EXERCISES ■ 1.

In Exercises 1 through 14, compute the indicated values of the given

function.
Given

Solution:
h(3) = (3)2 + 1 = 10
h(1) = −2(1) + 4 = 2
h(0) = −2(0) + 4 = 4
h(−3) = −2(−3) + 4 = 10

=========================================
In Exercises 15 through 18, determine whether or not the given
function has the set of all real numbers as its domain.
Given

Solution:
Since negative numbers do not have real square roots, the domain is all real numbers such

that 1 − t  0, or t  1, or (−∞,1]. Therefore, the domain is not the set of all real numbers.

Given

Solution:

The square root function only makes sense for non-negative numbers. Since t 2 + 1  0 for all real
numbers t the domain of h(t ) = t 2 + 1 consists of all real numbers, or (−∞, ∞+).

=========================================
In Exercises 19 through 24, determine the domain of the given
function.
Given

Solution:
Since negative numbers do not have real square roots, the domain is all real numbers such
that 2x + 6  0, or x  −3, or [-3, ∞+).
=========================================
In Exercises 25 through 32, find the composite function f(g(x)).
Given

Solution:
26. f (u ) = u 2 + 4
f ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) 2 + 4 = x 2 − 2 x + 5

===================================
In Exercises 33 through 38, find the difference quotient of f; namely,

Given

Solution:
A difference quotient is an expression of a general form,
where f is a given function of x and h is a number. Difference
quotients will be used in Chapter 2 to define the derivative, one of the
fundamental concepts of calculus.
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h
4( x + h) − ( x + h) 2 − (4 x − x 2 )
=
h
4 x + 4h − ( x + 2 xh + h 2 ) − 4 x + x 2
2
=
h
4 x + 4h − x − 2 xh − h 2 − 4 x + x 2
2
=
h
4h − 2 xh − h 2
=
h
h(4 − 2 x − h)
=
h
= 4 − 2x − h
==================================================
In Exercises 39 through 42, first obtain the composite functions
f(g(x)) and g(f(x)), and then find all numbers x (if any) such that
f(g(x)) = g(f(x)).
Given

Solution:
f ( g ( x)) = f (1 − 3x) = 1 − 3x
g ( f ( x)) = g ( x ) =1− 3 x
To solve 1 − 3 x = 1 − 3 x , square both sides, so
1 − 3x = 1 − 6 x + 9 x
−3x = −6 x + 9 x
6 x = 12 x
x = 2x
Squaring both sides again,
x = 4 x2
0 = 4 x2 − x
0 = x(4 x − 1)
1
x = 0, x =
4
Since squaring both sides can introduce extraneous solutions, one needs to check these values.
?
1- 3(0) = 1- 3 0
1= 1
æ 1ö ? 1
1- 3ç ÷ = 1- 3
è 4ø 4
1 ? 3
= 1-
2 2
1 1
¹-
2 2
Also check remaining value to see if it is in the domain of f and g functions. Since f(0) and g(0)
are both defined, f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) when x = 0.

Given

Solution:
 x+3 2
41. f ( g ( x)) = f 
( xx−+23 ) + 3 = x
= x +3 − 1
 x−2 x −2
2 x +3 + 3
 2x + 3  x −1
g ( f ( x)) = g  = 2 x +3 − 2
=x
 x −1  x −1
Answer will be all real numbers for which f and g are defined. So, f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) for all real
numbers except x = 1 and x = 2.

==================================================

In Exercises 43 through 50, find the indicated composite function.

Given

Solution:
f ( x) = 2 x2 − 3x + 1,
f ( x − 2) = 2( x − 2)2 − 3( x − 2) + 1
= 2 x 2 − 11x + 15.
Given

Solution:
x −1
49. f ( x) = ,
x
( x + 1) − 1 x
f ( x + 1) = = .
x +1 x +1
=================================================
In Exercises 51 through 56, find functions h(x) and g(u) such that
f(x)=g(h(x)).
Given

Solution:
f ( x) = 3x − 5 can be written as g  h( x)
with g (u ) = u and h( x) = 3x − 5.

Given

Solution:
4 4
55. f ( x) = 3 2 − x + can be rewritten as g(h(x)) with g (u ) = 3 u + and
2− x u
h(x) = 2 − x.

========================================================
CONSUMER DEMAND In Exercises 57 through 60, the demand
function p = D(x) and the total cost function C(x) for a particular
commodity are given in terms of the level of production x. In each
case, find:
(a) The revenue R(x) and profit P(x).
(b) All values of x for which production of the commodity is
profitable.
Given
Solution:
D(x) = −0.02x + 29; C ( x) = 1.43x 2 + 18.3x + 15.6

(a) R ( x) = xD( x) = x( −0.02 x + 29)

= −0.02 x 2 + 29 x
P( x) = R( x) − C ( x)
= (−0.02 x 2 + 29 x)
− (1.43x 2 + 18.3x + 15.6)
= −1.45 x 2 + 10.7 x − 15.6

(b) P(x) > 0 when −1.45 x 2 + 10.7 x − 15.6  0. Using the quadratic formula, the zeros of P are
−10.7  (10.7)2 − (4)(−1.45)(−15.6)
x=
2(−1.45)
x = 2, 5.38
so, P(x) > 0 when 2 < x < 5.38.

