objectives

the main objectives of this project are to:

*study the historical chronology of cryptarithmetic puzzles and how they became popular.

*understand what cryptarithmetic puzzles are

*cover the various types of cryptarithm that exist

*learn the steps of how to solve such puzzles

*experience how solving such cryptarithmetic puzzles acts as an exercise to improve one's ability of
reasoning, problem solving, creative and critical thinking

*look at some examples of cryptarithmetic puzzles put forward and solved out by some of the master
puzzlists of the world.

____________________

problem description

Though cryptarithmetic problems originated ages ago, people still don't tend to understand them. Words
like "Cryptarithm", "Alphametic puzzle", etc. might be too complicated for people to understand what
cryptarithmetic problems are, and dictionary definitions don't help understand what these puzzles
actually are. 

Through this project, I aim to help readers understand what these problems are, help them gain some
new knowledge about the various types of cryptarithmetic problems, and suggest ways to solve such
puzzles themselves. This might serve as a new topic of interest for such people, and solving such
problems daily can be amusing and stress-relieving, as well as helping in the improvement of their ability
to reason, problem solve, and creative and critical think.

__________________

Introduction

Cryptarithmic puzzles have been around for millennia, yet its originator is unknown. Cryptarithms first
emerged in the United States in 1864, but they are thought to have originated much earlier, in Ancient
China.The American Agriculturist debunks the widely held belief that cryptarithm was created by Sam
Loyd. (As with many other items widely assumed to have been developed by Sam Loyd, it was he who
spread the idea that he had).

These early cryptarithms were mostly of the "Hindu" variety. Simon Vatriquant, a Belgian mathematician
known as'minos' and mistakenly called Maurice Vatriquant, took them considerably more seriously in
the early twentieth century.

During the first half of the twentieth century, several of his cryptarithms were published in the
mathematical magazine "Sphinx. In the May 1931 edition of Sphinx, a Belgian magazine of recreational
mathematics, puzzlist Minos (pseudonym of Simon Vatriquant) developed the term "cryptarithmie,"
which was translated as "cryptarithmetic" by Maurice Kraitchik in 1942. J. A. H. Hunter used the term
"alphametic" (my personal favourite) in 1955 to describe cryptarithms like Dudeney's, whose letters form
meaningful words or sentences.

This publication was edited by Maurice Kraitchick, another well-known mathematician. The magazine
was devoted to arithmetic puzzles, a subfield of mathematics currently known as recreational
mathematics. Among others, Jorge Soares has a fantastic cryptarithm webpage dedicated to the
Sphinx.Henry Dudeney's rendition, published in the July 1924 edition of Strand Magazine, is probably
definitely the most well-known.

________________

project

Cryptarithms are puzzles in which you are given an arithmetic statement with the digits substituted by
letters, each digit representing a distinct letter. The term can be extended to puzzles that employ non-
alphabetic symbols instead of letters. The purpose is to determine the value of each letter.

In simple words, this means that a cryptarithm is a simple math equation like 1+9=10 where all the digits
are simply replaced by english letters or symbols forming an equation like A + B = AC. Such cryptarithms
are solved.

Cryptarithms may have multiple answers like A + A = BC (here many equations fit like 5+5=10, 6+6=12
etc.) Cryptarithms may have a unique solution sometimes like

......

however most cryptarithmetic puzzles have one unique solution only.

The science and art of developing and solving cryptarithms is known as cryptarithmetic.

types:

ALPHAMETIC CRYPTARITHM

• Alphametics are cryptarithms that spell out words. Given a mathematical expression, every digit in the
expression is replaced by a letter. Five rules govern alphametics:

1.Identical digits are replaced by the same letter. Different digits arereplaced by different letters.

2. After replacing all the letters with digits, the resulting arithmetic expression must be mathematically
correct.

3. Numbers cannot start with 0. For example, the number 0900 is illegal.

4. Each problem must have exactly one solution, unless stated otherwise (unlike the "Hindu" problems
where there might be no solution or multiple solutions).

5. The problems will be in base 10 unless otherwise specified. This means that the letters replace some
or all of the 10 digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

DIGIMETIC CRYPTARITHM
Cryptarithms are number puzzles in which a group of arithmetical operations has some or all of its digits
replaced by letters or symbols, and where the original digits must be found. Digimetic cryptarithms are
ones in which numbers are substituted for other numbers.

