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119 views70 pages2020 Wireless Communication Notes
Uploaded by
roshan parajuliCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 70
2
4,
CD-322 | WIRELESS COMMUNICATION ‘(LT FTPTe
pele se _ 3 {7 [o[3
Introduction
Evolution of wireless communication systems, Examples of wireless communication systems.
‘The cellular concept ~ system design fundamentals
Concept of frequency reuse, Channel assignment strategies, Handoff stratezies, Interference and
system capacity, Trunking and grade of service, Improving coverage and capacity in cellular systems,
Propagation models
Free space propagation model, Two-ray ground reflection model, Distance power loss, Macro-cell
propagation model, Micro-cell propagation model, Shadowing model, Multipath effects in mol
communication, Models for multipath reception,
Equalization, diversity and channel coding
Fundamentals of equalization, Adaptive equalizers, Linear and nonlinear equalization, Algorithms for
adaptive equalization, Diversity techniques, Fundamentals of channel coding, Overview of error
detection and correction codes.
Multiple access techniques
Introduction to multiple access, Frequency division multiple access, Time division multiple access,
Spread spectrum multiple access, Space division multiple access, Packet radio, Orthogonal frequency
division multiple access; Introduction to wireless systems and standards.
t Book:
1, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice by Theodore S. Rappaport; Pearson / PHI Publication
References:
1. Wireless Communications and Networks: 3G and Beyond by Iti Saha Misra; Tata McGraw Hill
Publication
Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analog and Digital Systems by William C. Y. Lee; Tata McGraw
Hill Publication
ions by Dr. Kamilo Feher; PHI Publication Description
Date
g-1-20 | ;
20-1-20 i af
B-\-20 | Hanolf strate ies - rat
21-1-20 | Tr 1
80-1-20 | Teens
gi- (= 2 | Tumi qhicienay
3-2-2 STanpuo ving tosenaip 8 (apatite >
| te-2-2 | Sh Buu = [28,04
2-220 e es ea
1@=2-%> | Tuto = Roy (rns iechim procul 2
warn | Large stole propazahi mods) o-1-20 4 |
|
|
2 Clubs. nse systn deign Fardmy
Whu dhuu a a nud of abbidas Comreunicalion tes follourg
ures occu ‘
The war Apuaks Aor rrurage, tb ub have Py OA mar, froquny
Component» — Ihe momo dots ant aintiain a pings foagusauy Sod
umntains a range ah bequende,
+ om alt phone dtm — moda Ihe mnarh age With a conden 4,
Bt, fh fel
pane signal modudatid signad
edu moduhalad signa) Jtum suachu Jou bow Midbinn pounsed in
hin OWL. Tw signal Dravid, ond sunchus the baw stolinn Un urbirk
whose UU dm Jacduu de prusaal
The neceiver uv puatuer he signed, domme AS ado db
New, whe a wien
dimubtano us sng dk Auwtus, Ao tu oth sun wu otetid
aipPowdt fuqumray nang do avoid to—Uronnid idodyun a,
tom masnicalling , Ther might Sn ptew unrs
Ta fpaguaey momgu a apan ated by gone cold Cutord bow dla
ilo avoid adjaunt~annt intenPounu. +
1 4.
©-thannes interPexern aolj acu - dann fed eefintns
Guard band must de as dahl
2S poss. and shod peuvent
odjauut channsd jvdexfurenct. Simglix Communication Aysters. © A communication pitti
th whigk @ Aransmitter alus os a deammilter and
a secliver us aloays a PALL
ég A nadiv Trans minion
aan ent tad dsrrentuniat,,
Hay _supe Gmerunizalion Agiten= Deis «her 192 coma,
bur Ee bk not pi multanrouw . When a uae la buanamitting | it care
tot srnublansously basten aud VIE Oe
eg: A walkit- Talkic.
Dro umd dn miletorey appliations - Prag usey drasnds spudally
albited do military ase called mailita sug bands .
Full duphxe Conn uni cation Systm - Tris a simultaneous
ee tommuniection. A usu ca simubtancously bale’ listen.
9° phon. communication.
Whe a mobile is communiealing wyith a dare Atahon | it nuads
dus chanatls aide cosecioe #, aud 4, one fox
Sg ey ea
—— Bugquiay Division Dupheing — A mabibe phew hes one
Grtenna with a duphwnr. Ta dupl fics edd
dws antennas An Preumision ou suusition.
Tr divides a nawgt ¢ Prrqummeins cuclo diso regs atte
Sublet, que band in Lehoun - om fox Beans wusion:
aud ont fou seetyition .
a GSM uns FRID. - St wes 2vokAe fom sah peg umy
range Cnadlin trannel)
we Kus weKRe Ee
Tims division duplexing — Ta TR vet do net sugubu stso
channils. Only ove sadio Unannal Us dims Ahooud boven
6
radio
tion users ‘Tr Saraphes of dL mimsoge ant Art don ore Poret
of, the tire Censiconds) and Aampbs wu raaived fon oth
pasted; ithe Time
Je Samples cou stowd uv
bukbur fox that port of, time.
Basic Tou -
oy wadin teuminal attatdud Jo high Anud mobile platform -
Posetabl > Raclio Bixminal that can Le Suto or hand & td by
Aomeom at walking speed
Subsesibex> Gach user pays a Asubxodstion fee to um Aystom &
olwive u called subs vubor unit .
Mobil > Any xadio teuninal thet an be moved diving opyotion
"d ng PP
each wwels communicodion
Control Channel-> Radio crannel wid fox Transmision of call shup,
col sq ust , coh initiation aud other conbul puxposts-
Ban Station > Piad station in mobile Hadi system smd fox
Nadio communication swith mobile stations © T+ umsuts ef radi
chanrwls aud Transmit anol Receivos antennas mourted onbww,
Mobil Station > Tri intended fox wit while in motion at unsnuafitd
boutions.
Page> Brief menage whidk uu Lrcad cast ovr utliu sowiue wua
by many bau station oF same dime:
Roomer-> mobile stodion which opexabs in dewie Qua ohn than
that from whth genuiee has been -Aubsudbed .
Transat > Duwwiu capable of Aimultencouily tx aud sy adie sigan : a
TDD & usted in small distana applications eg Cond buss titern,
ToD a Auppordid only by digital dransmunion frmads Bs
ToD appears to Le Pull duplieing ak it 44 act.
Whaley Commu cation 20s duvleped to achiot ax lange as
possible courage area nd mo rower
Swthds_ ih an archi ty ahi cortreds
Aignal exchange» The pow au is
calld signaling.
Show vu tev signals > contrat signal and musage Aignal.
Conttiect Aignal us wd do lose tho, Location of chy reuiver , To
whi axchange the puciver is conneilid.
dwhen th fost wiales communication aystem, db had a high
sisting antinna install at dhe Baw station. A Aust 22 insiond
at Hu ham station. a — %
Spon ieaieea eae “tA 1
ston Paquany deanna = s aes
am a roving, ora fox / a - 7 |
Sramantting \ | Bane
Sypubveontizdlion ds mud for Adumlink annh |
igtal tramamissun- TP Hw * Rrusand hanna S
Aynchnanizochion is dishuw , Pete ee
BER wil invuasl.
GSM yup FDD 240-416 MHz > Runrse Dink
oe 996-96> MHz > Poruoard tink.
Bandwidth = 25MHz each.
on nodlio Uranul wtb 00 k He
So no et Aannts available : 2SMH2 = 125 cAuslink chanadls
WERE — a4 195 clownline Channa’
D128 puopl can gimubtantowsly ast athe channels . ee |
: . t
So witun a imikkd spuctuum, we nud tm incuae te capoity »
ty accomodatz mow of use.
So pre witless vommurnication nds to Se chang to ullulor
Drrumissun- JF means installing small Arwou dah bmodh
ul suphading pa ding. Frans miltor,
The Aingle dugh pouty trans miltin iu suplaud Ly a numb a arnelt
power Ahan mittus Abwing then Cer Aroclliy ara with win oun
base Alatiims -
Nsighboning bam statu an abetted ob PPoawt grain of channels
to avoid Wethannd inure »
det wwe have 10 channels — bof a Pao~ pfio of wekHe tach.
