THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ENTRANCE TEST SCORES AND THE GRADES

OF FRESHMEN STUDENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST DURING THE

FIRST SEMESTER (All Caps, Font: Calibri, Bold 14)

CHAPTER 1(All Caps, Not Bold, Font: Calibri 14)

Introduction (Font: Calibri 14 Bold)
{Quantitative and Qualitative}

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

Maximum of two pages, the introduction simply states the gaps, needs or the historical

outlines that lead to the statement of the problem. It includes the background of the study and

motivation of the researchers in undertaking the research. (Indent first line, Justified, Double

spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

In terms of format, researches should conform with APA (American Psychological

Association) in terms of citation and overall appearance of the paper. APA requires Calibri as the

type of font size 11 for the body of the text. In-text citation is used, for example (Carey, 2019) or

(Shaefer & Shapiro, 2019) or (Grady, et. al. 2019). If there is a need to particularly mention the

name like according to Carey (2019) or in the work of Shaefer & Shapiro (2019), the format

appears in this manner. For newspaper or magazine articles without authors, in-text citation

should look like this (see “Knowledge is power…” 2013).

Notice also that page numbers. They should be located at the bottom, right portion of

the page. The first of page of Chapter 1 should be numbered page 1.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

1.2.1 General Problem {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12 Bold)

Stated in declarative manner, the general problem is the overall objective of the

research or the statement of what the researchers would intend to do. Since the title is simply
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the re-statement of the problem and hypothesis, then all the major concepts or variables would

also have to be contained in the general problem as they also appear in the hypothesis (for

quantitative research). (Indent first line, Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

1.2.2 Specific Problems {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12 Bold)

The general statement of the problem could be broken down into several specific

research questions. For example, this research will specifically examine the following research

questions:

1. What were the scores achieved by freshmen students of the University of the East in
their entrance examination?
2. What were the grades of the freshmen students during their first year of study in
UE?
3. Is there a correlation between the entrance test scores of freshmen students and
their grades during the first semester of their study in UE?

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

1.3.1 Significance to Theory {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12 Bold)

This section relates the importance of the research. All scientific enterprises use theory

as their guide. In one paragraph, this section articulates how this study could support or indicate

the gaps in the theory. (Indent first line, Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

1.3.2 Significance to Practice {Quantitative and Qualitative}

In one paragraph, this section provides the importance of the research to certain

practice or profession.

1.3.3 Beneficiaries {Quantitative and Qualitative}

A list of those institutions or professions would have to be mentioned. This will indicate who will

eventually utilize the outcome of the research.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)
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 In two paragraphs, the limits of the study would have to be explained. This will include

the duration of the research or the limits of time or date of the data collected. If the data

gathering is geographically bound, it would have to be explained in this section. If the research

has issues of limitation on gender, age, status in life or any other demographic or social

affiliations, it would have to be explained in this section. A well articulated scope and limitation

patches the loopholes of “why the research did not do this or that.” (Indent first line, Justified,

Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

1.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

All scientific enterprises have to be guided by theory. This section should explain the

theory which includes the assumptions of the theory, the variables or units of analysis that the

theory tries to explain, the type of phenomenon that the theory attempts to give account of and

the dynamics of how these variables operate to explain the phenomenon.

For the life sciences, the theory governing the entire research would also to be

explained. This may either be: chromosome theory, cell theory, evolutionary theory etc.

Diagram of the Theoretical Framework {Quantitative and Qualitative}

To better explain the theory, a diagram has to be drawn. This could be the original

diagram of the theoretician. The diagram is a figure which should conform with APA format and

should be numbered like the subheadings, for example:

Figure 1.1

Theoretical Diagram of Achievement-Performance

Achievement  Performance

3
 1.5.1 Conceptual Framework {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

The theory then has to operationalized or reduced into a framework which can be used

or operationalized in the present research.

Diagram of the Conceptual Framework {Quantitative and Qualitative}

Figure 1.2

Conceptual Diagram of Achievement-Performance

of UE Freshmen

Achievement Performance
Score in the during the First
Entrance Test of
 Semester of
Freshmen in UE Freshmen

Adopted from the theoretical diagram, the variables now being studied in the present

research will appear in the conceptual diagram.

1.6 HYPOTHESIS {Quantitative} CLAIM {Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

The major hypothesis is now stated. The major hypothesis preliminarily answers the

general problem. The variables contained in the title and general problem can be found in the

hypothesis. The Philosophy of Science argues that scientific enterprises are not meant to verify

theories but to falsify them according to Karl Popper. It is for this reason that all hypotheses are

stated as null. The reason why Popper argued that science is about falsification is because all

scientists or theorists believe their theories are right so the only work left then is to disprove or

falsify them.

All other hypotheses which would answer the specific problems will have to be stated as

null.

For example: The following hypothesis will be tested:

4
 There is no significant correlation between the entrance tests of freshmen
students and their grades during the first semester of their study in the
University of the East.

Qualitative researches do not have any hypothesis to prove, however, their claim should

be stated. The claim is a thesis statement that which the research would try to prove or argue

on.

