Air Compressor Bendix Ba922

SD-01-700
BENDIX® BA-922® COMPRESSOR

Safety
DESCRIPTION Cylinder Valve
Head
The function of the air compressor is to provide and
maintain air under pressure to operate devices in the
air brake systems. The Bendix® BA-922® compressor
is a two cylinder reciprocating compressor with a rated
displacement of 31.6 cubic feet per minute at 1250 RPM.
Valve Plate
The compressor consists of a water cooled cylinder head, Assembly
cooling plate, valve plate assembly and an integral air
cooled crankcase and cylinder block. The cast aluminum
cylinder head contains the required air and water ports as
well as two unloader pistons. The cast aluminum cooling
plate provides added cooling to, and is located between,
the cylinder head and valve plate assemblies. The valve
plate assembly consists of laminated brazed steel plates
which incorporate various valve openings and channels Crankcase and
for conducting air and engine coolant into and out of the Cylinder Block
cylinder head.
The discharge valves are part of the valve plate assembly.

FIGURE 1 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR
The cylinder head, with the cooling and valve plates
comprise a complete cylinder head assembly.
Air Unloader (2)
The cast iron crankcase and cylinder block assembly, Delivery
Port Intake
houses the pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and related
bearings.
While not all compressors and charging systems are Unloader

Port Discharge
equipped with an optional discharge line safety valve, Reed
this component is recommended. The discharge line Valves
safety valve is installed in the cylinder head or close to
the compressor discharge port and protects against over Cooling
Plate
pressurizing the compressor in the event of a discharge
line freeze up or blockage. Piston
OPERATION
The compressor is driven by the vehicle engine and
functions continuously while the engine is in operation.
Actual compression of air is controlled by the compressor
unloading mechanism operating in conjunction with a Piston Rod
governor. Crankshaft
FIGURE 2 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR (CUT-AWAY)
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FIGURE 3 - TYPICAL COMPRESSOR DRIVE FLANGES cavity and into the other cylinder. A small amount of air
moves out the inlet port. On the piston down stroke (TDC
AIR INTAKE (LOADED)
to BDC) air flows in the reverse direction, from the other
During the piston down stroke, a vacuum is created in cylinder through the unloader piston to the inlet cavity, past
the cylinder bore above the piston. The vacuum causes the unseated unloader piston and into the cylinder bore.
the inlet reed valve to flex open. Atmospheric air flows
through the open inlet valve and fills the cylinder bore Governor
above the piston. Unloader Port Air Dryer
AIR COMPRESSION (LOADED)

When the piston reaches approximately bottom dead center
(BDC), the inlet reed valve closes. Air above the piston is Reservoir
trapped by the closed inlet reed valve and is compressed Port
as the piston begins to move toward top dead center Compressor
(TDC). When air in the cylinder bore reaches a pressure
greater than that of the system pressure the discharge Supply Reservoir
reed valves open and air flows into the discharge line and FIGURE 4 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR UNLOADER SYSTEM
air brake system.
Air, during the compression stroke, flows into the hollow Discharge
center of the unloader piston through an opening in the end Valve
Air Air Inlet Closed
of the piston. Compressed air acts on the interior surfaces Port Unloader
Discharge Port
of the unloader piston and, along with the unloader piston Port
spring, holds the unloader piston against its seat on the
valve plate. See Figure 6.
Cooling
NON-COMPRESSION OF AIR (UNLOADED) Plate
When air pressure in the supply reservoir reaches the
cutout setting of the governor, the governor delivers
system air to the compressor unloader port. Air entering Valve
Plate Unloader
the unloader port acts on the unloader piston causing it Piston
to move away from its seat on the valve plate assembly. Down &
When the unloader piston is unseated a passage is opened Seated
Inlet
between the cylinder bore, the air inlet cavity in the cylinder Valve
head, and the other cylinder. Air compression ceases. Open
See Figure 7.
As the piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to

Piston Moving Down
top dead center (TDC) air in the cylinder bore flows past
the unseated unloader piston, into the cylinder head inlet
FIGURE 5 - OPERATION - LOADED (INTAKE)
2

COOLING
Air Inlet Discharge
Port Valve Unloader Air flowing through the engine compartment from the
Air Port action of the engine fan and the movement of the vehicle
Discharge
Port assists in cooling the compressor. Cooling fins are part
of the crankcase/cylinder block casting. Coolant flowing
from the engine cooling system through connecting lines
enters the head and passes through internal passages in
the cylinder head and valve plate assembly and is returned
Valve
Plate to the engine. Proper cooling is important in minimizing
discharge air temperatures. Figure 8 illustrates the coolant
flow connections. See the tabulated technical data in the
Inlet Unloader back of this manual for specific requirements.
Valve Piston
Closed Down &
Seated PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
Regularly scheduled maintenance is the single most
important factor in maintaining the air brake charging
system. Refer to Table A in the Troubleshooting section
for a guide to various considerations that must be given to
Piston Moving Up maintenance of the compressor and other related charging
system components.
FIGURE 6 - OPERATION - LOADED (COMPRESSION)
LUBRICATION Important Note: Review the warranty policy before
performing any intrusive maintenance procedures. An
The vehicle's engine provides a continuous supply of oil
extended warranty may be voided if intrusive maintenance
to the compressor. Oil is routed from the engine to the
is performed during this period.
compressor oil inlet. An oil passage in the crankshaft
conducts pressurized oil to precision sleeve main bearings EVERY 6 MONTHS, 1800 OPERATING HOURS
and to the connecting rod bearings. Spray lubrication of OR AFTER EACH 50,000 MILES WHICHEVER
the cylinder bores, connecting rod wrist pin bushings, and OCCURS FIRST PERFORM THE FOLLOWING
ball type main bearings is obtained as oil is forced out INSPECTIONS AND TESTS.
around the crankshaft journals by engine oil pressure.
Oil then falls to the bottom of the compressor crankcase
AIR INDUCTION
and is returned to the engine through drain holes in the BA-922® compressors are only permitted to be naturally
compressor mounting flange. aspirated - use of the engine turbocharger as an air source
is not allowed.
Unloader Piston
Up & Unseated Air Inlet Port
Air From
Governor
Unloader
Port
Valve
Plate
Unloader
Piston
Up &
Unseated
Air in Pistons Mostly Shuttles Back

and Forth from One Piston to the
Other During Unloaded Mode
FIGURE 7 - OPERATION - UNLOADED

3

A supply of clean air is one of the single most important Coolant In or
factors in compressor preventive maintenance. Since the Head Unloader
Bolt (6) Discharge Covers Out
BA-922® compressor receives supply air from the engine Safety Valve
air filter, periodic maintenance of the engine air filter is
necessary.
Inspect the compressor intake adapter, and the connecting

hoses each time engine air cleaner maintenance is
performed.
1. Inspect the intake hose adapters for physical damage.
Make certain to check the adapters at both ends of the
intake hose or tubing. Inlet Port
Discharge Governor
2. Inspect the intake hose clamps and tighten them if Port Connection
Coolant In or Out
needed.
3. Inspect the intake hose or line for signs of drying, CYLINDER HEAD PORT IDENTIFICATION
cracking, chafing and ruptures and replace it as The cylinder head connection ports are identified with cast
in numerals as follows:
necessary.
Atmospheric AIR IN 0
COMPRESSOR COOLING Compressed AIR OUT 21
Inspect the compressor discharge port, inlet cavity and Coolant IN or OUT 91 and 92
discharge line for evidence of restrictions and carbon Governor Control 41
build-up. If more than 1/16" of carbon is found, thoroughly (Compressors with no signal line to the unloader port should
have a vent installed in the port rather than a plug.)
clean or replace the affected parts. Since carbon buildup
generally indicates inadequate cooling, closely inspect the FIGURE 8 - TYPICAL BA-922® COMPRESSOR CYLINDER
compressor cooling system. Check all compressor coolant HEAD
lines for kinks and restrictions to flow. Minimum coolant BASIC kit are presented in APPENDIX A at the end of the
line size is 3/8" I.D. Check coolant lines for internal clogging TROUBLESHOOTING section.
from rust scale. If coolant lines appear suspicious, check
the coolant flow and compare to the tabulated technical COMPRESSOR DRIVE
data in the back of this manual. Carefully inspect the air Check for noisy compressor operation, which could indicate
induction system for restrictions. excessive drive component wear. Adjust and/or replace
as necessary. Check all compressor mounting bolts and
LUBRICATION
retighten evenly if necessary. Check for leakage and
Check the external oil supply line for kinks, bends, or proper unloader mechanism operation. Repair or replace
restrictions to flow. Supply lines must be a minimum of 3/16" parts as necessary.
I.D. Refer to the tabulated technical data in the back of this
manual for oil pressure minimum values. COMPRESSOR UNLOADER & GOVERNOR
Test and inspect the compressor and governor unloader
Check the exterior of the compressor for the presence of
system for proper operation and pressure setting.
oil seepage and refer to the TROUBLESHOOTING section
for appropriate tests and corrective action. 1. Check for leakage at the unloader port. Replace leaking
or worn o-ring.
OIL PASSING
2. Make certain the unloader system lines are connected
All reciprocating compressors pass a minimal amount of as illustrated in Figure 3.
oil. Air dyers will remove the majority of oil before it can
3. Cycle the compressor through the loaded and unloaded
enter the air brake system. For particularly oil sensitive
cycle several times. Make certain that the governor cuts
systems, the Bendix® PuraGuard® system filter can be used
in (compressor resumes compressing air) at a minimum
in conjunction with a Bendix air dryer.
of 105 psi (cut-out should be approximately 15-20 psi
If compressor oil passing is suspected, refer to the greater than cut-in pressure). Adjust or replace the
TROUBLESHOOTING section and TABLE A for the governor as required.
symptoms and corrective action to be taken. In addition, 4. Note that the compressor cycles to the loaded and
Bendix has developed the “Bendix Air System Inspection unloaded conditions promptly. If prompt action is not
Cup” or BASIC kit to help substantiate suspected excessive noted, repair or replace the governor and/or repair the
oil passing. The steps to be followed when using the compressor unloader.