“She wrivoually accepted arta it evagon fon a all A hexagon also
approxi meds the chrudor padiabon Pattusu fox ermni-disuction ab anferns.
Brani dixadignal Ontenna io ‘inskalld ot the cart vf Au all
Doudim ad anbturna (Arto antenna) can Leivutelid ot Hour
Hu aiy vodias. |
Contir avitid coll- A all dish som con antenna urba He ent -
Conus OSkdutl- Sr ianiguog Goadionsl andere
A abl > £,t0Fo . 7
& Ul > Fy to fro
C uth >. Aatofge ”
Gr alt > Pu tePao os oe
Aull owt Aull oyu called . ee Jee ones
to- thannel ullr, Digtowu berseen at etetanes
Habs wibuy ia cablol Condhannul Meuse isk
Shir in cated Concepts of Praquuncy 7eU¥t
fat we have S numberof erlex channels 0970.
N number of ule. TP k> no. of Crannels pier cell.
kes 2 lv dann per ul in Ha above teamyle =>S=KN
Cope uty of WH wren alladtan sytem «= SM €C=M$= MEN
ed See eee eee
dupes
a nnaly
Cuitey A group of Ni eeths cahich cuss tntine avaitabt, 4
; vA Gg
lv the sysleny
Chustesaiac NI
UP eduaiten See Srmatl Zredaced > capacity inouasee — at Lhe coe
af Sneayedt aterfenen ce gla to oltouran dy te-channel Abu digg
Back hero genat all har 6 equally clistau — ntighbora.
Because of ete Nexagenal quem ebyy, hove et only cote
elesle Aizer — aurel feyouts.
etucter siete [N= Cage Gg] 5) € wokote numbou ,
60"
cat 2 Cron negative
bbl oboe GNSS SB
; ab Ne” :
wh?
Sp Net
annel> we have to Leavel ¢
Yo férnal othe nearest
hexagonal cally de along any chon ef allt, hen Lads 6o"
two 6CW) and drauel j eet along ay ae
Cemmunicalion behocen wo
peor tn olifhceet cells
The wav te Mobile Stason
Certhphons,, Laptop le) tuyaponting
Fatt duplix communications Tht
ede dy Uwe tquipprd aol
Tanseriverr . Zikuout Bae stato BS
also how cleans civor.
MS ener ally have one antenna while BS have multinle auntenna
All of the bare stations [msc]
au umaetid te MSC
C mobile Scottorug Cervbu).ar
mrs0o ( Mobttt ‘Telephone Swoitchiny
of fit), Dre MSC can Support
Lye 10,000 simuttanwu call. One
MC Can Suenpont Lakhy of sebscvibert MSC handles Du bilbing Punctiom, outomahic maintenanu '°
systems , the woondinolu all ts adit 4 Bou sto}ien,
rhe podmany ureportcaud fan den A_MSC yu Avttting.
yrs baw stoton may Le tonnedid wring oped fils, co-a nich
colds, micwwaue Link dp He MSC
Mist ia aby wad $80 PSTN Chubhic Zuitdud TUaphens Netsor)
Ga ai Aen ically a ptr fox Jondline network.
MSC ond PSTN MU wornedd Hhxough ww.
BSC > Bau Station Ausitding Carte usits Leroun dors bar.
stobew oud Hin MSC. ho , sor doad. f MSC Con bt
powdlid. by Bsc
20-1-20
Channel_assignment Bisvodkag es —
Hou dipPount geup a Channa ah ayigrid Lo dippoant lls
of a chustin-
1. Fld channel arsignment > MSC kKnous the oe pou-dikined At
cf channuls allo catid do Aifpprnt alls, Tet tu Channels in
a ake mus anda nwo Uh Tris to coll, He nus ue
danitd the suviu. Jo, Prune u always a probabil ble dking .
Fad channel Assignment wir barrow braliny > Th baw
Statin it allowed vo borrwie seme channels fren dt sig hbonn
alk ,providsd dhak channils are availell With te neighbours,
with phe dutta, All this Aoriuiing sill de aupuururd by
te MSC, MSC uit allow Lossowing only if the chanrul donation
don not oftct tu niighboux MSC also Deiudy put
adjouunt channl tngudune.
Bowunusing coun be Lermponerd 2 static.
“Terppo x asus boroebusing The chonnedl uu borrowed, cal db Avved,
hanrnd) by sutwened. .
Sialic Donxowirg > Yhe chenrll is devabd tor a Lange drat om
| Ca mont - 0 yor) dlepunding om dhs dada tu alfic conditions. . . 1
channel assignment sbeabigy—> Oifjeunt att
2. Dynamic
are OM. ose not
asu nel albocalid voi channels pounanenty »
allotied — pvu-delecminnd cba nnels. All ths channsle ae avajlay
with du MSC tn a uthal post.
Wwhun a call is initiatid ,tm. BS ruquutr channal Pron thy
Msc. mst thin assigns bu channel. MSC has 20 maintain
Acme spectral dirtaue Betwun abl Ue calbs ding 404 ust
by An. cuitwe. Along with, Iris, MSC hanclils Awikdring billing
em noarming , maintenauu Ue.
Probability op blocking Lu suduted, inouanel ‘ ;
But edt nse ae Uk auncls sittrel ite
tompucational Poaol hos nvuarsd duastiolly.
HandofP Shraligw- When a tue Wn convunation mousy
from ome ull bo anotx ull itu howd off o> th rw B6.
The MSC oukematically bean fou thy ums voir signals aud
contol Aig nals do tht nus bau station aftix bocating Bt the
now ell, MSC alletss nd idlundifirn tohich channel ts to bt
collocated te trod usr
1, She handoffs ahoulel tx @ ingarrucet as prossitie.
a, A hanolof, ona Inittatecl pit neds te Le computed succmpully
by tne MSC.
3. Unnewmary hamcleb mut “Le avoided,
4 Hand offs must be impuraptible to the wer.
. al 8
Riuivd Pow, P, phawclely = orchimnun signal eel at which
de inltiati a hand ete.
fej rin ves ali = Miainuum walter Signal Pon acceptable veut quality
al tht base atelim reaiven CX -aDdBm sto = 10 dm’) phn a UAT dn cll as moving drem 1a
Baw ~Atation A te Bau- station B, ts
Powis succived Dey _ Baw -stottion . e
monitored « TR Py Pecos equal to 5
Pig hamdob , them handoff is inihald. ey
TP howd off, bin pumas and te power received stacks Fe ymin.son
tun tn signal is Dost Dulow this power, :
A = Pro handetpe - Prey rin uselle mepetg B= 0st)
So, this A showld be args, do that MSC hos mnogu time 4
hand-ef, AM signal. Put, A 4 small, unnewmary hand-offs
au avvidid. That, A must Be opium
22-1-w
me %
paid Y
fo signal 4 it ‘ oh
Abuny) f
bot ak fom | —{ heel at pth
point A enB aste I e
Ms : T ~ Ba shandelf
~ Bre, handel — sin Biceprable signal
nin eccapratts slynal — bok ab pea
te mainsin &
cu.
‘time. J
$f
Succerfal handoff tenn a “ime
+ dus to Dow A, call may dbwp-
| Whim MSC dade excenive Lime do (peo wt) ribok bh hawalebh
Thal By ek calls tn the channel @ ars busy, me token may Ax qreeien
thaw Jima to got du pinimmn Acceptable signal > call may obwp
+ Dut te prak Deapgic condlition (ovedoad) in MSC, MSC taker mere
Hin to tordack BS, pyuet strains pending anol call may cbup
power bere Leer than te min usable Level
+ Wha MS by not Le oldu Lie of Aight from 85, ~ DB should nod te
tmsidvuc hand dh My wT F is cl :
ea oon Mae ee empsonany ajgnel ¢lis en ecions =
‘hus sdtivction iu avoided by ruaturing the nak of change of
Aignod tod. atime /olictance -
SOP vale cf change of Aignal tu slow, draud off is sagubud. Cms i
moving from all Ade ull 8).
