquids. The presence of double bonds in the fatty acids of oil significantly
lowers its melting point. Although fats and oils appear physically different, their
molecular structures are similar. They are made up of esters of glycerol with three fatty
acid molecules which are combined with glycerol to dorm the ester of triacylglycerol.
In the body, fat deposits under the skin as thermal insulator; they aid in conserving
body temperature. They also serve as protection to deeper body parts against injury.
The human body needs essential fatty acids but cannot synthesize all the fatty acids.
Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. In a fatty acid chain, if there are
only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty
acid is saturated. Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen; in other words,
the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized. When
the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, the fatty acid is an unsaturated fatty
acid.
• Waxes
Waxes differ from fats in that they are harder and less greasy. They are esters
of long chain fatty acids and monohydric alcohols. Waxes have high melting points
and, hence, are solid at room temperature. They are relatively inert and are insoluble
in water. Their repellency, impermeability, and low toxicity and odor make them
excellent coating materials. In plant, waxes serve as protective covering (cuticle)
against attack of microorganisms and retard water loss. In animals, waxes coat skin,
hair and feathers, and help keep them pliable and waterproof. In humans, wax
produced by glands in the outer ear canal functions to trap dust and dirt particles.
• Phospholipids
Phospholipids form part of the structure of the cell membranes, and are
significant in the transport of lipids in the body. It has a glycerol backbone attached to
fatty acids (called “tails) and one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate “head”.
The glycerol-based phospholipids are called phosphatides. Lecithin is an example of
phospholipids that plays an important role in fat metabolism in the liver. It is also a
good emulsifying agent.
• Steroids
Steroids are lipids characterized by three cyclohexane rings and one
cyclopentane ring. The functional group attached to the rings varies from one type of
sterol to another. The steroid nucleus is found in the structure of several vitamins and
hormones, drugs, poisons, bile acids and sterol (steroid alcohol). Examples of sterols

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 are cholesterol (sterol formed in brain tissue, nerve tissue and blood) and testosterone
(male hormone) which promotes the normal development of male genital organs and
other male characteristics.
• Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are unsaturated carboxylic acids biochemically synthesized
from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid. They consist of 20 carbons and a five-member
ring. Prostaglandins resemble the effect of hormones and are considered as potent
biological agents. They carry out the messages that cells receive from hormones.
Fevers and inflammatory reactions are produced by prostaglandins, and aspirin can
suppress their synthesis.

Proteins
Proteins are vital components of all living systems. Proteins are present in the different
parts of the body. They catalyze reactions, transport oxygen, serve as hormones in the
regulation of specific body processes, and act as antibodies and blood clotting agents. Among
the most important proteins in the body are enzymes, hormones, and other components of
chromosomes and cell membranes. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are
20 naturally occurring amino acids. They are Glycine (Gly), Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val),
Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe), Proline (Pro),
Tryptophan (Trp), Serine (Ser), Threonine (Thr), Tyrosine (Tyr), Cysteine (Cys), Asparagine
(Asn), Glutamine (Gln), Aspartic Acid (Asp), Glutamic Acid (Glu), Lysine (lys), Histidine (His)
and Arginine (Arg).
• Amino acid contains both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). The
formula of an amino acid is presented below.

The structure of the R-group, or the side chain, of an amino acid influences the
property of the biomolecule. When the R-group is an alkyl group, the side chain is
nonpolar and water insoluble or hydrophobic. When R is benzene, it is aromatic. When
R represents an amino or carboxylic group, the amino acid is basic and acidic,
respectively.
Even if they have the aid and basic groups, in solution, the amino acid does nt
dissociate into positive ions and negative ions, or exist as uncharged particles. Amino

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acids dissolved in water are in the form of dipolar ions knows as zwitterions. They carry
both positive and negative charge. Zwitterion is a neutral species, which can act either
an acid or a base that is why they are effective buffers in aqueous solution. This
property allows the protein to perform its role in maintaining blood pH within its very
narrow range.
There are four levels of protein structure that interdependently affect the natural
conformation of a protein. These are:
1. Primary structure. It refers to the number and sequence of amino acids in a
protein. It describes how amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. It
determines the role of a protein and is critical for proper functioning. Once the
sequence is changed, the properties of the protein molecule are changed.
2. Secondary structure. It refers to a regular geometric pattern along a polypeptide
brough about by H-bonding. This results in either a helix or pleated sheet
conformation made possible by maximum H-bonding involving peptide
linkages.
3. Tertiary structure. It refers to the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide to
form a complex globular molecular shape.
4. Quaternary structure. Describes the manner by which the individual
polypeptide chains fit together to form a biologically active unit. The structure
occurs in oligomeric proteins (proteins that contain more than one polypeptide
chain). This structure involves H-bonding, hydrophobic interactions and ionic
bonds in holding the chains in position. Hemoglobin exhibits quaternary
structure.
Types of Protein Structure

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 Proteins are defined by their structures. These structures give the proteins their
identifying properties such as solubility, reactivity of the R-group, molecular weight and size.