IMPORTANT NOTE Note: When comparing build-up times, be sure to make
Replacement air governors must have a minimum an allowance for any air system modifications which would
cut-in pressure of 105 psi. The cut-in pressure is the cause longer times, such as adding air components or
lowest system pressure registered in the gauges before reservoirs. Always check for air system leakage.
the compressor resumes compressing air.
LEAKAGE TESTS
Compressors with no signal line to the unloader port See the standard Air Brake System and Accessory Leakage
should have a vent installed in the port rather than a test on Page 24 (Test 2).
plug.
Note: Leakage in the air supply system (components
SERVICE TESTS: GENERAL
before the supply reservoir - such as the governor, air dryer,
The following compressor operating and leakage tests reservoir drain cocks, safety valve and check valves) will
need not be performed on a regular basis. These tests not be registered on the vehicle dash gauges and must
should be performed when it is suspected that leakage is be tested separately. Refer to the various maintenance
substantially affecting compressor buildup performance, manuals for individual component leakage tests and the
or when it is suspected that the compressor is “cycling” Bendix “Test and Checklist” published in the Air Brake
between the load and unloaded modes due to unloader System Handbook (BW5057) and on the back of the Dual
plunger leakage. Circuit Brake System Troubleshooting card (BW1396).
IN SERVICE OPERATING TESTS Cylinder Head
Compressor Performance: Build-up Test Check for cylinder head gasket air leakage.
This test is performed with the vehicle parked and the 1. With the engine running, lower air system pressure to
engine operating at maximum recommended governed 60 psi and apply a soap solution around the cylinder
speed. Fully charge the air system to governor cut out (air head. Check the gasket between the cylinder head
dryer purges). Pump the service brake pedal to lower the and valve plate assembly and the reed valve/gasket
system air pressure below 80 psi using the dash gauges. between the valve plate assembly and cylinder block
As the air pressure builds back up, time from when the for air leakage.
dash air pressure gauge passes 85 to the time it passes 2. No leakage is permitted. If leakage is detected replace
100 psi. The time should not exceed 40 seconds. If the the compressor or repair the cylinder head using a
vehicle exceeds 40 seconds, test for (and fix) any air leaks genuine Bendix maintenance kit available from an
and then re-test the compressor performance. If the vehicle authorized Bendix parts outlets.
does not pass the test the second time, use the Advanced
Troubleshooting Guide for Air Brake Compressors, starting Inlet, Discharge & Unloader
on page 11 of this document to assist your investigation In order to test the inlet and discharge valves and the
of the cause(s). unloader piston, it is necessary to have shop air pressure
and an assortment of fittings. A soap solution is also
Note: All new vehicles are certified using the FMVSS
required.
121 test (paragraph S5.1.1) by the vehicle manufacturer,
however the above test is a useful guide for in-service 1. With the engine shut off, drain ALL air pressure from
vehicles. the vehicle.
Optional Comparative Performance Check 2. Disconnect the inlet and discharge lines and remove
the governor or its line or adapter fitting.
It may be useful to also conduct the above test with the
3. Apply 120-130 psi shop air pressure to the unloader
engine running at high idle (instead of maximum governed
port and soap the inlet port. Leakage at the inlet port
speed), and record the time taken to raise the system
should not exceed 50 sccm.
pressure a selected range (for example, from 90 to 120
psi, or from 100 to 120 psi, etc.) and record it in the 4. Apply 120-130 psi shop air pressure to the discharge
vehicle’s maintenance files. Subsequent build-up times port and then apply and release air pressure to the inlet
throughout the vehicle’s service life can then be compared port. Soap the inlet port and note that leakage at the
to the first one recorded. (Note: the 40 second guide in inlet port does not exceed 20 sccm.
the test above does not apply to this build-up time.) If the If excessive leakage is noted in tests 3 or 4, replace or
performance degrades significantly over time, you may repair the compressor using genuine Bendix replacements
use the Advanced Troubleshooting Guide for Air Brake or maintenance kits available from any authorized Bendix
Compressors, starting on page 11 of this document, to parts outlet.
assist your investigation of the cause(s).

While it is possible to test for inlet, discharge, and unloader parking brakes may have to be released, and/or
piston leakage, it may not be practical to do so. Inlet and spring brakes caged, and this will require that the
discharge valve leakage can generally be detected by vehicle be prevented from moving by other means
for the duration of these tests/procedures.
longer compressor buildup and recovery times. Compare
current compressor buildup times with the last several 2. Stop the engine and remove ignition key when
working under or around the vehicle. When working
recorded times. Make certain to test for air system leakage, in the engine compartment, the engine should be
as described above, before making a determination that shut off and the ignition key should be removed.
compressor performance has been lost. Where circumstances require that the engine be in
operation, EXTREME CAUTION should be used to
Unloader leakage is exhibited by excessive compressor prevent personal injury resulting from contact with
cycling between the loaded and unloaded condition. moving, rotating, leaking, heated or electrically
1. With service and supply system leakage below the charged components.
maximum allowable limits and the vehicle parked, 3. Do not attempt to install, remove, disassemble
or assemble a component until you have read
bring system pressure to governor cutout and allow
and thoroughly understand the recommended
the engine to idle. procedures. Use only the proper tools and observe
2. The compressor should remain unloaded for a minimum all precautions pertaining to use of those tools.
of 5-10 minutes. If compressor cycling occurs more 4. If the work is being performed on the vehicle’s
frequently and service and supply system leakage is air brake system, or any auxiliary pressurized air
within tolerance (including any leakage that may be systems, make certain to drain the air pressure from
all reservoirs before beginning ANY work on the
present at the air dryer exhaust) replace or repair the
vehicle. If the vehicle is equipped with an AD-IS® air
compressor unloader system using a genuine Bendix dryer system or a dryer reservoir module, be sure
maintenance kit available from authorized Bendix parts to drain the purge reservoir.
outlets. 5. Following the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended
procedures, deactivate the electrical system in a
COMPRESSOR REMOVAL & DISASSEMBLY manner that safely removes all electrical power from
GENERAL the vehicle.
6. Never exceed manufacturer ’s recommended
The following disassembly and assembly procedure is
pressures.
presented for reference purposes and presupposes that
7. Never connect or disconnect a hose or line containing
a rebuild or repair of the compressor is being undertaken. pressure; it may whip. Never remove a component
Several maintenance kits are available and the instructions or plug unless you are certain all system pressure
provided with these parts and kits should be followed in has been depleted.
lieu of the instructions presented here. 8. Use only genuine Bendix ® replacement parts,
components and kits. Replacement hardware,
MAINTENANCE KITS & SERVICE PARTS tubing, hose, fittings, etc. must be of equivalent
Cylinder Head Gasket Kit ........................................ 5014472 size, type and strength as original equipment and
Unloader Kit ............................................................. 5014473 be designed specifically for such applications and
Governor Adapter Kit ............................................... 5008561 systems.
Compressor Seal Kit (crankcase) ............................ 5008559 9. Components with stripped threads or damaged
Cat MD Seal Kit ....................................................... 5012367 parts should be replaced rather than repaired. Do
Cat HD Seal Kit ....................................................... 5012369 not attempt repairs requiring machining or welding
Series 60 Seal Kit .................................................... 5012371 unless specifically stated and approved by the
ST-4 Discharge Safety Valve (7/8"-14 thrd.) .............. 801116 vehicle and component manufacturer.
ST-4 Discharge Safety Valve (M16-1.5 thrd.) ............ 800534 10. Prior to returning the vehicle to service, make certain
All components shown in Figure 10 with a key number are all components and systems are restored to their
available in kits and/or as individual service parts. proper operating condition.
11. For vehicles with Antilock Traction Control (ATC),
IMPORTANT! PLEASE READ AND FOLLOW the ATC function must be disabled (ATC indicator
THESE INSTRUCTIONS TO AVOID lamp should be ON) prior to performing any vehicle
maintenance where one or more wheels on a drive
PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH: axle are lifted off the ground and moving.
When working on or around a vehicle, the following
REMOVAL
general precautions should be observed at all times:
1. Park the vehicle on a level surface, apply the parking In many instances it may not be necessary to remove the
brakes, and always block the wheels. Always wear compressor from the vehicle when installing the various
safety glasses. Where specifically directed, the maintenance kits and service parts. The maintenance

1 3
2 4
5
6
7
10
8
9
Cylinder
Head 11
Cooling
Plate 11
Valve
Plate
Assy. 12
Crankcase
&
Cylinder
Block 13
End Cover
14 Crankcase
Cover
Item Qty. Description Item Qty. Description Item Qty Description

1 2 Unloader Cover Cap Screw 61 1 O-Ring 11 22 Head Gasket
21 1 Unloader Cover 71 1 O-Ring 12 12 Inlet Reed Valve/Gasket
31 1 Unloader Cap Gasket 81 1 Unloader Piston 13 13 O-Ring
41 1 Unloader Balance Piston 91 1 O-Ring 14 13 Bottom Cover Gasket
51 1 Spring 10 1 ST-4™ Safety Valve
Notes: 1. Contained in Unloader Kit 5014473
2. Contained in Cylinder Head Gasket Kit 5014472
3. Contained in Seal Kits 5008559, 5008561, 5008557 & 5008558
FIGURE 9 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR EXPLODED VIEW OF SERVICEABLE PARTS

technician must assess the installation and determine the 1. Block the wheels of the vehicle and drain the air
correct course of action. pressure from all the reservoirs in the system.
These instructions are general and are intended to be a guide. 2. Drain the engine cooling system and the cylinder
In some cases additional preparations and precautions are head of the compressor. Identify and disconnect all
necessary. In all cases follow the instructions contained in air, water and oil lines leading to the compressor.
the vehicle maintenance manual in lieu of the instructions, 3. Remove as much road dirt and grease from the
precautions and procedures presented in this manual. exterior of the compressor as possible.