* TP sah of change of Aligned Le fast, clue fe terporany mall unc or
audr ax out f Line of algae, alo not initia hand off .
Temporary Fading / momentarily fading Ahould not bad to anclelp.
dhe Dun ing Abungth arg of MS wik BS should Le monitored and
also opthmized Atecrdingly, |
Analog Ceblulox Systems — only fer calling. CAwitehing takes plow)
IG systems - vantinunes meniforing i clonk. white ta
-tomvorsation, Up-Link [reverse Link war sectiied
RSST - Racliv Signal Stianyt Tndicadion. .
Spare receiver / bocatse xeuivey ~ vs she seterivor fore tha muaseou meat
h tom MS which au te te reighbosuy cells .
Th IG systems, A= 6-12dB auc Hme available for hewud- off,
W to sees
find all true coou syprosiled to MSC. Baud on then values, Msc
“ Cateulatid fm ashok eal will Ane call be hameled ove, TP
gu ok signal meaturemint valut in (662 > 637) Asy @S |
Han iF will Be handed ff + celle than in wll,
But cn te invuand suboribuu, Wu Load of MSC ineerais bu
analog cellular gysteme .
2G Aystans— MAHO- Mobile Awsitted Handeby . - Harccleth dicinions
wha anivted dy motel thu! .Z pudodically Lnoadeasts conlinucus signal |
by BS (O'ky Location ek) pag Knows De agnal tangs prem ty OS
oy Us alt amd from she nughbosing alls, Hou MS¢ wert Le thet
my dh engoged Ain mobile sey cunist she hawd eff - Keo1-6
Tater System Hawdoff - than any stun (MS) is handed otf from
gmt MSC anokin MSG MS hou te Lean sooming cAaKzes. fiyan a usex mates a cell and on Is
channel is available out ef 10 channels and
OF ta same Emt a With from ano Hun atl is
moving fourarcls tb, Thin te which i would
poeehan Ye give the channel?
Thun an difbouut Atrategia fom Lh
inten sytem namdee 1. Crrcural Crannl Coneapt— (rc) Curandiny,
Som channuls fom dynamic Allocation de handoffs calls, We
paste come fraction of, those evoulabl,
5 Ho hanna excuse fon Aamel — offing Hy
rannol pay uns ts fon ongoing calls which mag dn handid into .
ey 3 out of 2 ar resowead fon handuolf calls . ier ory 18
mow fy same wll voulel be WAL He channels. Tin no
channel sosvrved clepends on Hu haptic emndsthions Specum «
Spr must be usmol efficiently . uk in Ford C freed channel
ausignounk y Ainw the channels wu wxeluri sUAwUKd Hus °
many channels gee wortid in ous channel Draffce quas
Though MSC coulel have suse rumtir of channs, Dynamic
Channal Allocate (DCA) woutol be bette. Jn dais can, Channels
ont ubiliand pected. Car wr cam Le urd Ly the Wins fut 3
wu dynam cables allocated go haud-ff calls Y supustid)
> DCA Whe par a agh over FRA ww Ce
a Quausing ef handoffs Som systems Buak quut for the rquut
made by handaf{ calla; cronnel is availablr, shun ut guts allowed.
Bomd on dhe dhafbic patterns, designe olesign thr cirs of quent
Delay (tire Aboud 44 Auch that Ur mut Le hawced off bore
Judas below min. urualb pow, rv that Hx call does aot obop.
Ron o (nat 7 \, re
if ce bes eee wane fre a |rnse [ese ;
pts fru fon hand off « ; 21-1-20
Hox handofP= then the use mous fm ee cll to the oft,
the MS as provided a nary odin channel wn or At nto all au
He old saclio channel Lu dye wud by MS.
ts
Soft hande}- This possible wn CPMA aystems. -[T8-95, cpm]
Th cD MA, eath all hat sam fpuywnrey ¢ channels . Tro ush,
tod. auaigned te Vern user will be or thog ened to Lady otter.
Trtuqwunu db not Pally told ane! Signals ans not fully thagn
Pururing is ponible whon thurt ti finire amount ob Tne itor
behown handoff, raguat gernation and falling belevo minimum
Udall. hug uemuy.
Baabability of Call dump gh udu Ly queuing om GCe
3S
Trterferena_and System Capacity te nud more
SMR and es co-channel intexfinena cind adjacent - channel
(alorfownd Jo inuuan SNR, we Can not invuaw Atgnal pow
Breau ut will Lead to pow wastog . So, ue nud +0 invuau
te co-channel Liedaua seat distonct. Buk invuasing He
distanu, drowais Are capacity.
Co-channel Ru Kato M@- Q=B
Rg
R> Aaolius of the wlt. D> Distana Luhown cardbus d te
nearest y-chonned cells
Eack ull sive ic approximately ta same. All 8S: dansk
equal pew or.
Wika hax agen al gems - O-2= 130 N)> Chat, Siz
TH Q frreauy, quality of com munication boil in cxtaw a+ * i
{ fo - Channel suse 4 i 4 :
adi ans te But the copadty sill 16 |
devuan a the clusttr AIzL invuass. |
SIR _CAtgnal te bntunpirene Relic) STR= _signal power ~
intorPounu pouwee
S=> duvud Aigned power from Lu duitred Bae stetion.(Bs) :
Tis Trtvypuna power prem the i" inturfuring eo channel
wk 8S.
Ce co-channel intucpowes.
Ty fur space, tht power tearimithd wu invouly pu portional
do the distann Squat. Pe et
ae
Ta otter media, te power dupamds on distanu a4
Pa a (0d who 9 Lake path-tess exponent
Gongicdlt. to -cthannal culls
The p.ath- tess zepenenk A
tan be dipfount in diffount
dbuckons fer He same all
duu te Aifpercnt Cntr =
mukal endiiions.
debs quae thak 1 suemans
Same fora single all.
a, some whoa in the fax-freld
Pwd e
“an
But R= Poul Aa)” = ae => Pade comsicsing cll oH
[ea = 885") panamétinscte bieemstant - my
fee R be dhe nadius of a ull.
: @
> stR- R
te of
OOF
i
a Sxl cmsiduring te MS do Le at a vortex,
ga
JDi tht dicta Behween MS aud other BSs.
By geomty aud calulahion ef Di fos Lhe fist layer, it
Bund hat Di ig — D4R, DtR/2, D-kla, D, D-R, D-R
Jo apyrorimalt, ux can take Di a — DFR D+k,D,D,D-k,D-R
Ta \Gr systum Cams) mobile emmunication ts sufhideat i
STepritaB. ST Red 124d fox Cisw ;
det Dz Dy = Ds= Dy= Dg= De =D
o> ses eg’ = (yt => sre = (ove)
be Ue
p”
I
Dip > wor channel Heme yatio =Q => SIR= GO"
bo t.
@’ = (an
Consider only fost Jayor aud oti fouyos ale nok caiiak
dab ned
signi Picawk intudounu, thi i= 6.