1.7 ASSUMPTIONS {Quantitative only, optional} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

This is not required. There are concepts or ideas that are presumed to exist but which

researchers do not intend to include in the study. The clue as to what to include in this section is

in the scope and limitation.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)
The terms that should be defined are the variables stated in the title which also appear

in the general problem or aim (quantitative) or claim or argument (qualitative) and hypothesis

(quantitative)

The other significant terms to be defined are those mentioned in the specific problems

or other terms that recur in the research. The keywords mentioned after the abstract should be

defined here.

Every definition of term has to be composed of two components: the conceptual and

operational definitions. The conceptual definition is the well-accepted scholarly definition which

other scholars, theorists or researchers defined the term to be. It could also be the dictionary

definition of the term. The operational definition is the manner on how the term will be used or

operationalized in the research.

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 CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature
{Quantitative and Qualitative}

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

This section simply articulates that there are other researches done related to the

present research. This section also proves that the present research does not exist in isolation

and that these other related researches could broaden, support or provide a counter argument

on the problem or aim (quantitative) or the claim or argument (qualitative) of the research.

(Indent first line, Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

Since this research is presumed to be a scientific enterprise, only researches would have

to be utilized for review. Books that are not derived from research, thesis or dissertation; or

news articles, features or essays found in newspapers or magazines are materials not fit for

review in this section. If they are vital, they should be included in the introduction rather than in

the review of literature.

It is not a requirement that there should be local and foreign materials to be

reviewed. There are researches that do not have local counterparts or purely local researches

do not have foreign related ones. It is enough that there are related researches to be reviewed.

A research is related to another by theme, concern or problem or the research could be

related to the use of theory or the manner on how the research method is made operational. If

the research is exactly the same, then chances are, the present research is a plagiarism.

Every material to be reviewed should be as long as one or two paragraphs. This will

state the authors properly sourced, the title of their work mentioned in the text or cited in the

source. This will be followed by their objective, aim or argument, the theory and method they

6
used and the results of their research. In short, the review is simply the abstract of their study

articulated and applied in this section.

Inasmuch as scientific journals require five researches to be reviewed, so do the present

researches. Below five is insubstantial but beyond eight pieces of literature, it would be quite

many.

2.2 SYNTHESIS OF THE REVIEW {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

The most important part of this chapter is the summary of all the reviewed researches,

pointing out their commonalities and how they relate with the present research. The last few

statements should indicate the gaps of these researches or that which “the reviewed researches

did not do but the present research will do.”

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 CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
{Quantitative and Qualitative}

3.1 RESEARCH METHOD {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

This section articulates on the how the researcher will conduct the research. This will

explain the kind of research method used by first discussing the scholarly definition of the

research method and further discussing the method on how it will be implemented in the

present research. (Indent first line, Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

For the life sciences, the method used to analyze the sample specimen, cell or tissue

collected would have to be explained.

3.2 DATA COLLECTION {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

This section explains the kind of data that were collected and the manner of their

collection. If there is a series of steps to be taken in order to gather the data, then it is here that

they will be explained.

For the life sciences, the locale on where the samples (like specimen, cells or tissues)

were collected including the procedure on how they were collected would have to be explained

in this section.

3.3 INSTRUMENT USED {Quantitative only} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

The instrument used in the research would have to be described in this portion. There

should also be a discussion of the validity (ability to generalize) and reliability (ability to explain

what the instrument would try to explain).

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 For the life sciences, the apparatuses that were used are described in this portion.

3.4 PRE-TEST PROCEDURES {Quantitative only, optional} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

Quantitative researches would first need to re-test instruments or procedures. Here, it

will be explained including the determination of internal validity through the use of statistical

measures if there is so a need.

3.5 TREATMENT OF DATA {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

Data by themselves need to be processed for analysis. For example raw data need to be

translated into percentages or ratios or numbers treated with formula or numbers should

undergo certain external procedures for analysis. These are all done for quantitative research.

For qualitative research, the data, when recorded had to be transcribed or notes had to be

synthesized into tables. Here it would be explained.

For the life sciences, the procedure on how the samples (like specimen, cells or tissues)

were treated and processed for analysis would have to be explained here.

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

This portion explains how the data are analyzed. For the quantitative research the use of

statistical technique is explained and the rationale behind its use. For qualitative research, data

analysis is guided by the theory which also suggests how the data is treated. For example, if the

qualitative research uses phenomenology for theory, it uses phenomenological reduction for

method. Data analysis, then, would explain how the testimonies or interviews which comprise

the data would be reduced phenomenologically. A short discussion of the role of the researcher

(qualitative only), role of the co-researcher (qualitative only) and ethical considerations

(quantitative and qualitative) should be included.

9
 For the life sciences, an explanation or description what software or technique is used

to analyze the treated or processed samples (like specimen, cells or tissues) is included in this

portion.

10
 CHAPTER 4
Research Findings
{Quantitative and Qualitative}

4.1 RESULTS {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

This chapter could be subdivided into subheadings. You can refer to the table of

contents or the format of the first chapter in case there more subheadings for each heading.