4. Remove the discharge and inlet fittings, if applicable, and 6. Remove the two bolts located in the center of the head.
note their position on the compressor to aid in reassembly. Gently tap the head, cooling plate and valve plate
Note: If a cylinder head maintenance kit is being installed, assembly with a soft mallet to break the gasket seal.
stop here and proceed to PREPARATION FOR Lift the cylinder head with cooling plate and valve plate
DISASSEMBLY. If replacing the compressor assembly off the cylinder block.
continue. 7. Remove the metal reed valve/gasket (12).
5. Remove any supporting bracketing attached to the 8. Gently tap the head, cooling plate and valve plate
compressor and note their positions on the compressor assembly with a soft mallet to break the gasket seals.
to aid in reassembly. Then separate the cylinder head from the cooling plate
6. Remove the flange mounting bolts and remove the and valve plate assembly and remove the gasket (11)
compressor from the vehicle. between them.
7. Inspect gear and associated drive parts for visible wear or 9. Turn the aluminum cylinder head over to expose the
damage. Since these parts are precision fitted, they must interior portion of the head. Push the unloader piston
be replaced if they are worn or damaged. If replacing (7) along with its o-rings (6, 8 & 9) out of the cylinder
the compressor or replacing the drive gear, remove the head.
drive gear from the compressor crankshaft using a gear CRANKCASE COVER
puller.
1. Remove the four crankcase cover cap screws securing
8. If the compressor is being replaced stop here and the crankcase cover to the crankcase. Using a soft
proceed to "Installing The Compressor" at the end of mallet, gently tap the crankcase cover to break the
the assembly procedure. gasket seal. Remove the crankcase cover gasket
PREPARATION FOR DISASSEMBLY (14).
Remove the balance of road dirt and grease from the REAR END COVER OR END COVER ADAPTER
exterior of the compressor with a cleaning solvent. Mark 1. Remove the four end cover cap screws that secure
the rear end cover or end cover adapter in relation to the rear end cover or end cover adapter to the
the crankcase. It is recommended but not specifically crankcase.
necessary to mark the relationships of the cylinder head, 2. Remove the rear end cover or end cover adapter from
cooling plate, valve plate assembly, crankcase and cylinder the crankcase. Remove the o-ring seal (13) from the
block assembly. end cover.
A convenient method to indicate the above relationships CLEANING OF PARTS
is to use a metal scribe to mark the parts with numbers or
lines. Do not use marking methods such as chalk that can GENERAL
be wiped off or obliterated during rebuilding. All parts should be cleaned in a good commercial grade of
solvent and dried prior to inspection.
Prior to disassembly make certain that the appropriate kits
and/or replacement parts are available. Refer to Figure 9 CYLINDER HEAD
during the entire disassembly and assembly procedure. 1. Carefully remove all gasket material adhering to the
aluminum cylinder head, steel valve plate assembly
CYLINDER HEAD
and cast iron cylinder block. Make certain not to deeply
1. Remove the discharge safety valve (10) from the scratch or mar the gasket surfaces. Pay particular
cylinder head. attention to the gasket surfaces of the aluminum
2. To restrain the spring force exerted by balance piston head.
spring (5), hold the unloader cover (2) in place while 2. Remove carbon deposits from the discharge and inlet
removing the two unloader cover cap screws (1). cavities of the cylinder head and valve plate assembly.
Carefully release the hold on the unloader cover until They must be open and clear in both assemblies. Make
the spring force is relaxed, then remove the unloader certain not to damage the aluminum head.
cover (2). 3. Remove rust and scale from the cooling cavities and
passages in the head and valve plate assembly and
3. Remove the unloader cover gasket (3).
use shop air to clear debris from the passages.
4. Remove the balance piston (4) and its spring (5) from
4. Check the threads in all cylinder head ports for galling.
the cylinder head. Minor chasing is permitted.
5. Remove the six hex head bolts and washers from the 5. Make certain the unloader vent passage under the
cylinder head. unloader cover (2) in the head is open and free of
debris.
8

INSPECTION OF PARTS FOOT POUNDS TO INCH POUNDS
To convert foot pounds to inch pounds of torque, multiply
CYLINDER HEAD & VALVE PLATE
foot pounds by 12.
1. Carefully inspect the cylinder head gasket surfaces for Example: 1 Foot Pound x 12 = 12 Inch Pounds
deep gouges and nicks. If detected, the compressor
must be replaced. CRANKCASE COVER
2. Carefully inspect the valve plate assembly gasket 1. Position the crankcase cover gasket (14) on either the
surfaces for deep gouges and nicks. Pay particular crankcase or crankcase cover and install the crankcase
attention to the metal gasket surface. A metal gasket cover on the crankcase using the four cap screws.
(12) is used between the valve plate assembly and "Snug" the four cap screws then torque to 62-71 inch
cylinder block. This surface must be smooth and pounds (7-8 Nm) using a crossing pattern.
free of all but the most minor scratching. If excessive
marring or gouging is detected, the compressor must CRANKCASE END COVER OR ADAPTER
be replaced. 1. Install the end cover o-ring (13) on the crankcase end
3. Inspect the cylinder head for cracks or damage. With the cover.
cylinder head and head gasket secured to the valve plate 2. Orient the crankcase end cover or end cover adapter to
assembly, apply shop air pressure to one of the coolant the crankcase using the reference marks made during
ports with all others plugged, and check for leakage by disassembly. Carefully install the end cover or end
applying a soap solution to the exterior of the head. If
cover adapter in the crankcase making certain not to
leakage is detected in the cylinder head casting, replace the
damage the crankshaft bearing surface in it.
compressor.
3. Install the four end cover screws or studs. "Snug" the
END COVER OR END COVER ADAPTER screws then tighten to 195 to 213 inch pounds (22-24
Check for cracks and external damage. Check the Nm) using a crossing pattern.
crankshaft main bearing surface in the end cover or end
CYLINDER HEAD
cover adapter, check for excessive wear and flat spots and
1. Note the position of the protruding alignment pins on the
replace the end cover if necessary. Check for galling of
cylinder block. Install the metal inlet reed valve/gasket
the oil port threads and replace the end cover or end cover
(12) over the alignment pins on the cylinder block.
adapter if necessary. Minor thread chasing is permitted but
do not “recut” the threads if they are badly damaged. 2. Position the valve plate assembly on the cylinder block
so that the alignment pins in the cylinder block fit into
CYLINDER BLOCK the corresponding holes in the valve plate assembly.
1. Check the cylinder head gasket surface on the cylinder 3. Position and install one of the metal gaskets (11) over
block for nicks, gouges, and marring. A metal gasket the alignment bushings protruding from the valve plate
is used to seal the cylinder head to the cylinder block. assembly. When properly installed, the outline of the
This surface must be smooth and free of all but the most gasket matches the outline of the valve plate.
minor scratching. If excessive marring or gouging is
4. Install the cooling plate over the alignment bushings
detected, the compressor must be replaced.
protruding from the valve plate assembly. Again, when
DISCHARGE LINE properly installed, the outline of the cooling plate
1. Inspect the discharge line for kinks, damage, or carbon matches the outline of the valve plate.
deposits. Replace as necessary. See the advanced 5. Position and install the other metal gasket (11) over the
troubleshooting guide for more information. alignment bushings protruding from the cooling plate
assembly. The outline of the gasket matches the outline
ASSEMBLY
of the cooling plate.
General Note: All torques specified in this manual are
assembly torques and typically can be expected to fall off 6. Position and install the cylinder head over the alignment
after assembly is accomplished. Do not re-torque after bushings protruding from the cooling plate.
initial assembly torques fall unless instructed otherwise. Note: The alignment bushings will only fit into
A compiled listing of torque specifications is presented on two of the six cylinder head bolt holes.
page 11 of this manual. 7. Install the two center bolts and six hex head cylinder
INCH POUNDS TO FOOT POUNDS head bolts and washers and snug them, then tighten
To convert inch pounds to foot pounds of torque, divide evenly to a torque of 265 to 292 inch pounds (30-33
inch pounds by 12. Nm) using the pattern shown in Figure 9.
Example: 12 Inch Pounds = 1 Foot Pound
8. Install the unloader piston (7) with its pre-installed
12
o-rings (6, 8, 9) in the cylinder head making certain not
to damage them in the process.
9

9. Install the balance piston spring (5) in the unloader
piston (7), then install the small diameter of the balance
5, 11 3, 9
piston (4) through the center of the spring.
10. Install the unloader cover gasket (3) on the cylinder 8, 14
head making certain the unloader vent passage and 1, 15 2, 16
both screw holes align.
11. Position the unloader cover (2) on top of the balance 7,13 4, 10
6, 12
piston (4) making certain the stamped logo is visible.
12. Press and hold the unloader cover (2) in place on
the cylinder head and install both unloader cover cap Sequence Torque Sequence Torque
screws (1). Torque the cover cap screws (1) from 62 (Nm) (Nm)
1 . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9 . . . . . . . . . . . 32
to 71 inch pounds (7-8 Nm).
2 . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10 . . . . . . . . . . 32
INSTALLING THE COMPRESSOR 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 11 . . . . . . . . . . 32
1. If the compressor was removed for replacement, install 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 12 . . . . . . . . . . 32
the drive components. Torque the crankshaft nut to 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13 . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 14 . . . . . . . . . . 32
220 - 254 foot pounds (210-290 Nm).
7 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 15 . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. Install any supporting bracketing on the compressor in 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 16 . . . . . . . . . . 13
the same position noted and marked during removal.
FIGURE 10 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR HEAD BOLT TORQUE
3. Install the gasket on the drive flange of the compressor. SEQUENCE.
Make certain oil supply or return holes in the gasket
are properly aligned with the compressor and engine. lubricated compressor must be connected to an oil supply
Gasket sealants are not recommended. Secure the line of at least 15 psi. pressure during the test and an oil
compressor on the engine and tighten the mounting return line must be installed to keep the crankcase drained.
bolts. Connect to the compressor discharge port, a reservoir with
4. Install the discharge, inlet and governor adapter fittings, a volume of 1500 cubic inches, including the volume of the
if applicable, in the same position on the compressor connecting line. With the compressor operating at 2100
noted and marked during disassembly. Make certain RPM., the time required to raise the reservoir(s) pressure
the threads are clean and the fittings are free of from 85 psi to 100 psi should not exceed 5 seconds. During
corrosion. Replace as necessary. See the Torque this test, the compressor should be checked for gasket
Specifications for various fitting sizes and types of leakage and noisy operation, as well as unloader operation
thread on page 11 of this manual. and leakage. If the compressor functions as indicated
reinstall on the vehicle connecting all lines as marked in
5. Inspect all air, oil, and coolant lines and fittings before
the disassembly procedure.
reconnecting them to the compressor. Make certain
o-ring seals are in good or new condition. Tighten all hose BA-922® COMPRESSOR SPECIFICATIONS
clamps. Typical weight ................................................................. 60 lbs.
Number of cylinders ............................................................... 2
6. Clean oil supply line. Before connecting this line to the
Bore Diameter ...................................... 3.622 in. (95.005 mm)
compressor. Run the engine briefly to be sure oil is
Stroke ................................................... 2.125 in. (53.970 mm)
flowing freely through the supply line. Calculated displacement at 1250 RPM .................... 31.7 CFM
7. Before returning the vehicle to service, perform the Flow Capacity @ 1800 RPM & 120 PSI ..................... 25.2 CFM
Operation and Leakage Tests specified in this manual. Flow Capacity @ 3000 RPM & 120 PSI ..................... 38.4 CFM
Pay particular attention to all lines reconnected during Maximum recommended RPM ................................ 3000 RPM
installation and check for air, oil, and coolant leaks Minimum coolant flow maximum RPM ............... 2.0 Gals./Min.
Approximate horsepower required:
at compressor connections. Also check for noisy
Loaded 1800 RPM at 120 PSIG ................................... 8.73 HP
operation. Unloaded 1800 RPM .................................................... 1.96 HP
TESTING REBUILT COMPRESSOR Maximum inlet air temperature ........................................ 170°F
Maximum discharge air temperature ............................... 350°F
In order to properly test a compressor under operating Minimum oil pressure required ....................................... 15 PSI
conditions, a test rack for correct mounting, cooling, Minimum oil-supply line size ...................................... 3/16" I.D.
lubricating, and driving the compressor is necessary. Such Minimum unloader-line size ....................................... 3/16" I.D.
tests are not compulsory if the unit has been carefully rebuilt Minimum Governor Cutout Pressure ............................. 120 PSI
by an experienced person. A compressor efficiency or
build up test can be run which is not too difficult. An engine
10