Sins (and! = CANT = AW = BN 7 18de
=o 6 6 zB
BNz Io" =P BN” 7 63,095
> =
DPeeunoe = nxous DNF
dus teks Ha Di not qual,
Sikes R= 8 =n
SDF a (toeev* pregey) — 2Gewy ee MQ”)
deN=t ap Geir =46 o ! 7 - —!
aC monte (M6) 2 Covoor 4 0.0022. + 0.0059)
: 4 c = 54-39. = 1B AB,
atluton Aysiem, " Betinc athe 0s, des Ha Gros. 7 Gos 4 a
Toapfic inkenaitiy ds a quar fieel quent poscam alr . Ts
unt ys Codlang - iy Crtangs rupert the amount of
biatfic wtensily carded by a Channel ie tompbetty occupied.
ome call- hour pur hour
Tom call- minute pve minute
TP a sadkio channel uu occupied pw total 80 rinudtiy dn an
observation (wed of 6O mi nutes —- 06 Extangs
Set-Up time -
2a Up Hit Fy is Hime suguineol cbr allocak a stunted
nadkio channul “a peeg ueahing uae. |
| oe ot el oe, D
Blocked GU-T is q call ashi
| at dhe time of Peaquest dus do ee
| (DHelding theme Ty ay daa teme average aluxation of a Typical call
Trafic _intouity - Cerlays) — gen a measur of channh dime
oceuparmey. + Danke fa trunted naolio thannl on a tunk
of channel.
toad OM) trappic dnbensity acess ste entint Duvverd radio
aystemn, . : .
Gn0S — Sr ds a rmtasure of congestion whith 4 apeufied asa
., poe bability of call being Blo deed
— Erlang & sysien-
fsx Exlang C system — Ts te probability of coll being
ditay eal beyond a cvrkain amount of Hme- :
© Raguust nate 9p ls Ade anoragt na. of call raguests pur writer ig |
| wat st, Rquat rah = A |
| Frofpic mtonsity oud by o une [Au= AH
i | os number of duva U ea)
Totol traffic invtenaily ofjvud A= UAal
No. of channels = C
Thun Draffie is wniformby distribute cumong alt channels.
Tropic intuuity pucchannel A's Ufa
c ¢
Ore channel cowius 0 teabfe intently SI
System of © chanralr cori a trabhic intensity SC
Exdang-B Aysern CBlockid Grtls Cleevad Ayition or Blorkad (alls
dost Aysion)
Te is no quut Yo hold th calla for ney eiting UU
with setupdims £0, Ie Bk is Htodkeol vin suck Aystem, whe
no channts oe availed, AgsuM PTIONS — ; : J
Row eh waver ie punked radio system da veg Zorg Nines
by Wee channels 4 porte ren
a) Tt ow
dengot duxation calls ou tes Likely. te be saguisted.
Shortin duxaton calls art post Liksly,
Gls qedvt as teat poisson oalinstu bution.
Extong—C system CBloveed ails Delayid System).
Gos Rou uw dakinicl as the pre babibity ef a cl blodeil after
waiting a spedfic Hm in a qusur,
Gos= Cdatayer 01 x PC dutay 24 | detay rol
Re (dutay 20) = AS .
AS* CLC 8) = Ae,
f, Cdabay 7 | delay > OY = exp [-@n}
= Ce-AYE
Gos = G Castay 751 a
o dhe average diloy fox abl call iw
p= h Cdsday 70). _
GA
IMPORTANT
a quid system &
° Avurage aboy fox those calls whith wu queued. = ee
ee
Qi-l- 20
Q fon gies poh toss exponent nN =31 fend He pugueny wees
| Paden and the club ize that should be Laid pox mavinum capacity.
pau 344 Wed fox schisfacteny foruened channal
The SIR of 15dB & mink
pedormanu qo ablulen sysden, Thre arr Eco-chanad! alls in me Rout er anal all dd hum ant at ste same distance Grom tae metily. Uy 2!
Suitable apyrortmahion whit ever syuirtds
© Frsqunuy rntur Pactor eh, ego
o ‘ :
SIR= @NS* mp isdw= (AM =p toh eb = CANE
t 4
ib
=D 3L6xe EQNS D 1846 (any
=> 3353N => NEU = N=zI2
Prag wency Suu factor at
| a = 7
Example 3-1 —
| @ A bavagmal all within a fous —eall aystum has a sadius ef Re 1301,
A dota of 60 channels ane Und wdtin the entint system - TP A Loot
(pee tear i 0-029 Exdangs = Ay and Aa I call po hour | Compuite the
Ptiowing fom an Evlang-C system mat Aas a 5% probatilihy of delay!
a) how =m was pwr squat km Gal He
System Auppo t+
by What in Hy pubability Hat a ollayid call
wilt haus cto wait for mosu tour lo seconds
De leat /hx c)what is Hu probability thar a call will ox alulayid
fox mort than Id Arconcl
Py Celtay re) = 5%
C= 60 4 Channels pin all = $0 = 15 channels Jal.
| Ae 4 4
| foun of tal = ob &
Uw fut = 1S _ .
Qua Jas 460 & X1,387
A) ne-of uaa pur sq.km =
fourm the table, wt haw A=4 fer HIS, tery
us A = = 410-34 =D Us 310.
A, 0024
~CC- My = CARE) Thy
b) Py Cdilay 2& [delay 20) = @ as
_- (G-9) x 10_ gar? Mow) fester
=e T = 7
= GO 2 9 OST =[ 0,563
yout Ca ldatay 718) = Po Catay > 0 Bx Cely>t | clalay 20 22
= Sy 053 = 2-815 %|
Joo
“Buunking abpiviency— Teunk is a poot of channel. OP instead
ili “ Trunking 2ffidency is 2 masse
oh tu. rumbir of Wed Wwhidr com other a parciculan Arede of. Seni
Gos ust a posctinbos feud configuration of channrls
Th initad of emni dintdional anterna at Urs Heut lu cHonal
antennas , he cll will be ovicled Uy Hout
sububl with war pub-alls e4ual numbu;,
of dannols * TP Au doak in ont subcell iu :
mo sue than He ono of channels aveilalde & the Locol jx Lun tn
dha ofthe Subcebl, dhe Tet al roof sess ger deow and sohich git
Avwed -
Practical Cnsidycalions of Hand offs —
MSG get dusccered dus te high traffic load, whia Bast Statbion
move. at Srigh sputdl from cell to abl avol He au Lore sural
local puolestiians alto which da nat nud Anndl off
UMBRELLA = CELL_ APPROACH — 4p suum
_aaee come ennar sat viggox a
Thouau He aumbur of chamels in om of denn Ue
abl of tha mua by Mnuuax tn tight 4 ees
Yan antenna with Sinouase tn ruembex of i
antennas with invwast in pow Gransmission. sped
MSC)
Theva ta rumbur of antennas on that Bs. babe
Additional no. ep channels well bx arid to -
Sowr that degg alo. Smaller alls and bigger
ally v-ewt in umbull ult approach fo syur Sm alex
|
ath omens
Ge sewe sire spud
TAS a) €y- nectsocient Renu, at Li mone apidant mutheel. Ths éputcl i moniter! ouy 24
RSSL, Tf RST of MS dicoys /frouares xapidly quar Bas Station,
ren ‘at is Considuwd aus high spud MSC.
Baw station aalong wuh MSC manilos dhe REST quer Ane Fever
Link of tu MS, Renu, wt would cabegoriee auordingty dhe
high / slow spud wed. Ghat allpation onthe basis of RSST ls
allocated dynamically acuordling ce abt spud vastiation » Uhis lis olsy
oud at ‘Hand-off” from high 4 Low spud o% WHa-vuud
i all cower a umbulla to gmallur alls - Reiu, Rac a4
shina call apyvroach
CELL DRAGGING wh uur in in Dine of Sight (LOS) de Ms.
Buk signal get useok dur do diftvaction [rablection /defbction as
nak of, clucay of Hanal ett sberge of yadxtian usvt ta Le Alero
Cehilt mony from Ar to 8).
hin dhe waue lb at LOS UE pedon Bs aly at m
connettid Bd Hu Bost Station of prurious wh ie Loodk gursrak
hand-off, all xuquut-
This may cate potuctial bioffie Intudpane poutlem +
ay in opun ground, many UALS wu at Los dv BSL.
(abl MS ups cogging urself, te thr same Ns
(bh dun do duck LOS connection #0 tht
pruwtous
: Boundary may
Haud aiamttrs — emobih signal Sergth an Son Phe sel
undas
© okannl Tekuypuna ee)
+ ecfaut all indeafun
« wrwintional signal Channel sbeng th.