Nucleic Acids
Living organisms use large molecules for the storage and transmission of genetic
information. These are linear sequences that code for hereditary traits by controlling the
production of proteins. These molecules are called nucleic acids or polynucleotides. Nucleic
acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the main carrier of genetic information,
and ribonucleic acid (RNA), a copy from a portion of the DNA and which becomes the template
for synthesizing a specific protein.
The nucleotide, a monomer of a nucleic acid, is considered one of the most important
agents of metabolism of the cell. Nucleotides comprise the major nucleic acids of the cell -
RNA and DNA – which code for the proteins that will affect the metabolic activities of the cell.
As such they influence the important processes of the cell such as:

a) serving as energy stores for future use in phosphate transfer reactions (ATP
predominantly carries out these reactions);
b) forming a portion of several important coenzymes A;
c) serving as mediators of numerous important cellular processes;
d) controlling numerous enzymatic reactions; and
e) serving as activated intermediates in numerous biosynthetic reactions.

A nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogen containing base, a five-carbon

sugar, and a phosphate group. The combination of the nitrogen base and sugar, without the
phosphate group is called a nucleoside.

A nucleotide structure.
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• Bases in Nucleic Acids

Pyrimidines and purines are the two classes of nitrogen-containing bases in
nucleotides. Pyrimidines are cyclic structures made up of six atoms of carbon and
nitrogen, forming a hexagon. The pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and

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 uracil (U). Purines are cyclic structures composed of two fused rings made up of nine
atoms of carbon and nitrogen, where the six-member ring is joined to a five-member
ring. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G). Cytosine, adenine and
guanine are present in both DNA and RNA. Thymine is found only in DNA is replaced
by uracil in RNA.

Pyrimidine and purine structures

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• Sugars in Nucleic Acids

The second component of a nucleotide is a pentose sugar. RNA contains the
sugar ribose, a sugar with one oxygen atom bonded to each carbon atom. The DNA
contains deoxyribose, a modified sugar which lacks one oxygen atoms, hence the
name ‘deoxy’.

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• Phosphate Group
The third component of a nucleotide is the phosphate group which serves to
link nucleotides together in a nucleic acid. The phosphate group is attached to carbon-
5 of the pentose ring. When a hydroxyl group of one nucleotide interacts with a

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 phosphate group of another nucleotide, a phosphodiester bond is formed. A
phosphodiester links two nucleotides.

What’s More

Activity 7.1. Understanding the concept of biomolecules

Directions: Answer the following questions. (30 points)

1. Differentiate saponifiable from non-saponifiable lipids. Give examples. (4 points)

2. What is zwitterion? Draw a structure that will describe a zwitterion. (2 points)
3. What is the most important hexose for living things? Why? (3 points)
4. How do the following pairs differ from each other? (2 points each)
a) pyrimidines and purines
b) ribose and deoxyribose
c) DNA and RNA
d) saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids
e) fats and oils
5. Consider the structure of the peptide below. Name it using the three-letter abbreviation.
Lysine-aspartic acid-cysteine-alanine-tyrosine-lysine-glutamic acid-valine-glycine
(2 points)
6. Draw a structure of a monosaccharide, disaccharide and a polysaccharide. Label.
(3 points)
7. Fill the table below with the sugar and nitrogen bases in each nucleic acid.

Nucleic Acid Nitrogen Base

Sugar
Purine Pyrimidine
1. 3. 4.
DNA guanine thymine
2. adenine cytosine
RNA 5. 6.

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 What I Have Learned

Let Us Summarize the Lesson!