TORQUE SPECIFICATIONS Water Port Fittings
Assembly Torques in inch pounds (in. Ibs.) 3/4"-16 UNF-2B ............................. 319-245 In. Lbs. (36-39 Nm)
M8x1.25-6g Cylinder Head .......... 265-292 In. Lbs. (30-33 Nm) M18 x 1.5-6g ................................. 230-257 In. Lbs. (26-29 Nm)
M5x0.75-6g Unloader Cap ................... 62-71 In. Lbs. (7-8 Nm) Unloader Port Fittings
M8x1.25-6g Governor Adapter .... 195-213 In. Lbs. (22-24 Nm) 1/8"-27 NPT .............................................................. 2 - 3 TFFT1
M8x1.25-6g Rear End Cover ....... 195-213 In. Lbs. (22-24 Nm) M10 x 1.5-6g ................................. 120-145 In. Lbs. (14-16 Nm)
M6x1.00-6g Crankcase Cover ........... 62-71 In. Lbs. (7-8 Nm) Safety Valve Port
M20x2.50-6g Crankshaft Nut 1858-2567 In. Lbs. (210-290 Nm) M16 x 1.5 ....................................... 230-257 In. Lbs. (26-29 Nm)
Inlet Port Fittings 3/4"-16 UNF-2B ............................. 319-345 In. Lbs. (36-39 Nm)
1 3/16"-12 UN-2B .......................... 575-637 In. Lbs. (65-72 Nm) 7/8"-14 UNF-2A ............................. 319-345 In. Lbs. (36-39 Nm)
M27 x 2.0 ....................................... 575-637 In. Lbs. (65-72 Nm) 1/2"-14 NPT .............................................................. 2 - 3 TFFT1
Discharge Port Fittings Oil Port
7/8"-14 UNF-2B ............................. 460-504 In. Lbs. (52-57 Nm) 7/16"-20 UNF ....................................97-115 In. Lbs. (11-13 Nm)
M22 x 1.5 ....................................... 195-213 In. Lbs. (22-24 Nm) M12 x 1.5-6g ................................. 142-159 In. Lbs. (16-18 Nm)
1
Note: TFFT = Turns From Finger Tight
Advanced Troubleshooting Guide for Air Brake Compressors

INDEX
Symptom Page Number Symptom Page Number
Air Coolant
Air brake charging system: Compressor leaks coolant (17.0) ...................... 23
Slow build (9.0) .....................................19 - 20
Engine
Doesn’t build air (10.0) .................................21
Air dryer: Oil consumption (6.0) ....................................... 19
Doesn’t purge (14.0) ....................................22
Oil
Safety valve releases air (12.0) ...................22
Compressor: Oil Test Card results (1.0) .................................. 14
Constantly cycles (15.0) ..............................22 Oil is present:
Leaks air (16.0) ............................................23 On the outside of the compressor (2.0) ....... 15
Safety valve releases air (11.0) ...................21 At the air dryer purge/exhaust
Noisy (18.0) ................................................23 or surrounding area (3.0) ......................... 15
Reservoir: In the supply reservoir (4.0) .................. 16 - 18
At the valves (5.0) ........................................ 18
Safety valve releases air (13.0) ...................22
At air dryer cartridge (7.0) ............................ 19
In the ping tank or compressor
discharge aftercooler (8.0)....................... 19
Test Procedures Maintenance & Usage Guidelines
(1) Oil Leakage at Head Gasket ........ 24 Maintenance Schedule and

(2) System Leakage .......................... 24 Usage Guidelines (Table A) ....... 13
(3) Compressor Discharge and
Air Dryer Inlet Temperature ........... 24
(4) Governor Malfunction ................... 24
(5) Governor Control Line .................. 25
(6) Compressor Unloader .................. 25
BASIC Test Information ................ 26-28
11

Introduction to the Air Brake Charging System
Powered by the vehicle engine, the air compressor column 2 of Table A on page 13) assumes a compressor
builds the air pressure for the air brake system. The air with a normal (less than 25%) duty cycle, operating in
compressor is typically cooled by the engine coolant system a temperate climate. See Bendix and/or other air dryer
and lubricated by the engine oil supply. manufacturer guidelines as needed.
The compressor's unloader mechanism and governor When the temperature of the compressed air that enters
(along with a synchro valve for the Bendix® DuraFlo™ 596 the air dryer is within the normal range, the air dryer can
air compressor) control the brake system air pressure remove most of the charging system oil. If the temperature
between a preset maximum and minimum pressure level of the compressed air is above the normal range, oil as
by monitoring the pressure in the service (or “supply”) oil-vapor is able to pass through the air dryer and into the
reservoir. When the air pressure becomes greater than that air system. Larger diameter discharge lines and/or longer
of the preset “cut-out”, the governor controls the unloader discharge line lengths can help reduce the temperature.
mechanism of the compressor to stop the compressor from The discharge line must maintain a constant slope down
building air and also causes the air dryer to purge. As the from the compressor to the air dryer inlet fitting to avoid low
service reservoir air pressure drops to the “cut-in” setting points where ice may form and block the flow. If, instead,
of the governor, the governor returns the compressor back ice blockages occur at the air dryer inlet, insulation may
to building air and the air dryer to air drying mode. be added here, or if the inlet fitting is a typical 90 degree
As the atmospheric air is compressed, all the water vapor fitting, it may be changed to a straight or 45 degree fitting.
originally in the air is carried along into the air system, as For more information on how to help prevent discharge
well as a small amount of the lubricating oil as vapor. line freeze-ups, see Bendix Bulletins TCH-08-21 and
The duty cycle is the ratio of time the compressor TCH-08-22 (see pages 30-32). Shorter discharge line
spends building air to the total engine running time. Air lengths or insulation may be required in cold climates.
compressors are designed to build air (run “loaded”) up to The air dryer contains a filter that collects oil droplets, and
25% of the time. Higher duty cycles cause conditions that a desiccant bed that removes almost all of the remaining
affect air brake charging system performance which may water vapor. The compressed air is then passed to the air
require additional maintenance. Factors that add to the duty brake service (supply) reservoir. The oil droplets and the
cycle are: air suspension, additional air accessories, use water collected are automatically purged when the governor
of an undersized compressor, frequent stops, excessive reaches its “cut-out” setting.
leakage from fittings, connections, lines, chambers or For vehicles with accessories that are sensitive to small
valves, etc. amounts of oil, we recommended installation of a Bendix®
The discharge line allows the air, water-vapor and PuraGuard® system filter, designed to minimize the amount
oil-vapor mixture to cool between the compressor and air of oil present.
dryer. The typical size of a vehicle's discharge line, (see
The Air Brake Charging System supplies the

compressed air for the braking system as well as other air
accessories for the vehicle. The system usually consists
Discharge Optional “Ping” Tank of an air compressor, governor, discharge line, air dryer,
Line Air Dryer and service reservoir.
Optional Bendix® PuraGuard®

System Filter or PuraGuard QC™
Oil Coalescing Filter
Compressor
Governor
(Governor plus Synchro valve Service Reservoir
for the Bendix® DuraFlo™ 596 (Supply Reservoir)
Compressor)
Reservoir Drain
12

Table A: Maintenance Schedule and Usage Guidelines
Regularly scheduled maintenance is the single most important factor in maintaining the air brake charging
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5
Recom- Recom- Acceptable
Typical Discharge mended mended Reservoir
Compressors Line Air Dryer Reservoir Oil Contents3
Vehicle Used for: No. of
Axles
Spec'd
I.D. Length
Cartridge
Replacement1
Drain
Schedule2
at Regular
Drain Interval
(See footnote 7)
Low Air Use

1/2 in. 6 ft.
Compressor with less than 15% duty BASIC test
cycle
5 For oil carry-over acceptable
e.g. Line haul single trailer or range:
Bendix® Tu-Flo® 550 air compressor

control4 suggested Recom-
w/o air suspension, air over upgrades:
hydraulic brakes. less mended 3 oil units
5/8 in. 9 ft. Every per month.
Every 3
Month - See
Years
Compressor with up to 25% duty cycle 1/2 in. 9 ft. Max of ev- appendix
5 A.
Bendix® BA-921® air compressor
e.g. Line haul single trailer ery 90 days
with air suspension, or For oil carry-over
control4 suggested
school bus. less upgrades:
5/8 in. 12 ft. For the
BASIC
High Air Use Test Kit:
Order
Compressor with up to 25% duty cycle Bendix
Bendix® Tu-Flo® 750 air compressor
P/N
e.g. Double/triple trailer, open 5013711
highway coach/RV, (most)
1/2 in. 12 ft.
pick-up & delivery, yard or
terminal jockey, off-highway, Every 2
8 For oil carry-over
construction, loggers, concrete Years
or control4 suggested
mixer, dump truck, fire truck. upgrades:
less
5/8 in. 15 ft. BASIC test
Bendix® BA-922®, or DuraFlo™ 596 air compressor
acceptable
range:
Every 5 oil units
Month per month.
Compressor with up to 25% duty cycle
See
e.g. City transit bus, refuse, appendix
bulk unloaders, low boys, 3/4 in. 12 ft. A.
urban region coach, central
tire inflation. 12 Every
or Year
less
Footnotes:
1. With increased air demand the air dryer cartridge needs to be Bulletins TCH-08-21 and TCH-08-22, included in Appendix B, for
replaced more often. more information.)
2. Use the drain valves to slowly drain all reservoirs to zero psi. 5. For certain vehicles/applications, where turbo-charged inlet air is
3. Allow the oil/water mixture to fully settle before measuring oil used, a smaller size compressor may be permissible.
quantity. 6. Note: Compressor and/or air dryer upgrades are recommended
4. To counter above normal temperatures at the air dryer inlet, (and in cases where duty cycle is greater than the normal range (for
resultant oil-vapor passing upstream in the air system) replace the the examples above).
discharge line with one of a larger diameter and/or longer length. 7. For correct compressor upgrades consult Bendix - Please note
This helps reduce the air's temperature. If sufficient cooling occurs, that because a compressor is listed in the same area of the chart
the oil-vapor condenses and can be removed by the air dryer. does not necessarily mean that it would be a suitable candidate
Discharge line upgrades are not covered under warranty. Note: for upgrade purposes.
To help prevent discharge line freeze-ups, shorter discharge line
lengths or insulation may be required in cold climates. (See Bendix For Bendix® Tu-Flo® 550 and 750 compressors, unloader service is
recommended every 250,000 miles.
13