Tr queuting of hand abt, befor arsdving at she Ry pin vst
dk, no dannel is emply then eat willydreep while moody
drom LU A +8- net
suman “ge will Rup the yuguat at dot until > Be > Be nonurab® !
eghon Us queue b will gt Do cidision based on fpuriry of
drannl whit to dup tu coll on rot.
una call dbop pocobability oluotass uw queuing «
Fngnovrg Govrrage & copadty in allulen Spetus
4 GUL spittin - Mu a pucouns of, divi ding wa wl Into Aub - aa
sith Hun pum bas Alations ewhth Sudluction tn antenna st B peer
deran, enisiion. Tr sul--uls can bx cabled mivw eth. TH cell
moun the vost
Th we bana alt wih, xadime RK,
The all wil take 4 sub-uih of raclius R do cover that all.
Th Cust size wd. ond tack cell willhaut 4 Sub -clb, co m
clusres qos 28 mino alts » Eanbies ome clurtur had 70 wu018.
Now, He cluatin Ao 280 Usd.
> suduud abl siz = ruduad prowr
> jnvwaud no. of OS > pame Caste Siz.
Sarna of chuator
reduced .
Nine RY, Dy 3Q remains unalfctea.
PLL power Feansmittid from original foogen ull of Racliusk.
Be Cat old ett boundang) & RA, — n->part Loss exponent
fy Cat nao ult boundars) o fa(ey” Rao pawn tranimittesl
Brom raw smalbs abl rf radi
=
| Th we abou pourrs au equal, STR, @ vill te unchanyd.
Pa (old)= Bers) =p eC RT*S Ra LO”
=p a= Peo”
| du ned Ba= Pe = to tog A, = totog (Pe)
=> \obog Ar 10 tog = = Wtog ie = =1248. |
Thou He shalfic ie mow, ell cplitting uw iniHaliad stow . 5
: + 9% at
& Kav, all sires cam be diPfount Aepending en the troffec
9. Seetoscing— We devik change + sradiusof Ul & power of ul),
pewter Newco x1 for sam ell sie. -IPNY ect
N
but co-channel latrpume also inadars
SP gui teipene, desuaie, Neen Ue seduce an SCE wif
be morn thom fix mink STRouguined
Four STR us cmproud unig douctional antennas Shon
capacity improvement is eachiewed by reducing rember of ells
tro cluster , Hus invuasys frequency HeUAL-
f- channel inlixpounce may be choword by suplacing a
special omni-diruckional antenna at baw taken by several
diactional antennas each nadiaking within spea'pied Aectox.
by using doucional antennas, given cul dvill eeetue interfurens
aud hans mik with only a fraction of tM available @-channsl
ae ae
Fauton by which co-channel intexrume &
is saolucedl dips on amount of
12d sectorsing 60" sectoxing
Secbo ring suite,
Ta a cluster Aizt of F, ome cll o>
Jas intorpuna from & ntighbouriry ‘ =o)
co-channel cells. TP ose implement i °
Ardbouing of, 420° _——~S
ft we hax 63 channls fe. Ee x
9 chan nels pur oll :
3 channe qr sector a ;
Co- chant Sebo s har Same cs D
aveiag um tnt u abligament :
ee shi catatts a Limitation of hand-off 4ildin dtr Same atl 76
Tras, nes of Tabeheres iin fot tive vis sacred from
ix to “Leo. Out of 6 co-channel calls, only Two ulls havt
Sectors wert antennd pattours — whidy madialk into Hy
uatsr ait
Thay nares STR. Tt allows he ceoware tn huiler size
Fut and sgitem capacity.
fo Trees Puy atncy
g- ae Bi" = 25dB, say,
b
gs. Oe. yi" = od B say => wrtcan sudue N,
a wh sare
i
Effech — Sau station antenna nuuases_, Arun king Ne iaghaly
Sonyona
(1468 10-220
3. Rope ation Models
Idved Communication No multipath propagakion ic thurs. .
Hea, Lew Chane op intexfpunu. Channel modlebing in Ain tas iu |
difyieule than ots or. The chanes of multipath vis posible
Ur airtlus corr.
28 |
eo amplitude may gu attenuated
© Hie puvpagation olulay .
© Buk shape sumains Some, {
© paw gits suveid ola te multinlr paths
posts ©, @ and @. |
sn signal reuivid is the veltor Aum
Gupwrpositon) of oll tu signals from
Mullin poths -
[si- Ouvlaypuing cur the Abuam af Aymbds at the suuivee enol dlr fo multi-
fab propagakion . Du ae this, Bik -rnor Rati invuians (BER invuasss).
41 Intioduchion Lo Radin bau Buop agakon
Propagation moduls predict avoge beuived signal sbungth at «
givin dlictaner from the thansmitlix . |
lang sce pspagation redid oui ian signal Shug foram
obibrary duanimitter. rasivtr CT-R) arparation distance jane arial in
SHmating tu nadip coverage aua ab a Toearamillin. C seyeral hundreds
on thousands of metus’)
Smolt= scale on fading modal craxattnnin the napid flrcwation f
the sunbed signal ABungth oun vey Ahosct Braud dirtanus 6%
we, tas) Os Shore dime olunation Ca fur seconds).
Fox 1 te 2GRe band, thir Wwsvs ponds chy mraruning th doch
auntie seecrivid owen OWN movements sf dm te 10m pescggs algal
: ¥ reading — puss
¥ Signal staph of
aS Aasgt scala PEP ay45,
tS Tey Ae a 80 ay 22 28 ON 25 4
T-R SB Separation Conard).
Small-Scale (apd Plucielion) and large-sialetrdling
42 Fau- Spau Beopagadion Modul - poeedick -Hauived
Signal sbaugth chen te ound. - chou a clean, unobstructed Bene — of Sight
pot Lthown them,
Ror dinsity ot a acta olistaue § ze Po. Gry
yee
> pow trensmittid by ta cbeansnitin
Ger gain of bran midtts,,
Fe? Apudwu ava of suaiving antenna,
Riwived power at distanc'd': 8 AO= B GyPe I 0
ama
Gy = WTA, > gad ;
“ae 9 gin ab sucstuey ancl : BoC) = Pyby ta)
Una Cor
=D Rada Petula
Ti
India ding Dystem loss faction , [Ba
y
haddisase Losses in system.
*| 2 Fis Pouspau
mr
UR bec, ates Ia pode Hdasads. wit ingwan un distana Ay 10 Jims, Un pow sruived gits 30
duowawd ty 20de . :
Prot toss CIB) = Pourr Dronsmillid (dQ) — Rayrr serceivect Clam)
Pe (AB) — By CdBm)
= a)
Pasi, Loss (a8) = ~10 L>Gu0 bul (2)*|
wha d20, lakh loss 2 : net valid.
Jus Fodis rus pan meduliz only valid poudlicton af fan 8 |
Sox valu op A which ave ww dre for fiutd of tre transmitting antennal
Ceram hopr rigien rcp, oy = 2B") D> Kay yen, tereton |
: ply
Addition ably » Apr7D aud dpr7A fox satisfying the Foxe Pietd
uate
Tute_- dow on P27
An iobupic naciatos Li aw idead artenna which radkiccy power
with unit gain uniformally in alk dixactions ond i afin sud
Os eufrunce * 7 / i toh" uN
EIRP CEppeckive isotropic snatiahivt power) ~
—_—_—I—————— —_— Ser
Tt us the moximum radiated pouty available from fu
Transmitting antenna Un dhe diuchion ef maaimum grin antenng
EIRP = PG
Ere C effective Rodiatid Power) —Te is also maximum sadiated
He olintchio of
pow availabl frem He puansmitting antenna (
maximitm antenna gain But as usmpaud to hal{-warr dipet
antenna.
Gain f halfoau dipee antenna = 1.64d6 ote
Grain & Isoliepic nadiaHer = 0 db
ERP < EIRP. ERP us 2154 dB fos than EIRP fox Hu same
eGeans musion Agito.
der distauy closes te te trevurifting antenno. fis ir He raw
Feld suagion . Tr is dhe xefrent distamu , $oftr
Bd > Ricived power ad dhe supucnct distanu.