SKELETAL DIVISION CRYPTARITHM

A long division in which most or all of the digits are replaced by symbols (usually asterisks) to form a
cryptarithm . Cryptarithms are a type of mathematical puzzle in which the digits are replaced by
symbols. Normally alphabets are used

Reverse cryptarithm

A rare variation where a formula is written, and the solution is the corresponding cryptarithm whose
solution is the formula given.

1. preparation

Rewrite the problem, widening the space between the letters to include trial numbers printed beneath
the letters.

2. Remember cryptarithmetic conventions

 Each letter or symbol represents only one digit throughout the problem;

 When letters are replaced by their digits, the resultant arithmetical operation

must be correct;

 The numerical base, unless specifically stated, is 10;

 Numbers must not begin with a zero;

 There must be only one solution to the problem.

3. See subtractions as "upside-down" additions

Reading subtractions as upside-down additions simplifies their interpretation. You can check a
subtraction by adding the difference and the subtracter to obtain the subtrahend: it's the same thing.

COUNT

-COIN

---------

SNUB

This subtraction must be read from bottom to top and from right to left, much as this series of additions:

B + N = T + C1

U + I = N + C2

N + O = U + C3

S + C = O + C4

C1, C2, C3, and C4 are "0" or "1" carry-overs that must be added to the following column.

on the left

4. Search for "0" and "9" in additions or subtractions

A good hint to find zero or 9 is to look for columns containing two or three identical letters.

Look at these additions:

***A***B

+***A+***A

------- -------

***A***B

The columns A+A=A and B+A=B indicate that A=zero. In math this is called the "additive

identity property of zero"; it says that you add "0" to anything and it doesn't change, therefore

it stays the same.

Now look at those same additions in the body of the cryptarithm:

*A***B**

+*A**+*A**

------- -------
*A***B**

In these cases, we may have A=zero or A=9. It depends whether or not "carry 1" is received

from the previous column. In other words, the "9" mimics zero every time it gets a carry-over

of "1".

.....rest from pdf....

_____________

observation

It was observed that:

The activities of problem-solving using cryptarithmetic have proven to be an excellent exercise for
improving one's reasoning, problem-solving, creative, and critical thinking abilities. The following are the
benifits of solving cryptarithmetic puzzles:

1.Enhanced memory. Working out cryptarithmetic puzzles reinforces the existing connections between
our brain cells and boosts the generation of new ones.

2.Accelerated ingenuity. cryptarithmetic puzzles will lead to the participants giving thought to issues in
completely different approaches.

3.Supporting the entire thought process. Mind puzzles for adults demand the ability to recognize the
different parts plus the whole picture of the problem.

4.Production of dopamine. Our brains generate some neurotransmitters which assist in the overall
correspondence within the brain and between the nervous system and the brain.

5.Meditation. On one hand, puzzles activate and invigorate our brains and on the other hand, they also
help us relax psychologically.

______________

conclusion

this project tought me:

**modifyy**

*study the historical chronology of cryptarithmetic puzzles and how they became popular.

*understand what cryptarithmetic puzzles are

*cover the various types of cryptarithm that exist

*learn the steps of how to solve such puzzles

*experience how solving such cryptarithmetic puzzles acts as an exercise to improve one's ability of
reasoning, problem solving, creative and critical thinking
*look at some examples of cryptarithmetic puzzles put forward and solved out by some of the master
puzzlists of the world.

*Cryptarithmetic Problem is a type of constraint satisfaction problem where the game is about digits and
its unique replacement either with alphabets or other symbols. Solving puzzles helps the brain engage in
a stimulating cognitive activity.

*Basically, the more you work different parts of your brain, the easier it becomes to grow new neural
connections, keeping your brain sharp.

_______

further study

from pdf...

&

Longest alphametic :

Anton Pavlis constructed an alphametic in 1983 with 41 addends:

SO+MANY+MORE+MEN+SEEM+TO+SAY+THAT+

THEY+MAY+SOON+TRY+TO+STAY+AT+HOME+

SO+AS+TO+SEE+OR+HEAR+THE+SAME+ONE+

MAN+TRY+TO+MEET+THE+TEAM+ON+THE+

MOON+AS+HE+HAS+AT+THE+OTHER+TEN

=TESTS

(The answer is that TRANHYSMOE=9876543210.)