Air Brake Charging System Troubleshooting
How to use this guide: Look for:
Find the symptom(s) that you see, then move to the right
to find the possible causes (“What it may indicate”) and
remedies (“What you should do”). Normal - Charging system is working within
Review the warranty policy before performing any intrusive normal range.
compressor maintenance. Unloader or cylinder head gasket
replacement and resealing of the bottom cover plate are
usually permitted under warranty. Follow all standard safety Check - Charging system needs further
procedures when performing any maintenance. investigation.
WARNING! Please READ and follow these instructions to 5. Following the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended pro-
avoid personal injury or death: cedures, deactivate the electrical system in a manner that
When working on or around a vehicle, the following general safely removes all electrical power from the vehicle.
precautions should be observed at all times. 6. Never exceed manufacturer’s recommended pressures.
1. Park the vehicle on a level surface, apply the parking 7. Never connect or disconnect a hose or line containing
brakes, and always block the wheels. Always wear safety pressure; it may whip. Never remove a component or
glasses. plug unless you are certain all system pressure has been
2. Stop the engine and remove ignition key when working depleted.
under or around the vehicle. When working in the engine 8. Use only genuine Bendix® replacement parts, components
compartment, the engine should be shut off and the ignition and kits. Replacement hardware, tubing, hose, fittings, etc.
key should be removed. Where circumstances require that must be of equivalent size, type and strength as original
the engine be in operation, EXTREME CAUTION should be equipment and be designed specifically for such applica-
used to prevent personal injury resulting from contact with tions and systems.
moving, rotating, leaking, heated or electrically charged 9. Components with stripped threads or damaged parts
components. should be replaced rather than repaired. Do not attempt
3. Do not attempt to install, remove, disassemble or as- repairs requiring machining or welding unless specifically
semble a component until you have read and thoroughly stated and approved by the vehicle and component manu-
understand the recommended procedures. Use only the facturer.
proper tools and observe all precautions pertaining to use 10. Prior to returning the vehicle to service, make certain all
of those tools. components and systems are restored to their proper
4. If the work is being performed on the vehicle’s air brake sys- operating condition.
tem, or any auxiliary pressurized air systems, make certain 11. For vehicles with Antilock Traction Control (ATC), the ATC
to drain the air pressure from all reservoirs before beginning function must be disabled (ATC indicator lamp should be
ANY work on the vehicle. If the vehicle is equipped with ON) prior to performing any vehicle maintenance where
an AD-IS® air dryer system or a dryer reservoir module, be one or more wheels on a drive axle are lifted off the ground
sure to drain the purge reservoir. and moving.
Symptom: What it may indicate: What you should do:
1.0 Oil Test Card Not a valid test. Discontinue using this test.
Results Do not use this card test to diagnose compressor
"oil passing" issues. They are subjective

and error prone. Use only the Bendix Air
System Inspection Cup (BASIC) test and the
methods described in this guide for advanced
troubleshooting.
The Bendix ® BASIC test should be the
definitive method for judging excessive
oil fouling/oil passing. (See Appendix A,
Bendix® on page 27 for a flowchart and expanded
explanation of the checklist used when
BASIC Test conducting the BASIC test.)
14

2.0 Oil on the Engine and/or other accessories Find the source and repair. Return the vehicle
Outside of the leaking onto compressor. to service.
Compressor
2.1 Oil leaking at (a) Leak at the front or rear (fuel  Repair or replace as necessary. If the
compressor / engine pump, etc.) mounting flange. mounting bolt torques are low, replace the
connections: gasket.
(b) Leak at air inlet fitting.  Replace the fitting gasket. Inspect inlet hose
and replace as necessary.
(c) Leak at air discharge fitting.  Replace gasket or fitting as necessary to

ensure good seal.
(d) Loose/broken oil line fittings.  Inspect and repair as necessary.
2.2 Oil leaking (a) Excessive leak at head gasket.  Go to Test 1 on page 24.
from compressor:
(b) Leak at bottom cover plate.  Reseal bottom cover plate using RTV
silicone sealant.
(c) Leak at internal rear flange  Replace compressor.

gasket.
 Replace compressor.
(d) Leak through crankcase.
 Clean compressor and check periodically.
(e) (If unable to tell source of leak.)

(a) (c)
Head
gaskets
and rear
 flange
gasket
locations.
(c)
3.0 Oil at air dryer Air brake charging system functioning  Air dryers remove water and oil from the air
purge/exhaust or normally. brake charging system.
surrounding area Check that regular maintenance is being
performed. Return the vehicle to service.
An optional kit (Bendix piece number
5011327 for the Bendix® AD-IS® or AD-IP™
air dryers, or 5003838 for the Bendix® AD-9™
air dryer) is available to redirect the air dryer
exhaust.
15

4.0 Oil in Supply or Maintenance

Service Reservoir
(air dryer installed) (a) If air brake charging system mainte-  Drain all air tanks and check vehicle at next
(If a maintained Bendix ® nance has not been performed. service interval using the Bendix® BASIC
PuraGuard® system That is, reservoir(s) have not been test. See Table A on page 13, column 3 and
filter or Bendix® drained per the schedule in Table 4, for recommended service schedule.
PuraGuard QC™ oil A on page 13, Column 4 and/or
coalescing the air dryer maintenance has not
filter is installed, call been performed as in Column 3.
1-800-AIR-BRAKE
(1-800-247-2725) and
(b) If the vehicle maintenance has
speak to a Tech Team
been performed as recommended  Drain all air tanks into Bendix® BASIC test
member.)
in Table A on page 13, some oil in cup (Bendix Air System Inspection Cup).
the reservoirs is normal. If less than one unit of reservoir contents
is found, the vehicle can be returned to
service. Note: If more than one oil unit
of water (or a cloudy emulsion mixture)
(a) is present, change the vehicle's air dryer,
check for air system leakage (Test 2,
on page 24), stop inspection and check
again at the next service interval.
See the BASIC test kit for full details.
If less than one "oil unit" of water (or water/
See Table A, on page
13, for maintenance cloudy emulsion mixture) is present, use the
schedule information. BASIC cup chart on the label of the cup to
determine if the amount of oil found is within
Drain all air tanks (reservoirs) the acceptable level.
into the Bendix® BASIC test
cup. (Bendix kit P/N 5013711). If within the normal range, return the
vehicle to service. For vehicles with acces-
sories that are sensitive to small amounts
of oil, consider a Bendix® PuraGuard QC™
oil coalescing filter.
If outside the normal range go to Symp-
tom 4.0(c).
Also see the Table A on page 13, column
3 for recommended air dryer cartridge
replacement schedule.
Duty cycle too high
(c) Air brake system leakage.  Go to Test 2 on page 24.
(d) Compressor may be undersized for  See Table A, column 1, on page 13 for
the application. recommended compressor sizes.
 If the compressor is "too small" for
The duty cycle is the ratio of time the compressor spends the vehicle's role (for example, where a
building air to total engine running time. Air compressors vehicle's use has changed or service condi-
are designed to build air (to "run loaded") up to 25% of the tions exceed the original vehicle or engine
time. Higher duty cycles cause conditions that affect air OE spec's) then upgrade the compressor.
brake charging system performance which may require Note: The costs incurred (e.g. installing
additional maintenance. Factors that add to the duty cycle a larger capacity compressor, etc.) are
are: air suspension, additional air accessories, use of an not covered under original compressor
undersized compressor, frequent stops, excessive leakage warranty.
from fittings, connections, lines, chambers or valves, etc.  If the compressor is correct for the
vehicle, go to Symptom 4.0 (e).
16

4.0 Oil in Supply Temperature

or Service
 Check temperature as outlined in Test 3 on
Reservoir* (e) Air compressor discharge and/or page 24. If temperatures are normal go to
(air dryer installed) air dryer inlet temperature too 4.0(h).
(continued) high.
 Inspect coolant line. Replace as necessary
(I.D. is 1/2").
(f) Insufficient coolant flow.
 Inspect the coolant lines for kinks and
(e) (f) restrictions and fittings for restrictions.
Replace as necessary.
 Verify coolant lines go from engine block to

compressor and back to the water pump.
(g) Repair as necessary.
 If discharge line is restricted or more than

Testing the temperature Inspecting the coolant hoses. 1/16" carbon build up is found, replace the
at the discharge fitting. discharge line. See Table A, column 2, on
page 13 for recommended size. Replace
(g) Restricted discharge line. as necessary.
(g)  The discharge line must maintain a

constant slope down from the compressor
to the air dryer inlet fitting to avoid low points
where ice may form and block the flow.
If, instead, ice blockages occur at the air
dryer inlet, insulation may be added here,
or if the inlet fitting is a typical 90 degree
fitting, it may be changed to a straight or
45 degree fitting. For more information
Kinked discharge line shown. on how to help prevent discharge line
freeze-ups, see Bendix Bulletins TCH-08-
21 and TCH-08-22 (Appendix B). Shorter
discharge line lengths or insulation may be
required in cold climates.
Other
(h) Restricted air inlet (not enough air  Check compressor air inlet line for restric-
to compressor). tions, brittleness, soft or sagging hose
conditions etc. Repair as necessary. Inlet
(h) line size is 3/4 ID. Maximum restriction
requirement for compressors is 25 inches
of water.
 Check the engine air filter and service if

Partly
necessary (if possible, check the air filter
collapsed usage indicator).
inlet line
shown.
*If a maintained Bendix® PuraGuard® system filter or Bendix® PuraGuard QC™ oil coalescing
filter is installed, call 1-800-AIR-BRAKE (1-800-247-2725) and speak to a Tech Team member.
17

4.0 Oil in Supply Other (cont.)

or Service
(i) Poorly filtered inlet air (poor air  Check for leaking, damaged or defective
Reservoir*
quality to compressor). compressor air inlet components (e.g.
(air dryer installed)
induction line, fittings, gaskets, filter bodies,
(continued)
etc.). Repair inlet components as needed.
Note: Dirt ingestion will damage compressor
and is not covered under warranty.
Inspect the
engine air
cleaner.
(j) Governor malfunction or setting.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.
(k) Compressor malfunction.  If you found excessive oil present in the

service reservoir in step 4.0 (b) above and
you did not find any issues in steps 4.0 (c)
through 4.0 (j) above, the compressor may
Crankcase Flooding be passing oil.
Consider installing a compressor bottom drain kit Replace compressor. If still under warranty,
(where available) in cases of chronic oil passing where follow normal warranty process. Note: After
all other operating conditions have been investigated. replacing a compressor, residual oil may
Bendix compressors are designed to have a 'dry'
sump and the presence of excess oil in the crankcase
take a considerable period of time to be
can lead to oil carryover. flushed from the air brake system.
*If a maintained Bendix® PuraGuard® system filter or Bendix® PuraGuard QC™ oil coalescing
filter is installed, call 1-800-AIR-BRAKE (1-800-247-2725) and speak to a Tech Team member.
5.0 Oil present Air brake system valves are required  A small amount of oil does not affect SAE
at valves (e.g. at to tolerate a light coating of oil. J2024** compliant valves.
exhaust, or seen
during servicing).  Check that regular maintenance is being
performed and that the amount of oil in the
air tanks (reservoirs) is within the accept-
able range shown on the Bendix® BASIC
test cup (see also column 5 of Table A on
page 13). Return the vehicle to service.
For oil-sensitive systems, see page 12.
** SAE J2024 outlines tests all air brake system pneumatic

components need to be able to pass, including minimum
levels of tolerance to contamination.
Genuine
Bendix
valves are
all SAE
J2024
compliant.
18