TE we hae dz and Fufol,) , Hum wr com calertate & (a)
fata) wr, and Blan, = etd) Rana)
de aud A should Lit tn: fox piel sugiom ,
t, ‘ = ,
Th dBm + Rll) Bm = loleg, (Prldriot) + 20409,( de)
lel = mognitucl of cthe nacliaking portion a tha clichac fete
crows isin fem Ha tranimilling antenna in te fax fill
Reledion Behwewn Clectaie field & power
Ru clusity at distanu ‘ds Bahl, = EIRP
4 d*
fame lel” v*
Rp, =
. Po
Fins impedance fru space Ry = 1 = RO = ATID. '
a
Power at clistouee ol B,(Ad= Aly Ae = El. A,
Uftd* 120i7
Ay > apudwu of receiving antenna. De = Gna™ |
aT
=> [Rtdr=- AbiGM = Je)" Ae
Curd )* hom
Two- Ray Ground Refhechion Mods!
|
(Gsound bounce modal ) , }
{
hy? Jright of Dros milling ontenna. i
Ty ps spa, woe anurae that ahs ney rem 2 ASP of i
antenna 4 xeceivd at the antenna of tee mobile. Heme one, |
4
|
clack ray well stack ta at mobih ttcaust edwu is 12
obstack aud anottuy noy u ntflectedl prom the ground.
The yuctivet ptt! at su suuiving ankenna i th. vector
Aum of Ah doo nays puived Coliact ancl supledd). diner
path Leng th of te che rou OM digit, the pha of aurived
of rays am abso alip Pout,
di diac nay
J, serpee dad rouy
hes transmitting avctenna hught
hr yaceiving antenna height
AC 2 sac | >
n() Roe lon (AV |r ae*|
7 hb .
0y-> Reftidion codfficient Lo ayitom dot fork (soe
A> phase difpounc been oliuct ancl seaplectial coe: and Antenna Juight ic not that much fasge ond ground
incident ang Ut small Hen stflrciom cotbticuat iv -4.
Rew 8.4) = Pablo [B® meets
= Pon Gx (gay | t-co a -j aes)”
. Rou bn (A [(l-en abs sited]
Raton (Aas) [enruatl
= 2 Gy Gy (Fray O- ad]
f(a) = Woon aay ain{0d)
2
fou D6 <0.bnodiaus + bin dO SAD
z oa
Ha atin, CY a [Bide Rivera any]
. Gd)
_ sb> op 04 7 poke diya
b= J (hy bed ix | ht ha a*
Ade thede= Cyr cnyisy)*]' (2 mths)
=d [ 14/ thy hs -[° Sy]
Sint Ny hyy heel, han hy < Ade YETh he
A a ot on
futting & quae ©: Ml = a &ubon (aN es bun)
SLR = Row Gry/rebayt | > Sein indipendant of Bug ueney
a and wavilenpih «
Dt dipends om hn. aad hy.
=D hee in Q-vay ground mood
in Gudis fru space moat,
bur Pew
a
= 20dB tn Pant spar
=YodB be 2IOY ground modal,
Tuy: Roy ground adil dt —mors ve qual thar frr=spat
pelea! 2-20
mM Moot
t
|
1
|
|
\
Rerived power Po decode
=S| ve qual thar Paraspaut
‘Longe Seats ? Seaks Propegosi
\s Log -distang poth oss moda
Oh en aceagt, aie pateuless | 2% 1 pout invuass oo Rinkion
of Caged Hormic, distamu . re pathtoss (PL) o a,
Fla), ed" —G ner for Pru spa
. " ound modul ,
. ne Por De Tay OY
Trans miitlung antenna & A> path Loss exponent Cdeywuds or net)
Yodis ene’
omnidbudial natwr Muu
equally nadiats in alt dbuctons. ) |
rip? PL olifPeret bn
diff rant diuchions fr sane distamu a.
< —
Than wt tabs the average ef pasate. rm
dy» rapoumy point — Cetoser thand Act “un Prax Pretel ragien)
Tan Pl ld.) * d,” — @)
from O FO! Rld= PY % ula) = Colds (de)
a
L
ee | |. 5
PLCA) (ad) = PLGD ae + 10n Leg (4) %
Received power, on an avnage » at a pout ju ‘alone = 10 n
de neh logaritamic ABtewnce, =
Cras cr a punchion of logaritammic ian mai
ai)
Drawback Avtrage PLGA) may very from actual value
Fe no poucst: Becaun parr Loss exponent vis alipfocut fon
diffu environ ment.
| 2 lo -noxemal shadowing mods!
Posr-lass aba distance pum JM chansmitlr ato cucterin beatin
4s namdlom phenemenen he. pathloss +t alipferant’ Ur alePPevnt
dinrchin Hewett, do account fox thir tandem ness , we define thi
modtl with a rxandem variable. ie Ow - MeaW 4 BUAslore
a distributed
PLEdIB= PLMYAB Xo dB, X-> scurtem frctoy
: . . Or sanolem vanciable
| Xp ds Zero mun Gaussian distributed xavcomn varti alte ( dB)
Rrotatitity
a eee
Noxmal distebution is clifvent from
tog-noxmal distubuhions Tn bo-noymal
dishibubon, thy Legvdthm of, te dracon
variate u distibutid normally Lut
—
not He Hauclem voriabt Uiell. Dud Put
ieee
As wx duviati from a vvage valu, pd deouais
ie mradings whir au vastly oloiate from rean have das frequency
ef occurs
Xe howe ie ea which ar aermelty dlisthileckd ,
Ald = ape Oe
dog normal dirtibubion ft PLil) da —
U TP we coletale Hu pdb of PLODAB Yiu mean will be LA)4! Crebobstity
Peobabilitiy that wu path loss is mors a
than sone giver vobu %.
te BC PLM@>y) = Oe wd
re
roy * Pula) eC PLadsh) Z an eSeY,
In
Now, \ ae tay = Qt) ~ dabtis availabe .
=i Ag panded gaumian dishibution
=p & CAD? = ata) Heo, 6!
= an duviaken (4
m Crt 91) = OCF Mandarc (48)
1-220
Nao deuied powse R to log - normally duit butted
———
a eee ee
-—-
Tha probability what thy suciivecl power cotlt weed some anton
volun Yo? BL a w>tl= @ [tbe] ait in decibel.
Rropvty > QC = eee |
QLD =I- at?) |
\
|
what a the probability that Pde is
Pav [ Rd: SY T= 1 ACE ga}= af Fiat J
—2Z- a
3. Okumaxa modu — most widely wid for poadittion te
7 7 qual
Tt a applicabh fox [SpMHz— 1420 MH
ecr2plotatid pir 2000 MHz: dupending on thu bmootarws of
Chow, oftex ecteapolahon.
bat con Le Dh is applicabh for BS antenna duight in the tangs
30m - {000m aud caobl sarge {km to 100 km,
He oltwloped a set of caved giving te muidian atleruration
salative te fur spau (Ami), in an, wean aren over o quaui~
Smooth duoan & with a base Atotion effect antenna higny
(hy) ef 200m anda mabil antenna hught Chie) of Sm. He used
vuat omnidixtcional antennas at bo, ta ban aul mobil,
Tha path toss wing Okumaxa modth is axyoumuol ar
beg > goth putamtih valu Crnsdiand of yueopagahion path las
Lsy6d8) = Ly My Ud) = GChe) = GLI) ~ Game
Gonp> gain Pauter
Crot fox antennet) . Th is Hu Aeru statin,
Antenne duight gain fact, (48) Galhy) = 200g, [hu
GrChy) > MS antenna height gain Pauer (8) Gilly) = 2olog,, e)
Gin > Grain clin to the tyre of environment. oshncio
= "00g, o Wns
Lipp > path toss on fre Cpact.