Tables and figures and their explanations are contained in this chapter. For quantitative

research, numerical tables, computation tables using statistical formula are presented and

explained. (Indent first line, Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

In terms of findings the difference between quantitative and qualitative research, is

that, qualitative research provides multiple voices thus this portion is the thickest and thicker

than what quantitative data could provide. The raw interview, observations or recordings are

presented and analyzed in this portion.

Tables and figures should also comply with the APA format. Here is an example:

Table 4.1 (Flush Left, Font: Calibri 11 Bold)

Weekly Test Performance Record of Freshmen as to Gender (Flush

Left, Font: Calibri 11, Italics)
Students
Weeks
Male Female
March 16-23 25.68 27.97
March 23-29 26.86 29.18
March 30- April 5 28.40 30.71
April 6 - 12 29.70 32.18
April 13- 19 30.35 32.75
April 20-26 30.75 33.17
April 27-May 3 30.83 33.26
May 4-10 30.93 33.28
May 11-17 31.34 33.57

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 Table 4.2

Correlations between the Achievement Scores and First Semester

Performance as to Gender
Courses
Students
BSBA BSIT BSEng BAIS
Male 0.465 -0.800** 0.616 -0.784*
0.207 0.000 0.077 0.012
Female 0.461 -0.792* 0.599 -0.795*
0.211 0.011 0.088 0.010
Note:
First numbers in the cells are Pearson r coefficients
Second numbers in the cells are the significant levels
**Correlation significant at 0.01 level or higher (2 tailed)
*Correlation significant at 0.05 level (2 tailed)

Notice that tables should have no vertical lines. This is because, tables should be drawn,

filled and read horizontally and not vertically. Notice also that the tiles of each column should be

in bold letters.

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 CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
{Quantitative and Qualitative}

5.1 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

Since tables and computations are presented in the previous chapter, the explanations

would have to be put together and synthesized. It is also in this section that hypothesis or

hypotheses would have to be re-stated and according to the findings, it has to be stated if the

hypothesis or hypotheses are accepted or rejected. This is for quantitative research. (Indent first

line, Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

For qualitative research, the interviews or observations, though they could be placed in

tables and diagrams before, would have to be summarized and synthesized in this portion.

After summarizing them, the synthesis would have to be discussed in connection or

implication with the theory and research literature reviewed before. This makes the research

compact and relevant. This is the reason why the theory is needed and research literature

reviewed. The findings of the present research could support or broaden, if not debunk or bring

about another dimension, to the theory or literature previously reviewed.

5.2 CONCLUSION {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

The proper way of concluding the research is by re-stating the general problem and, in

one paragraph, answering them through the summarized and synthesized findings. Then the

specific problems are re-stated once again and answered in the same way. The point is that, the

researcher cannot conclude beyond what he or she found in his research. (Indent first line,

Justified, Double spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

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5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS {Quantitative and Qualitative} (Font: Calibri 12, Bold)

Each conclusion should have a recommendation. In the same way, a researcher cannot

recommend anything beyond what he or she had concluded. (Indent first line, Justified, Double

spaced, Font: Calibri 11)

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 REFERENCES
{Quantitative and Qualitative}

State the bibliographic entries of the literature used in the entire research. The APA format
should be used. The list of references should be arranged in alphabetical order no matter where they
were retrieved. Notice also how the entries are punctuated; which are capitalized and italicized. The
entries should be single spaced, in hanging indention and flushed left. Here are examples of how to do
citations (see American Psychological Association, APA Style https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples).

Journal Article

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G. Perez, C. & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A
comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States.
Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 2017-2017.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

Magazine Article

Schaefer, N.K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New middle chapter in the story of human
evolution. Science, 365(6457), 981-982. https:doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550

Newspaper Articles

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. Retrieved
from https//www.nytimes.come/2019/03/22/helath/memory-forgetting-
psychology.html

“Knowledge is power” (2013, June 3). Philippine News Herald.

Book

Sapolsky, R.M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.

Chapter in a Book

Aaron, L. Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R.F.
Subtnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F.C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high
performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345-359).
American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

Dictionary Entry

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 9,

2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture
15
Government Report

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication
No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of
Health. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications.patient-
education.takingtime.pd

YouTube Entry

Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video]. YouTube.
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs

Facebook Post

News From Science. (2019, June 21). Are you a fan of astronomy? Enjoy reading about what
scientists have discovered in our solar system – and beyond: This [Image attached]
[Status update]. Facebook. Retrieved from
https://www.faceboo.com/ScienceNOW/photos/a.117532185107/10156268057260103
/?type=3&theater

Webpage in a Website

World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Blog

Miller, S. (2014, January 28). Traveling in Ilocandia [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com

Interview

Moreno, D. (2011, December 12). Interview by S. L. Dela Fuente [In-person].

Thesis

Olaf, M. (2015). Correlation between Price of Cement and Prevalence of Disaster (Master’s
thesis). Retrieved from https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/781/

Santos, M. (2017) The Relationship between Test Scores and Performance Rating
(Undergraduate Thesis), University of the East, Manila.

16