6.0 Excessive oil A problem with engine or other engine  See engine service manual.
consumption in accessory.
engine.
The engine
service
manual
has more
information.
7.0 Oil present Air brake charging system is functioning  Air dryers remove water and oil from
at air dryer normally. the air brake charging system. A small
cartridge during amount of oil is normal. Check that regular
maintenance. maintenance is being performed and that
the amount of oil in the air tanks (reservoirs)
Oil shown is within the acceptable range shown by
leaking
from an
the BASIC Test (see also column 5 of
air dryer Table A on page 13). Replace the air dryer
cartridge. cartridge as needed and return the vehicle
to service.
8.0 Oil in ping tank Air brake charging system is functioning  Follow vehicle O.E. maintenance
or compressor dis- normally. recommendation for these components.
charge aftercooler.
9.0 Air brake (a) Air brake charging system  Using dash gauges, verify that the
charging system functioning normally. compressor builds air system pressure
seems slow to from 85-100 psi in 40 seconds or less with
build pressure. engine at full governed rpm. Return the
vehicle to service.
(b) Air brake system leakage.  Go to Test 2 on page 24.
(c) Compressor may be undersized for  See Table A, column 1, on page 13 for some
the application. typical compressor applications. If the
compressor is "too small" for the vehicle's
role, for example, where a vehicle's use has
changed, then upgrade the compressor.
Note: The costs incurred (e.g. installing
a larger capacity compressor, etc.) are
not covered under original compressor
warranty.
(d) Compressor unloader mechanism  Go to Test 6 on page 25.

malfunction.
(e) Damaged compressor head  An air leak at the head gasket may indi-
gasket. cate a downstream restriction such as a
freeze-up or carbon blockage and/or could
indicate a defective or missing safety valve.
Find blockage (go to 9.0(f) for details) and
then replace the compressor. Do not re-
use the safety valve without testing. See
Symptom 12.0(a).
19

9.0 Air brake (f) Restricted discharge line.  If discharge line is restricted:
charging system  By more than 1/16" carbon build up,
seems slow to replace the discharge line (see Table A,
build pressure. column 2, on page 13 for recommended
(continued) size) and go to Test 3 on page 24.
 By other restrictions (e.g. kinks). Re-
place the discharge line. See Table A, col-
(f) umn 2, on page 13 for recommended size.
Retest for air build. Return vehicle to service
or, if problem persists, go to 9.0(a).
 The discharge line must maintain a

to the air dryer inlet fitting to avoid low points
where ice may form and block the flow. If,
instead, ice blockages occur at the air dryer
Dash gauges. Kinked discharge line shown. inlet, insulation may be added here, or if the
inlet fitting is a typical 90 degree fitting, it
Engine Oil Quality may be changed to a straight or 45 degree
Inadequate oil change intervals, the formulation of the fitting. For more information on how to
oil and/or the quality of oil filter used can all lead to poor help prevent discharge line freeze-ups, see
oil quality. These can increase the rate at which carbon Bendix Bulletins TCH-08-21 and TCH-08-22
builds up in the discharge line. Bendix recommends oil (Appendix B). Shorter discharge line
soot (solids) be maintained at less than 3%. lengths or insulation may be required in cold
climates.
(g) Restricted air inlet (not enough air  Check compressor air inlet line for restric-
to compressor). tions, brittleness, soft or sagging hose con-
(g) ditions etc. Repair as necessary. Refer to
vehicle manufacturer’s guidelines for inlet
line size.
 Check the engine air filter and service if

necessary (if possible, check the air filter
usage indicator).
Partly collapsed
inlet line shown. (h) Poorly filtered inlet air (poor air  Check for leaking, damaged or defective
quality to compressor). compressor air inlet components (e.g.
induction line, fittings, gaskets, filter bodies,
etc.). Repair inlet components as needed.
Note: Dirt ingestion will damage compressor
and is not covered under warranty.
(i) Compressor malfunction.  Replace the compressor only after making

certain that none of the preceding conditions,
9.0 (a) through 9.0 (h), exist.
20

10.0 Air charging (a) Governor malfunction*.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.

system doesn’t
build air. (b) Restricted discharge line.  See 9.0(f).
(c) Air dryer heater malfunction:  Replace air dryer heater.

exhaust port frozen open.
(d) Compressor malfunction.  Replace the compressor only after making

certain the preceding conditions do not
* Note: For the Bendix® DuraFlo™ 596 air compressor, not only exist.
the governor, but also the SV-1™ synchro valve used would
need to be tested. See Bulletin TCH-001-048.
11.0 Compressor (a) Restricted discharge line.  If discharge line is restricted:

safety valve  By more than 1/16" carbon build up,
releases air replace the discharge line (see Table A,
(Compressor column 2, on page 13 for recommended
builds too much size) and go to Test 3 on page 24.
air).  By other restrictions (e.g. kinks).
Replace the discharge line. See Table A,
column 2, on page 13 for recommended
size.
 The discharge line must maintain a



Damaged to the air dryer inlet fitting to avoid low points
discharge where ice may form and block the flow.
line shown.
If, instead, ice blockages occur at the air
dryer inlet, insulation may be added here,
or if the inlet fitting is a typical 90 degree
fitting, it may be changed to a straight or
45 degree fitting. For more information
on how to help prevent discharge line
freeze-ups, see Bendix Bulletins TCH-08-
21 and TCH-08-22 (Appendix B). Shorter
discharge line lengths or insulation may be
required in cold climates.
(b) Downstream air brake system check  Inspect air lines and verify check valves are
valves or lines may be blocked or operating properly.
damaged.
(c) Air dryer lines incorrectly installed.  Ensure discharge line is installed into the
inlet of the air dryer and delivery is routed
to the service reservoir.
(d) Compressor safety valve  Verify relief pressure is 250 psi. Replace if
malfunction. defective.
(e) Compressor unloader mechanism  Go to Test 6 on page 25.

malfunction.
(f) Governor malfunction.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.
21

12.0 Air dryer (a) Restriction between air dryer and  Inspect delivery lines to reservoir for restric-
safety valve reservoir. tions and repair as needed.
releases air.
(b) Air dryer safety valve  Verify relief pressure is at vehicle or
Air dryer malfunction. component manufacturer specifications.
safety valve Replace if defective.

(c) Air dryer maintenance not  See Maintenance Schedule and Usage
performed. Guidelines (Table A, column 3, on page
13).
(d) Air dryer malfunction.  Verify operation of air dryer. Follow vehicle
O.E. maintenance recommendations and
component Service Data information.


(e) Improper governor control line  Go to Test 5 on page 25.
installation to the reservoir.
Technician removes
governor. (f) Governor malfunction.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.
13.0 Reservoir (a) Reservoir safety valve  Verify relief pressure is at vehicle or
safety valve malfunction. component manufacturer's specifications
releases air (typically 150 psi). Replace if defective.
(b) Governor malfunction.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.
(c) Compressor unloader mechanism  Go to Test 6 on page 25.

malfunction.
14.0 Air dryer (a) Air dryer malfunction.  Verify operation of air dryer. Follow vehicle
doesn’t purge. O.E. maintenance recommendations.
(Never hear
exhaust from air (b) Governor malfunction.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.
dryer.)
(c) Air brake system leakage.  Go to Test 2 on page 24.
(d) Improper governor control line  Go to Test 5 on page 25.

installation to the reservoir.
15.0 Compressor (a) A i r b r a k e c h a r g i n g s y s t e m  Available reservoir capacity may be re-

constantly cycles maintenance not performed. duced by build up of water etc. Drain and
(compressor perform routine maintenance per Table A,
remains unloaded columns 3 & 4, on page 13.
for a very short
time.) (b) Compressor unloader mechanism  Go to Test 6 on page 25.
malfunction.
(c) Air dryer purge valve or delivery  Verify operation of air dryer. Follow vehicle
check valve malfunction. O.E. maintenance recommendations and
component Service Data information.
(d) Air brake system leakage.  Go to Test 2 on page 24.
22

16.0 Compressor (a) Compressor leaks air at connections  Check for leaking, damaged or defective
leaks air or ports. compressor fittings, gaskets, etc. Repair
or replace as necessary.
(b) Compressor unloader mechanism  Go to Test 6 on page 25.

malfunction.
(c) Damaged compressor head  An air leak at the head gasket(s) may
gasket(s). indicate a downstream restriction such as a
freeze-up or carbon blockage and/or could
Head
Testing for leaks with gaskets indicate a defective or missing safety valve.
soap solution. locations Find blockage (go to 9.0(f) for details) and
 then replace the compressor. Do not re-
use the safety valve without testing. See
Symptom 12.0(a).
17.0 Compressor (a) Improperly installed plugs or coolant  Inspect for loose or over-torqued fittings.
leaks coolant line fittings. Reseal and tighten loose fittings and plugs
as necessary. If overtorqued fittings and
plugs have cracked ports in the head,
replace the compressor.
(b) Damaged compressor head  An air leak at the head gasket may indicate
gasket. a downstream restriction such as a freeze-
up or carbon blockage and/or could indicate
a defective or missing safety valve. Find
blockage (go to 9.0(f) for details) and then
replace the compressor. Do not re-use the
safety valve without testing. See Symptom
12.0(a).
(c) Porous compressor head casting.  If casting porosity is detected, replace the
compressor.
18.0 Noisy (a) Damaged compressor.  Replace the compressor.

compressor
(Multi-cylinder
compressors only)
Other Miscellaneous Areas to Consider

This guide attempts to cover most com- • Where a compressor does not have
pressor system problems. Here are some a safety valve installed, if a partial or
rare sources of problems not covered in complete discharge line blockage has
this guide: occurred, damage can occur to the con-
• Turbocharger leakage. Lubricating oil necting rod bearings. Damage of this kind
from leaking turbocharger seals can enter may not be detected and could lead to
the air compressor intake and give mis- compressor problems at a later date.
leading symptoms.
23

Tests
Test 1: Excessive Oil Leakage at the
Head Gasket
Exterior leaks at the head gasket are not a sign that oil is being passed into
the air charging system. Oil weepage at the head gasket does not prevent
the compressor from building air. Look
for
Weepage
Observe the amount of weepage from the head gasket.
If the oil is only around the cylinder head area, it is acceptable (return the vehicle
to service), but, if the oil weepage extends down to the nameplate area of the
compressor, the gasket can be replaced.
Test 2: Air Brake System and Accessory Leakage

Inspect for air leaks when working on a vehicle and pedal in position.) Observe the dash gauges.
repair them promptly. If you see any noticeable decrease of the dash air
Park the vehicle on level ground and chock wheels. gauge readings (i.e. more than 4 psi, plus two psi for
Build system pressure to governor cut-out and allow each additional trailer) during either two minute test,
the pressure to stabilize for one minute. repair the leaks and repeat this test to confirm that
Step 1: Observe the dash gauges for two additional they have been repaired.
minutes without the service brakes applied. Air leaks can also be found in the charging system,
Step 2: Apply the service brakes and allow the parking brakes, and/or other components - inspect
pressure to stabilize. Continue holding for two and repair as necessary.
minutes (you may use a block of wood to hold the
Test 3: Air Compressor Discharge

Temperature and Air Dryer Inlet (* Note that only vehicles that have passed Test 2
Temperature* would be candidates for this test.)
Caution: The temperatures used in this test 4. Then, while maintaining max rpm and
are not normal vehicle conditions. pressure range, measure and record the
Above normal temperatures can cause oil (as surface temperature of the fittings:
vapor) to pass through the air dryer into the  at the compressor discharge port. (T1).
air brake system.  at the air dryer inlet fitting. (T2).
This test is run with the engine at normal operating Use a touch probe thermocouple for measuring
temperature, with engine at max. rpm. If available, the temperature.
a dyno may be used. 5. See table below.
1. Allow the compressor to build the air system 6. Retest before returning the vehicle to
pressure to governor cut-in. service.
2. Pump the brakes to bring the dash gauge
pressure to 90 psi. T1 T2
Compressor Air Dryer
3. Allow the compressor to build pressure from Discharge Inlet Action
95 to 105 psi gauge pressure and maintain Fitting Fitting
this pressure range by cycling the brakes for under under Temperatures are within
five (5) minutes. 360°F 200°F normal range for this test, check
other symptoms. Go to 4.0 (h).
T1
under over This could indicate a discharge
360°F 200°F line problem (e.g. restriction).
Call 1-800-AIR-BRAKE
T2 (1-800-247-2725)
and speak with our Tech Team.
over __ Compressor is running hot.