AmulSa)> Median attemation suolatir de Pru space
ow
Lt
TooMis. 580 Ite0 *¥ Gooo M Hz. :
Preaqusney # C002) 3 :
is : Zap 300 So 26ee_ 3000
Gang Wl Cakalade tha wmtan pas, Cy AAS)
Loss auing Okumands madd for de SOkm, Iygs lOOm, hye= !Om
O suburben awa EP Hu Bax Staton thaw putes wadictu Os
EIRP of LkW ata canriy Ergucney Wome, Link EIRP CaBm) one! Ce
Yo power at tru seecivuy Who gu at douivy antenna 38
is (0 dB.
Wn. Fun spate path tors Le com be colattolid 141g my
formulas — PL(AB)= 10.104 (ey = “tag (2, ‘
Lp =-20 A =-20 Sf = bag
i “9 4d acer “grab Pe teg (Ge sun?)
= -20(-627183) = 128-546
Burm the okumands crt, Amy [aoe MH2. CSOer)\ = 4340,
and Gugren = 288
GrChg) = podeg hu) = 20 log Iso = — 648
= = 10) =
Crlhw) = 20 Leg (hu) = rwleg (2)= 1oueda
Now Poth tat, PL = Legg (lB) = Lg + Amu ~ Cin) -Cha) ~ Ores
Ley = 125-5d8- +4348 ~(-6dd8) - 1048dB -40B
= 1§5.04UdB
EIRP (dBm) = 1 Log EIR Pw) = 10 beg ie = 60dBm
Inw 0
Bild) = EIRP Cd Bm) —Leo (JB) +1008
= lodbm - 185.04dB+10dB
= -85.04 dBm
Nomenciodwu of GD ec
We have N= tj iy > bj] Whel rumbos
Assumpaten + tz]
Constyaint j=
Onigir 0 = @o.
We hax Dole L= 0&6
= (i+) ua vmod N
fox Ned, i=2 =p L= Bus Imelt | oe
| fufefo]+|+fo[-]-+jait
| volt fol+{7{ | fale
Lio]t 2]; ef4]5jol5
! 20-2-20
4. Hata Model — nis model prudite path los.
Eatin i Okumaxa modi, we prudidle! Sot porcertite path bs
fom He geap puvided, Hata convucted thos greys Huo
Som analy teal apy wo ximation Premuter? The ctardard formula
for Median path loss fein wean asuat ds gives by
Legg Corban) = 6455 + 2616 leg - 1382 dog hy. a Chu)
FOU — 6-55 Lag hy) Leg
Te is valid ger from ([SOMH=z do 1500 MH= - “Hoy
Poo Prquency Cin MHz)
hee Us effective transmitter (bau station) arcenng Might “& melvu
Tanging from 30m 40 200m
he & OteHur stceluer Cmobilr) auctenna height ia mebis nang dy
Prom dm te 10m.
dis te TER atparation distance (én km),
ACh) ta te corruction fados fon ubbdive mobil anttnns haigae
tohich ia a function ef Hu size of te Coverage aud.
Se Ae
Hata pouseried the urban arta propagation Less as a standard
Bewmata bsupplied covection Equation fox ayyplicaken 4 othe,
stations -
Fox a small do macitum Sized city, fa mobile antennae comrecton
Bue gree 4 aChyeY = (1 beg he =O) hye - (1-56 deg 4-08) 48 and fou @ laxge cily, itis given by Yo
alhyy = 8:29 Clog 'S4hw) Hae — fp fe $200 MWe
3-2 Clog INTS hye)” -49148 fon fi 3400 MAz
Te obtain tu pare Low in aub-ureban arta —
Lg (46) Guburbas) = Lego (4.8) Cunbar) ~ 2 [leg ae 3-4
aud foxpath toss in sunal maar,
Ligg (4B) Gusta) = Lys Curntad)— 478 lloghe)” + 18-33feg®, -40.ay
She rudictions et Hata mod & Okumara’ modal Por A> Liem.
Geek not for PCS Cpwacnal Communicaben Agslemi) tohich have d< Lkm )
6. PCS eutensionte Hata Modul -
Ths Cowinpuan Coopuxadivs fox Scientific ond Tedkaiol Rutanch
(Evro- cost) forma tm COST-234 voor king committer to duvtlap
dun ate extenda version of Hata Modal. Propasid path toss 4s 4
Cevrud: — Lecuabon) = U6. 4339 Dag f ~ 1.2 dag hee — a Chua)
* C444 - 6-5S.tog Aue) log Cy
Cuz 088 - Pox medium sired city & Auberban anos
Bd8 for mthopolitan aibus -
rage Ea parameters = £2 1500 MHz- 2000 MHz
hy + 0m to 200m hye i Am to 10m dt km f 20km
Gio a ebllutar aystem in @ haning a cluctin size of 18 ellis fore
& prropin cluster fox trix cellular aystem atouming if ead j= for
. ; v
tempurhing conveniene.
W LafeDusv| mod N i=3, N=B
= (Yurv] mod 3
Te 1]
Jojal2|2 eV
2-3-20 4
23-20
Small Scale Propagation Model
Et in ake calted smalt-sale fading or Pading is ton
Hopid/ init avckouwous flctrabions af da amplitudes, phar
rf a madi signad ovr 4 Ahnonk puriod of Lime Cts) or brouek
distant Ce wavelengir Chom)
S41 Factorn “ingluencing Small scott facting
%
- -_— |
ke te on gels (oadened,
+
i Sram le ovelapning
DOT OP PEG to qnuttipalh
auton 9 pubic or Popuulse is transmittid , the suchas receives
mubtiplr putas or symbols esibh oliffoent amplitude ola to mubtipaly
py+9 pogesion Thun, He ayrbols intent . Tha symbols overtop
WitK each ofhty chu to mui pot, propagation . gh phenome 4
cated Tatur Symbod Trterkaeny (ESE), Mare the EST, more the
BER, TST je dintonHion ‘tr time - demain
Now, sam signal ds raceivid ot the serceiver fron multiple pasts
Te paciu, wth dake vector sum of chat aignals, chick haw
cliffount phar AiPfomu clea to obiPPounct path tuygha [ad= 2 44!
“This susulb in “vapid Plucluation,
dhe vedok sum moy Muulh in stay conebuackue ‘ntenoanst
ok duibuctive inlodjorenu. . S itenetneees
"
foven if EAL Setctiver lu stationary » movement of surrounding 42 |
\S. ist
|
objeds rurale in multipath Aignal causing sapicl Pluckrataent f 151
Go Dopplex_efyct= Tees |
far a mobi be moving at ed
tonvlank vilodty Vv moving Prom ee i '
point X to y with Astomu d. nae a i fl
Now tu distant of Xan ¥ oe P<
From Sis voy lange: os avgte® pe 4
ws same. E>-v a |
|
|
dha prow change‘ dha sacthad aged cli to the diPherence
in pakh Lung ths Le thercfons | Ab = 2m At = andene
Now devab => Ad = BTV At cos
A
=p ue apparint change Praguiny or Doppler AWPh, is
Pee wot-0 => ang= Ae =p Pye 1 20
=> fa Yond
7 sed Bug,
Hene He seed -Pruequamey Po Bary B. Trans mitted Poxeq
TE mobi du moving towards BS-, ve an> Pina. EA
TP mobile ia moving aro Prom BS. (Ted, vir ey Praquncy &
hus tte sucrived signed ranger hand omby Prom f- fy to Perf
> Maltipath propagation —» IST
Roi Pluchsetion
= spud of mokilL> Dopplr shift — [Randsm Yap rods]
> Spud of swerounding obfeds >] Morin? Vaotite Cone © He
Varying olepplrs abit Cam be neglected.