1. Biomolecules are macromolecules that provide the structural framework for all living things,
as well as the mechanisms needed to perform various biological processes.
2. Organic molecules that play major roles in biochemical processes are carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
3. Carbohydrates are molecules made from simple sugar units, or monosaccharides. Sugars,
starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of carbohydrates.
4. There are three types of sugars: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
5. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and are the most abundant organic molecules in cells.
6. There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
7. There are four levels of protein structure that interdependently affect the natural
conformation of a protein namely primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
8. Nucleic acids, or polynucleotides, are complex molecules for the storage and transmission
of genetic information: their building blocks are nucleotides.
9. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the major carrier of the hereditary traits, while RNA
(ribonucleic acid) is the messenger of genetic information used for protein synthesis.
10. Lipids is a general term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Lipids are soluble
in hydrophobic solvents.

What I Can Do

WRITTEN WORK (CREATIVE RESPONSE)

Claim-Evidence-Reasoning Structured Constructed Response Test Item:

LEARNING COMPETENCIES: Describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids,

and carbohydrates, and relate them to their function
SITUATION: You are a biologist. Since biologists are ultimately interested in function,
structural biology is often a means toward an end. The role played by structural biology
differs somewhat depending on our prior knowledge of the function of particular molecules
under investigation. Since you are a newbie in the field, you want to learn more about the
structural features of biomolecules and how do they function.

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 QUESTION AND CREATIVE WRITTEN OUTPUT:
In essay format, the learner will answer the following questions:
1. How does structure of lipids relate to its function?
2. What is the importance of carbohydrates in our body and what are its other
functions in animals?
3. Why do we need to eat protein-rich food and how does its structure relate to its
function?
4. What is the structural component of a DNA and how does each component
function?

STUDENT’S WRITTEN OUTPUT:

Creative Constructed Response Holistic Rubric

5 Answer is detailed and correct. Student’s ideas are in line with the competency.
4 Answer is correct. Student’s ideas are in line with the competency.
3 Answer in some parts contain major errors. Student’s ideas are in line with the
competency.
2 Most of the answers are incorrect and not in line with the competency.
1 No answer is given, or the answer is not correct and not in line with the
competency.

Assessment

Directions: Read the question/statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the four biomolecules?

A. cytosine, thymine, uracil, and adenine
B. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
C. fatty acids, wax, steroids, and prostaglandins
D. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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2. What is the simplest monosaccharide?
A. fructose C. glyceraldehyde
B. glucose D. ketose
3. What type of covalent bonds bind together the several monosaccharide forming
polysaccharides?
A. amino acids C. H-bond
B. glycosidic bonds D. peptide bond
4. Which biomolecules are in starches and fibers?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
5. Which biomolecule is responsible for insulation and energy storage?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
6. What biomolecule do enzymes belong to?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
7. What is the function of a nucleic acid?
A. stores energy C. build structure
B. quick source of energy D. stores genetic information
8. Which biomolecule makes up cell membranes?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids D. proteins
9. What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
A. monosaccharides C. ribonucleic acids
B. amino acids D. nucleotides
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
A. long term energy storage
B. controlling numerous enzymatic reactions
C. protection against heat loss (thermal insulation)
D. chemical messengers (hormones) and signaling molecule

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17 General Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module MELC-Aligned WBLS-OBE
What’s In What I Know/
ACROSS Assessment
1. cytosine 1. D
3. carbohydrates 2. C
5. nucleotides 3. B
7. pyranose 4. A
DOWN 5. B
2. starch 6. D
4. cellulose 7. D
6. glucose 8. B
8. cellulases 9. D
9. amino acid 10. B
References

Davis, Raymond E., et.al, Modern Chemistry. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2002.
Bayquen, Aristea V., et.al, Exploring Life Through Science Series Senior High School General
Chemistry 2. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016.
Barrameda, Ma. Corazon, et.al, Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 2.
Quezon City: EC-TEC Commercial. 2016.
Padolina, Ma. Cristina D., et.al, Conceptual and Functional Chemistry-Modular Approach.
Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2010.
Ilao, Luciana V., et.al, General Chemistry 2. Manila: Rex Book Store. 2017
Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, and Madura. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern
Applications. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007.

Online References

https://images.app.goo.gl/6xxFX7UyCB9tbiJc8

https://images.app.goo.gl/qndUJ9yJZSkfQFui8

https://images.app.goo.gl/FZDpz3ciHpRNVXpu6

https://images.app.goo.gl/YzE7EABDN2sSxV487

https://images.app.goo.gl/f3udrfhU5R8FHqpA9

https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/2-3-biological-molecules/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]

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