360°F Check coolant 4(f) and/or
Discharge Line discharge line 4(g).
24

Tests (continued)
Test 4: Governor Malfunction
supply reservoir, service reservoir, or reservoir
1. Inspect control lines to and from the governor port of the D-2™ governor, verify cut-in and
for restrictions (e.g. collapsed or kinked). cut-out pressures are within vehicle OEM
Repair as necessary. specification.
2. Using a calibrated external gauge in the 3. If the governor is malfunctioning, replace it.
Test 5: Governor Control Line
1. Ensure that the governor control line from the 2. Perform proper reservoir drain intervals and air
reservoir is located at or near the top of the dryer cartridge maintenance per Maintenance
reservoir. (This line, if located near the bottom of Schedule and Usage Guidelines (Table A on
the reservoir, can become blocked or restricted page 13).
by the reservoir contents e.g. water or ice.) 3. Return the vehicle to service.
Test 6: Compressor Unloader Leakage
Bendix ® Compressors: Park vehicle, chock shut off and charge the unloader port by allowing
wheels, and follow all standard safety procedures. air pressure to enter the hose and unload the
Remove the governor and install a fitting to the compressor. Shut off the air supply and observe
unloader port. Add a section of air hose (min the gauge. A steady reading indicates no leakage
1 ft long for a 1/2" diameter line) and a gauge at the unloader port, but a falling reading shows
to the fitting followed by a shut-off valve and an that the unloader mechanism is leaking and needs
air source (shop air or small air tank). Open the to be serviced.
25

Appendix A: Information about the BASIC Test Kit (Bendix P/N 5013711)
Service writer records info - including days
the number of days since all air tanks
were drained - and fills out symptom Bendix® Air System Inspection Cup
checklist. Technician inspects items.
(BASIC) Test Information
START BASIC TEST
Park vehicle on LEVEL ground.

Chock wheels, drain air from system.
Drain contents of ALL air

tanks into BASIC™ cup
Is there YES Vehicle OK.

less than one Return vehicle to END TEST
unit of liquid? service.
NO
Is
there more
than one unit of: YES Cloudy emulsion mixture
• water, or
• cloudy emulsion
mixture?
NO, only oil.
Is this a Is this vehicle

YES, this is a high transit vehicle, bulk NO, this is a low air being re-tested? (after
air use use vehicle. YES NO
unloader, or has more water, etc. was found
vehicle.
than 5 axles? last time?)
Find the point on the label Find the point on the label
where the number of oil units where the number of oil units Go to the
Hig
h meets the number of days* meets the number of days* Change air dryer
Low Advanced
since the vehicle's air tanks since the vehicle's air tanks cartridge**
Troubleshooting
were last drained. were last drained. Guide to find
Hig
h reason(s) for
presence of water Test for air
Is the Is the leakage Use Test 2:
point above point above Air Leakage
the HIGH Air Use the LOW Air Use END TEST
line on the NO line on the
cup? cup?
Lo w
NO Re-test with the
igh
H
YES Low BASIC™ Test after
YES 30 days***
Test for air

leakage
Use Test 2: END TEST
Air Leakage Vehicle OK.
Return vehicle to END TEST
service.
Does YES
the vehicle have
Repair leaks and * If the number of days since the air tanks were drained is unknown
return vehicle to END TEST
excessive air
service
- use the 30 day line.
leakage?
** Note: Typical air dryer cartridge replacement schedule is every
NO 3 yrs/ 300K miles for low air use vehicles and every year/100K
NO (did not know miles for high air use vehicles.
Was when last
the number of drained) Re-test with the *** To get an accurate reading for the amount of oil collected during
days since last BASIC™ Test after END TEST a 30 day period, ask the customer not to drain the air tanks before
draining 30 days***
known? returning. (Note that 30-90 days is the recommended air tank
YES, number of days drain schedule for vehicles equipped with a Bendix air dryer that
was known (30 - 90 days) are properly maintained.) If, in cold weather conditions, the 30 day
Replace the Compressor. If under warranty, follow standard air tank drain schedule is longer than the customer's usual draining
procedures. interval, the customer must determine, based on its experience
If, after a compressor was already replaced, the vehicle fails the with the vehicle, whether to participate now, or wait for warmer
BASIC test again, do not replace the compressor**** - use the weather. See the cold weather tips in Bulletins TCH-008-21 and
Compressor
Advanced Troubleshooting Guide to investigate the cause(s). TCH-008-22 (included on pages 30-32 of this document).
****Note: After replacing a compressor, residual oil may take
END TEST a considerable period of time to be flushed from the air brake
system.
26

Appendix A continued: Information about the BASIC Test Kit (Bendix P/N 5013711)
®
Filling in the Checklist for the Bendix Air System Inspection Cup (BASIC) Test
Note: Follow all standard safety precautions. For vehicles using a desiccant air dryer.
The Service Writer fills out these fields with information gained from the customer
Number of Days Since Air Tanks Were Last Drained: ________ Date: ___________Vehicle #: ____________
Engine SN __________________________ Vehicle Used for: _______________Typical Load:________ (lbs.)
No. of Axles: ____ (tractor) ____ (trailer) No. of Lift Axles: ____ Technician’s Name: ____________________
Checklist for Technician

Customer’s Have you confirmed
complaint?

(Please check all that apply)
The Technician
“Relay valve  leaks oil /  malfunctions”  no  yes*
The Service Writer checks boxes
“Dash valve  leaks oil /  malfunctions”  no  yes*
also checks off any  “Air dryer leaks oil”  no  yes* for any of the
complaints that the  “Governor malfunction”  no  yes* complaints that
customer makes to  “Oil in gladhands”  no  yes* can be confirmed.
help the Technician how much oil did you find? ________________________________
in investigating.  “Oil on ground or vehicle exterior”  no  yes*
amount described: ______________________________________
 “Short air dryer cartridge life”
replaces every: ______________  miles,  kms, or  months * Note: A confirmed complaint
 “Oil in air tanks” amount described:_______________________ above does NOT mean that
We will measure amount currently found when we get to step B of the test. the compressor must be
 “Excessive engine oil loss” amount described: ______________ replaced.
The full BASIC test below will
Is the engine leaking oil?  no  yes* investigate the facts.
Is the compressor leaking oil?  no  yes*
 Other complaint: _____________________________________
 No customer complaint.
BASIC test starts here: STEP A - Select one: The Technician selects the air use
category for the vehicle. This de-
 This is a low air use vehicle: Line haul (single trailer) with 5 or less axles, or cided which of the two acceptance
 This is a high air use vehicle: Garbage truck, transit bus, bulk unloader, or line lines on the cup will be used for the
haul with more than 5 axles. Then go to Step B. test below.
STEP B - Measure the Charging System Contents

For an accurate test, the
1. Park and chock vehicle on level ground. Drain the air system by contents of all the air tanks on
pumping the service brakes. the vehicle should be used.
2. Completely drain ALL the air tanks into a single BASIC cup.
3. If there is less than one unit of contents total, end the test now and
return the vehicle to service. Vehicle passes. Note for returning vehicles that are being
4. If more than one oil unit of water (or a cloudy emulsion mixture) retested after a water/cloudy emulsion
is found: mixture was found last time and the air
(a) Change the vehicle’s air dryer cartridge
Oil dryer cartridge replaced: If more than one
- see Footnote 1, Units oil unit of water or a cloudy emulsion mixture
(b) Conduct the 4 minute leakage test (Step D),
is found again, stop the BASIC test and
(c) STOP the inspection, and check the vehicle
consult the air dryer's Service Data sheet
again after 30 days - see Footnote 2. STOP
+ CK. troubleshooting section.
Otherwise, go to Step C.
Footnote 1: Note: Typical air dryer cartridge replacement schedule is every 3 yrs/ 300K miles for low air use vehicles and every year/100K miles for
high air use vehicles.
Footnote 2: To get an accurate reading for the amount of oil collected during a 30 day period, ask the customer not to drain the air tanks before returning.
(Note that 30-90 days is the recommended air tank drain schedule for vehicles equipped with a Bendix air dryer that are properly maintained.) If, in
cold weather conditions, the 30 day air tank drain schedule is longer than the customer's usual draining interval, the customer must determine, based
on its experience with the vehicle, whether to participate now, or wait for warmer weather. See the cold weather tips in Bulletins TCH-008-21 and TCH-
008-22 (included in Appendix B of the advanced troubleshooting guide).
27

Appendix A continued: Information about the BASIC Test Kit (Bendix P/N 5013711)
®
Filling in the Checklist for the Bendix Air System Inspection Cup (BASIC) Test
Note: Follow all standard safety precautions. For vehicles using a desiccant air dryer.
STEP C - How to Use the BASIC Test 1. Record days since air 2. Record amount
tanks were last drained. of oil found: 3. Action to
take
The Technician uses the chart (label) on the BASIC _________ days _________ units
test cup to help decide the action to take, based on

the amount of oil found. Use the lower acceptance
line for low air use vehicles, and upper line for high If number of days is: if oil level is at or below System OK. STOP
air use vehicles (from Step A). 30-60 days (high air acceptance line for number TEST
use) or of days Return to service.
30-90 days (low air if oil level is above
use) acceptance line for number Go to Step D
 of days 
if oil level is at or below System OK. STOP
Otherwise . . . 30-day acceptance line  Return to service. TEST