> Thy franimission bandwidth ob Hu signal, EOE
43-20
Dopyrter -Chigt rcrsatle chy btoadw ening of Signal dn Prequavey ie ‘
ne. : an
TSE seewelle iy baondlening ef Aigmat dr cime alommain.. Prunbabitioy
of corvuct oldtection oleene aren,
Transmission — banduviallh of signal - Eveny midium Curved ox
twats “hay eh won baudusiclth tm whic he signal i ie,
wilt be posed . d
ty Tw farquony Lia in Ane BW of an ampelifien » HEM pet ony
PaittPatty. TEP a Priujurmey fia outside that OW, the anydifieg
doer not sprcovick sae amocuh of gem
The bemdwviclth of the covulln channel is call.d cohocunce Banalwidts,
en sheen
TH xange betwen Bo0kHe- 3 Mie Hg
: a Channa be x
TP Beansminsion BWV > thannel BW » the ceil mascot
otulprat signal voltt be listo scted :
ai
os
XG) Ow
tranimissien baeoiall
{f= ew F
+ —
toht Rost siges!
Time Dispersion Tanamelin
GTrarmitled
dempuolat
An impulse ds thea mitled ak L=0, =
Tr in ouutucd aflasome prropagahon
delay dy MS dtuough mutinlt paths od
dhe duration behween cont ceive pa wen eee
paulved pructtinle pabe ts tus ed
ps fe oe aud ns fon indoor. “hy
“ Ls ee ¢
dhig kind ef pot 4 cotted Foyer Roeser dilay poeblt-
Preo Pile (TH da plotted LO Neral
Veep yauivtd
Delay. “my
Crees olvloy iss Py
“Gan ale t Power deloy profile con alan Le euprtired in Tebulan form “uy
Tre shostlust path doe not ned te hou & maximum surtived pour.
Te might be panied atx malltyl mulation, on undergo mfpodien
ement ob he pouset
Meon Exess Delay (2) —Th i a Pout on
ditay qoechile Reivel
foe | op
Te FS PHY T Ge) c
= Pee) 1
PCT) > Lina valet of sxcaivid pues eae
= {9% Zoaty 4
of Hu pour dulay preopile -
g= Je-&y.
t
i
i
st |
Root_ meat squ Dday_s (6%) — Tr is ta Atumd etual a
ee SPrados
=P Cu) j
Maximum Exes Doday CXd8) - ais difinrdl to be the
tim power delay aluring wolich wruull path, en trgy falls by Kab ne below He man
Gr analso called ‘Exccom Day Spruad Cxas), ‘
Too pout audving 4iynal {
Zo Maximum cllay at whicka nulb- path wompment i
within, Xd@ gf HY Abrongut asuriving multipath signal. 4
Cuwhich aloes not neconarcly @uiut at Te)
5-320
xX Cat) <—> L x G2)
lal o
Se, i signal 4s frcadenid in dens clemain, He signal 4 comprestel
in tha Greg uumey olomain: Ef we haut Jarge number of tempencnts oo
power olilay profile thn symbol broadens and Ment th frog iuney
demain Spuchum tompremt - ore
|
|
——-
[Hmw domain) ams delay sptod (Se) &_J 4s
ley oe Preqncy domain
Be is othe Stakistical measwu ef the osgh ek pug uence OVOL ushig,
the channal it Plat.
Th the pruquency separation dbdween Hive paqueny compartnits is
Greater. ethan B then tu channel wort Bunt othe Aimilanty ox
een i ane of he components bis Urtide the Be range tht othe ore will
We owtsicle at,
Be iu te sugion fox which channel suai all fpaquumciee Chying tn
the sayin) Aimiladly «
Bm ot whin cohen. BW i lifinad fas Hy BW over whis,
SOT FA Pruguenty tetoulation Punthion ds mont shan O11
fee zs him Be lx cifinsal cs te BW ony whieh Hrs frequiney
© tewulation funchim iv above 0.5.
6-23-20
Se do not taku Uo account the tim varying naka of the
channel ie. othe seobachive moverrent betwen Tx aucl Rx,
4. Depples squad 2° Deus thy apecbial troadining Ur Brequiey demain
Ye Rymbot inttamt transmitd hos fruqurmncey fo. whils tre ceptor
speed is 2fy ot fy te Fak, heZeoB = Wwe
2 Cohwana Hme- The Ha duration for whihty channdl u static
fee the Impure Soper ie tomttanTy 4 calli cohvunu time Te
Cohouna Hew is cual of depplix syrucd. Tr ina stabal measur of
channd — clursation
a quantifies Bu signal > maximum ‘Deppter Shift. fine W/m ug
whim Gos nat ansrdfied
Aime’ woreulation fu nckion
c. whim Te ix lipined ax Hime ove wwhich Time
NGIT Lon wvalation Punction Ln above 0.5
Tg = Guemebiic mean of thy above toe valu.
i ra ee => Te= 0.423
: V6 St Pen Pen
cohvuna ctime impli that fe fee signals
“Ti cepinition of he
ation Hime mort than Lohwiume time Te aun
qoudiving with a A4Pan
af peclet cifPeuntty by the feet
Lt we have look b/sec
BPSK: T= 10ps OPS! Ty~ 10us
Ts = lus Ts = 20ps
bit nate
Symbot Time (TS) *
Bit cuxation (Te)
Fox @psk, Th ls
8, > Base baud aignal bandusidth .
Cunification of Channel
snapper
oe
a SS RAN ET UNIT-4
61
Equalization - Mn equalicrr dis ated fos, compensating Srctex Symnbet
rtexforenut. Guahid by mullpaths within Lme- dispouive channels.
fi ee baucliwidth excetd: eohwunce bandwidth, ESL occurs,
N equalezer within a nteiver componsaitis fore the aenage 3
expectid channel amplitude anc clay eo, en
be adantin sine te channel it grweally unkrewen and time voging
Diversity Divvuily is anothon dechniqur ward do compuntcile for
fading channel impalement + while equalization tu ated to countin
Isr, diversity sete tae clap and olunadtion of the fades. Diversity
can be applied at Bas Stations os mobile sucivon.
Kinds of dliversity techniques: - Antema / spatial Diven' :
Fraguence diveuiiy Time olivenity , folaizecton clivosity ,
Angle diversity, Code divouity .
Spatial divvatty Tr this technique , muclki ple cuntennas au
Mtvadegieally apacd aul connected do common xedtiving siystion
hile ont antenna Acer a = Atgnal nut, another antenna may set
a Signal ptak , auc tu deceive 4 abl tw Aebet He Lut sign
ab any time.
CDMA aystems ofttn 2ra RAKE seredluer , which prrovides lyre
Improvement dhewough time civenity «
LUuntike equabrakion, diversity scequects no thawing owdvad as a
crane micttin dees net ragudce one Tt provide ai nifeant Wale
Noyprovemnent with ALLL addi cost. Tr euplelti sranclom nahort
wh ear prepagation by fondling Independent Cuncerulated )
Aignal paths for eommaniialion -
Tr uw « voy dimple comept whew in on pal undurgers a dtp
Fade ord anothsh indipendent path may have & ttong Aigaal As
tho i mew than ore path ito select from, both the trttartantous
and
aves SPs ak eke receiver May Le improved, often at
madh as 20-30dB. Gnnel_Coding Techniqua ~ St Jnqooury mobile tomynunicalien
Atk performance by adding redundant dala bile dn the beans.
mriting edt MCA
AL the baseband poaction of Ue Coansmiltin,
a charwrel
toclor maps a aligitat message Auptunce ante another
Specific corte Segeeence torclaining a greater numbur of bit, than
originally contained in the may + The
coded message U6 then
d
modulated
for Cearsmission ve cthe Loveless channel.
Channel coeling to tused by dhe PLE dy alekecl ov Coreucl Acme of
the Horors anbioduced by the channel, I
nedecees lhe
Acanimission sale»
raw deta
Types ~ Bloek cocks aud Convolction Coda
6-2 Fundamentals of Equalization
Sina We mobile fading channel is ranclom and tine veouiing,
qqualizow must beade the dome wasup’
charactocurtics of thy
mo bile
thenel, ancl thus ase caltedt
Opeeating modes of adaptive
