EPO522
POWER SYSTEM 2
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
1. INTRODUCTION
Importance of electrical energy:
1. Convenient form
2. Easy control
3. Greater flexibility
4. Cheapness
5. Cleanliness
6. High transmission efficiency
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS A POWER SYSTEM?
A system dedicated to the business of electric power:
1. Generation (Production)
2. Transmission (Transportation)
3. Distribution (Retailing)
A system that provides a vital service to the society and should be
operated with the goal of achieving:
1. Highest reliability standards
2. Minimum environmental impacts
3. Lowest operation cost
2. WHAT IS A POWER SYSTEM?
Traditional vertically integrated
2. WHAT IS A POWER SYSTEM?
Restructuring model
3. ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Generation – 11 to 25 kV
Transmission – 66 to 400 kV
Subtransmission – 33 kV to 132 kV
Distribution
Primary feeders – 11 kV
Secondary feeders – 230 V/415 V
3. ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Substation categories Remarks
• Standard voltage transformations provided
Transmission Main Intake
275/132kV
(Pencawang Masuk Utama-
132/33kV
PMU)
132/11kV
Main Distribution Sub-Station • Applicable to 33kV for interconnecting 33kV
(Pencawang Pembahagian networks with 11kV networks
Utama- PPU) • Standardized transformation of 33/11kV
• To supply a dedicated bulk consumer ( 33kV,
Main Switching Station
22kV, 11kV)
(Stesyen Suis Utama- SSU)
• Further localized distribution
• Distribution substations are capacity injection
Distribution Substation
points from 11kV, 22kV and sometimes 33kV
(Pencawang Elektrik – P/E)
systems to the low voltage network (400V, 230V).
3. ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Steady -state voltage level regulation limits under normal conditions
Steady-State Voltage Fluctuation under Contingency Condition
TNB: ELECTRICIT Y SUPPLY APPLICATION HANDBOOK VERSION 3.1
4. POWER SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Generation Transmission Distribution
Consumption
4a. POWER GENERATION
4a. POWER GENERATION
Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants
Power plants normally house multiple generating units
Generating units can operate based on different:
1. Energy Sources
2. Energy Conversion processes
Energy Energy Energy Electric
Source Conversion 1 Conversion n Power
A Generation Unit
4a. POWER GENERATION
Sources of energy
1. Hydrocarbons (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)
2. Water
3. Nuclear
4. Wind
5. Solar
6. Tidal
7. Chemical
Generating Stations
1. Steam power stations
2. Hydro-electric power stations
3. Diesel power stations
4. Nuclear power stations
4a. POWER GENERATION
Comparisons of energy sources
ENERGY
Water Fuels Nuclear
SOURCE
INITIAL COST High Low Highest
RUNNING COST Less High Least
RESERVES Permanent Exhaustible Inexhaustible
CLEANLINESS Cleanest Dirtiest Clean
SIMPLICITY Simplest Complex Most complex
RELIABILITY Most Less More reliable
4a. POWER GENERATION
Summary - Primary Energy Supply
ktoe - Kilotonne of Oil Equivalent
1 TOE equals 11,622,222.22 W·h
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4b. POWER TRANSMISSION
4b. POWER TRANSMISSION
Transmission networks are needed to :
1. Connect generating plants to consumption points
2. Create large power pools for increased reliability
High voltage AC transmission offers:
1. Higher transmission capacity / Km
2. Lower line-voltage drop / Km
3. Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
4. Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
5. Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer
4b. POWER TRANSMISSION
Power Transmission Equipment:
1. Transformers
◦ Step-up transformers
◦ Voltage Regulators
◦ Phase Shifters
◦ Step-down Transformers
2. Transmission Lines & Cables
3. Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
4. Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors
5. Static VAR Compensators
6. FACTS Devices
7. Etc.
4b. POWER TRANSMISSION
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4b. POWER TRANSMISSION
Structure of the Power System, connected Parties and applicable Codes
Suruhanjaya Tenaga: Malaysian Grid Code
4b. POWER TRANSMISSION
Example of Transmission-Connected LSS
The LSS that is allowed to be connected
to the Transmission Network shall be of
the capacity of 30MWac to 50MWac
via one Interconnection Point.
Suruhanjaya Tenaga: Guidelines on Large Scale Solar Photovoltaic Plant for Connection to Electricity Networks
4c. POWER DISTRIBUTION
4c. POWER DISTRIBUTION
Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels at bulk power delivery
points
Supplies energy to customers:
1. At standard voltage levels
2. Single phase and/or three-phase
Is made up of the following main equipment:
1. Distribution transformers (DXF)
2. Feeder sections (including underground cables)
3. Switches, fuses, reclosures
4. Automatic load transfers
5. Etc.
4c. POWER DISTRIBUTION
4c. POWER DISTRIBUTION
Role of Power System Engineers:
Planning
1. how much electricity to generate
2. where, when and using what fuel
For planning, improvement and expansion of a power system, needs:
1. Load flow studies
2. Short circuit studies
3. Stability studies
4. Economic load dispatch
5. Load frequency control
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
Electric Utilities
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Tenaga) is the dominant electric utility in
Malaysia – 50%
Sabah Electricity Sdn.Bhd. (SESB)
Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp. (SESCo)
IPP - 40%
Dedicated power producer (Northern Utility Resources) and co-
generation (captive) plants.
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
Suruhanjaya Tenaga: Maklumat Prestasi & Statistik Industri Pembekalan Elektrik Malaysia
2018 Maklumat Prestasi & Statistik 2018
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
TRANSMISSION
Transmission network of TNB comprise of 132 kV, 275 kV and 500 kV
system known as the National Grid.
The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting power
stations owned by TNB and IPPs to the customers.
NATIONAL GRID
The National Grid is interconnected to Thailand’s transmission system
operated by Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in the
North via a HVDC interconnection with a transmission capacity of 300 MW
and a 132 kV HVAC overhead line with maximum transmission capacity of
80 MW.
In the South, the National Grid is connected to Singapore’s transmission
system at Senoko via two 230 kV submarine cables with a firm transmission
capacity of 200 MW.
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
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