(if the number of days is Stop inspection.
unknown, or outside the if oil level is above 30-day Test again STOP
limits above) acceptance line  after 30 days. + CK.
See Footnote 2.
Acceptance
BASIC Test Example Lines
An oil level of 4 units in a sixty-day period is within the Oil
Level
acceptance area (at or below the line) for both low and
high air use vehicles. Return the vehicle to service.
X
The Technician looks for the point where the number
of days since the air tanks were drained meets the
oil level. If it is at or below the (low or high use) Sixty days since last air Decision point
acceptance line, the vehicle has passed the test. If tank draining
the point is above the line then go to the leakage
Air leakage is the number one
test.
cause of compressors having
to pump excessive amounts of
STEP D - Air Brake System Leakage Test air, in turn run too hot and pass
Park the vehicle on level ground and chock wheels. Build system pressure to governor cut-out oil vapor along into the system.
and allow the pressure to stabilize for one minute. Here the Technician conducts
1: Observe the dash gauges for two additional minutes without the service brakes applied. a four-minute test to see if
2: Apply service brakes for two minutes (allow pressure to stabilize) and observe the dash leakage is a problem with the
gauges. vehicle being tested.
If you see any noticeable decrease of the dash air gauge readings, repair leaks. Repeat this
test to confirm that air leaks have been repaired and return vehicle to service. Please repeat
BASIC test at next service interval. Note: Air leaks can also be found in the charging system,
parking brakes, and/or other components - inspect and repair as necessary.
If no air leakage was detected, and if you are conducting

this test after completing Step C, go to Step E.
The Technician only reaches
Step E if the amount of oil
STEP E - If no air leakage was detected in Step D found, for the amount of
time since the air tanks were
Replace the compressor.
last drained exceeds the
acceptance level, AND the
Note: If the compressor is within warranty period,
vehicle passes the four-minute
please follow standard warranty procedures. Attach
leakage test (no noticeable
the completed checklist to warranty claim.
leakage was detected).
28

Appendix B
Technical Bulletin
Bulletin No.: TCH-008-021 Effective Date: 11/1/92 Page: 1 of 2
Subject: Air Brake System - Cold Weather Operation Tips
As the cold weather approaches, operators and fleets alike begin to look to their vehicles with an eye
toward “winterization”, and particularly what can be done to guard against air system freeze-up. Here
are some basic “Tips” for operation in the cold weather.
Engine Idling
Avoid idling the engine for long periods of time! In addition to the fact that most engine
manufacturers warn that long idle times are detrimental to engine life, winter idling is a big factor in
compressor discharge line freeze-up. Discharge line freeze-ups account for a significant number of
compressor failures each year. The discharge line recommendations under “Discharge Lines” are
important for all vehicles but are especially so when some periods of extended engine idling can not
be avoided.
Discharge Lines
The discharge line should slope downward from the compressor discharge port without forming water
traps, kinks, or restrictions. Cross-overs from one side of the frame rail to the other, if required, should
occur as close as possible to the compressor. Fitting extensions must be avoided. Recommended
discharge line lengths and inside diameters are dependent on the vehicle application and are as
follows.
Typical P&D, School Bus and Line Haul

The maximum discharge line length is 16 feet.
Length I.D. Min. Other Requirements

6.0-9.5 ft. ½ in. None
9.5-12 ft. ½ in. Last 3 feet, including fitting at the end of the
discharge line, must be insulated with ½ inch thick closed
cell polyethylene pipe insulation.
12-16 ft. 5/8 in. Last 3 feet, including fitting at the end of the
discharge line, must be insulated with ½ inch thick
closed cell polyethylene pipe insulation.
If the discharge line length must be less than 6 feet or greater than 16 feet, contact your local
Bendix representative.
29

Appendix B: Continued
High Duty Cycle Vehicles (City Transit Coaches, Refuse Haulers, Etc.)
The maximum discharge line length is 16 feet.
Length I.D. min. Other Requirements
10-16 ft. ½ in. None
If the discharge line length must be less than 10 feet or greater than 16 feet, contact your local Bendix
representative.
System Leakage
Check the air brake system for excessive air leakage using the Bendix “Dual System Air Brake Test
and Check List” (BW1279). Excessive system leakage causes the compressor to “pump” more air
and also more moisture into the brake system.
Reservoir Draining (System Without Air Dryer)
Routine reservoir draining is the most basic step (although not completely effective) in reducing the
possibility of freeze-up. All reservoirs in a brake system can accumulate water and other contamination
and must be drained! The best practice is to drain all reservoirs daily. When draining reservoirs; turn
the ENGINE OFF and drain ALL AIR from the reservoir, better still, open the drain cocks on all reservoirs
and leave them open over night to assure all contamination is drained (reference Service Data Sheet
SD-04-400 for Bendix Reservoirs). If automatic drain valves are installed, check their operation before
the weather turns cold (reference Service Data Sheet SD-03-2501 for Bendix® DV-2™ Automatic Drain
Valves). It should be noted that, while the need for daily reservoir draining is eliminated through the
use of an automatic drain valve, periodic manual draining is still required.
Alcohol Evaporator or Injector Systems
Check for proper operation of these systems by monitoring alcohol consumption for a few days
(Reference Service Data Sheet SD-08-2301 for the Bendix Alcohol Evaporator). Too little means the
system is not receiving adequate protection and too much simply wastes alcohol. As a general guide,
these systems should consume approximately 1 to 2 ounces of alcohol per hour of compressor loaded
time (compressing air). City pick-up and delivery vehicles will operate with the compressors loaded
(compressing air) more while compressors on highway vehicles will be loaded less. These figures
are approximate and assume that air system leakage is within the limits of the Bendix “Dual System
Air Brake Test and Check List” (BW1279). Last but not least, begin using alcohol several weeks prior
to freezing weather to ensure that the system is completely protected. Use only methanol alcohol,
such as Bendix “Air Guard”, in evaporators or injectors.
Air Dryers
Make certain air brake system leakage is within the limits stated in BW1279. Check the operation and
function of the air dryer using the appropriate Service Data Sheet for the air dryer.
AD-9™ Air Dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Data Sheet SD-08-2412
AD-IP™ Air Dryer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Data Sheet SD-08-2414
AD-SP™ Air Dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Data Sheet SD-08-2415
Trailer System-Guard™ Air Dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Data Sheet SD-08-2416
Bendix® PuraGuard QC™ Oil Coalescing Filter. . . . .Service Data Sheet SD-08-187B
30

Appendix B: Continued
Technical Bulletin
Subject: Additional Cold Weather Operation Tips for the Air Brake System
Last year we published Bulletin PRO-08-21 which provided some guidelines for “winterizing” a
vehicle air brake system. Here are some additional suggestions for making cold weather vehicle
operation just a little more bearable.
Thawing Frozen Air Lines

The old saying; “Prevention is the best medicine” truly applies here! Each year this activity accounts
for an untold amount of unnecessary labor and component replacement. Here are some Do’s and
Don’ts for prevention and thawing.
Do’s
1. Do maintain freeze prevention devices to prevent road calls. Don’t let evaporators or injectors run
out of methanol alcohol or protection will be degraded. Check the air dryer for proper operation
and change the desiccant when needed.
2. Do thaw out frozen air lines and valves by placing the vehicle in a warmed building. This is the
only method for thawing that will not cause damage to the air system or its components.
3. Do use dummy hose couplings on the tractor and trailer.
4. Do check for sections of air line that could form water traps. Look for “drooping” lines.
Don’ts
1. Do not apply an open flame to air lines and valves. Beyond causing damage to the internal
nonmetallic parts of valves and melting or burning non-metallic air lines. WARNING: THIS
PRACTICE IS UNSAFE AND CAN RESULT IN VEHICLE FIRE!
2. Do not introduce (pour) fluids into air brake lines or hose couplings (“glad hands”). Some fluids
used can cause immediate and severe damage to rubber components. Even methanol alcohol,
which is used in Alcohol Evaporators and Injectors, should not be poured into air lines. Fluids
poured into the system wash lubricants out of valves, collect in brake chambers and valves and
can cause malfunction. Loss of lubricant can affect valve operating characteristics, accelerate
wear and cause premature replacement.
3. Do not park a vehicle outside after thawing its air system indoors. Condensation will form in the
system and freeze again. Place the vehicle in operation when it is removed to the outdoors.
Supporting Air and Electrical Lines
Make certain tie wraps are replaced and support brackets are re-assembled if removed during routine
maintenance. These items prevent the weight of ice and snow accumulations from breaking or
disconnecting air lines and wires.
Automatic Drain Valves (System without Air Dryer)
As we stated last year, routine reservoir draining is the most basic step (although not completely
effective) in reducing the possibility of freeze-up. While automatic drain valves relieve the operator
of draining reservoirs on a daily basis, these valves MUST be routinely checked for proper operation.
Don’t overlook them until they fail and a road call is required.
31

BW2398 © 2005 Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems LLC. All rights reserved. 10/2005. Printed in U.S.A.
32

Air Compressor Bendix Ba922

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SD-01-700

BENDIX® BA-922® COMPRESSOR

The discharge valves are part of the valve plate assembly.

While not all compressors and charging systems are Unloader

FIGURE 2 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR (CUT-AWAY)

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AIR COMPRESSION (LOADED)

As the piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to

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Air in Pistons Mostly Shuttles Back

FIGURE 7 - OPERATION - UNLOADED

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Inspect the compressor intake adapter, and the connecting

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Item Qty. Description Item Qty. Description Item Qty Description

FIGURE 9 - BA-922® COMPRESSOR EXPLODED VIEW OF SERVICEABLE PARTS

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Advanced Troubleshooting Guide for Air Brake Compressors

Test Procedures Maintenance & Usage Guidelines

(1) Oil Leakage at Head Gasket ........ 24 Maintenance Schedule and

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The Air Brake Charging System supplies the

Optional Bendix® PuraGuard®

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Low Air Use

Bendix® Tu-Flo® 550 air compressor

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Symptom: What it may indicate: What you should do:

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(c) Leak at air discharge ﬁtting.  Replace gasket or ﬁtting as necessary to

(d) Loose/broken oil line ﬁttings.  Inspect and repair as necessary.

(c) Leak at internal rear flange  Replace compressor.

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4.0 Oil in Supply or Maintenance

Duty cycle too high

(c) Air brake system leakage.  Go to Test 2 on page 24.

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4.0 Oil in Supply Temperature

 Verify coolant lines go from engine block to

 If discharge line is restricted or more than

(g)  The discharge line must maintain a

 Check the engine air ﬁlter and service if

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4.0 Oil in Supply Other (cont.)

(j) Governor malfunction or setting.  Go to Test 4 on page 25.

(k) Compressor malfunction.  If you found excessive oil present in the

For oil-sensitive systems, see page 12.

** SAE J2024 outlines tests all air brake system pneumatic

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(b) Air brake system leakage.  Go to Test 2 on page 24.

(d) Compressor unloader mechanism  Go to Test 6 on page 25.

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 The discharge line must maintain a

 Check the engine air ﬁlter and service if