========================================================
61. MANUFACTURING COST
Given
Suppose the total cost of manufacturing q units of a certain
commodity is C(q) thousand dollars, where C(q) = 0.01q2 + 0.9q + 2
a. Compute the cost of manufacturing 10 units.
b. Compute the cost of manufacturing the 10th unit.
Solution:
()
57. C q = 0.01q 2 + 0.9q + 2

(a) Total cost of 10 units = C(10)

( ) ( )2 ( )
C 10 = 0.01 10 + 0.9 10 + 2 = 12 ,
or $12,000.

Average cost per unit when 10 units are manufactured is

( ) , or $1,200 per unit.
C 10
10

(b) Cost of the 10th unit is

( )
C 10 - C 9 ()
= 12 - éê 0.01( 9 ) + 0.9 ( 9 ) + 2 ùú
2
ë û
= 12 - 10.91 = 1.09 or $1,090
========================================================
63. DISTRIBUTION COST
Given
Suppose that the number of worker-hours required to distribute new
telephone books to x% of the households in a certain rural community
is given by the function

a. What is the domain of the function W?

b. For what values of x does W(x) have a practical interpretation in
this context?
c. How many worker-hours were required to distribute new telephone
books to the first 50% of the households?
d. How many worker-hours were required to distribute new telephone
books to the entire community?
e. What percentage of the households in the community had received
new telephone books by the time 150 worker-hours had been
expended?
Solution:
600 x
63. W ( x) =
300 − x

(a) 300 − x  0
x  300
The domain is all real numbers except 300.

(b)Typically, the domain would be restricted to the first quadrant. That is, x  0. However, since x is a
percentage, the restriction should be 0  x  100.

600(50)
(c)When x = 50, W (50) =
300 − 50
= 120 worker-hours.

d)To distribute all of the households,

600(100)
x = 100 and W (100) =
300 − 100
= 300 worker-hours.
 (e) Need to find x when W(x) = 150.
600 x
150 =
300 − x
(150)(300 − x) = (1)(600 x)
300 − x = 4 x
x = 60
After 150 worker-hours, 60% of the households have received a new telephone book.

======================================================

64. WORKER EFFICIENCY

Given
An efficiency study of the morning shift at a certain factory indicates
that an average worker who arrives on the job at 8:00 A.M. will have
assembled
f (x)= - x³ + 6x² +15x
television sets x hours later.
a. How many sets will such a worker have assembled by 10:00
A.M.? [Hint: At 10:00 A.M., x = 2.]
b. How many sets will such a worker assemble between 9:00 and
10:00 A.M.?
Solution:
f ( x) = − x3 + 6 x 2 + 15 x

(a) f (2) = −8 + 6(2)2 + 15(2) = 46

(b) f(1) = −1 + 6 + 15 = 20
f(2) − f(1) = 46 − 20 = 26
EXERCISES ■ 1.2

In Exercises 1 through 6, plot the given points in a rectangular

coordinate plane.
Given

5. (0, -2)
6. (3, 0)
Solution:
5. (0, -2)

6. (3, 0)
================================================

In Exercises 7 through 10, find the distance between the given

points P and Q.

Given

9. P(7, -3) and Q(5, 3)

Solution:
In Exercises 11 and 12, classify each function as a polynomial,
a power function, or a rational function. If the function is not one
of these types, classify it as “different.”
Given

Solution:
In Exercises 13 through 28, sketch the graph of the given
function. Include all x and y intercepts.
Given

Solution:
In Exercises 29 through 34, find the points of intersection (if
any) of the given pair of curves and
draw the graphs.
Given

Solution:
The two functions are

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 8 (1)

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 (2)

Solve them simultaneously

𝑦 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 8 − 3𝑥 + 2

0 = 10

The value of x cannot be computed for this set of equations. Indeed, they are parallel; hence,

they can never meet. As a result, they do not have a point of intersection. Below figure shows

the graph of the two functions.

Given

Solution:
The functions are

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 (1)

𝑦 =𝑥−1 (2)

Equate (1) to (2)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1

Simplify 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

Solve the quadratic function formed using the quadratic formula

𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = −2; 𝑐 = 1

−(−2)±√4−4
𝑥= 2

2±0
𝑥= 2

𝑥=1

Therefore, the value of y for which x is 1, is zero, giving the point of intersection as (1, 0).

Below figure shows the two graphs plotted together.

Given

Solution:
The functions are

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −8 (1)

3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −13 (2)

Pre-multiply (1) by 3 and (2) by 2, then subtract the outcome of (2) from that of (1).

6𝑥 − 9𝑦 = −24 (1)

6𝑥 = 9𝑦 − 24

6𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −26 (2)

6𝑥 = 10𝑦 − 26

9𝑦 − 24 = 10𝑦 − 26

𝑦=2

Substitute the value of y into (1) to find that of x.

2𝑥 − 3(2) = −8

𝑥 = −1

Therefore, the point of intersection is (−1, 2). Below figure shows this point.
In Exercises 35 through 38, the graph of a function f(x) is given.
In each case find:
(a) The y intercept.
(b) All x intercepts.
(c) The largest value of f(x) and the value(s) of x
for which it occurs.
(d) The smallest value of f(x) and the value(s) of x
for which it occurs.
Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:
The y-intercept is 0.

Its x-intercepts are -2, 0, and 3.5.

The largest value of this function is 2, with x being -, and (4, 2)

Its smallest value is -4 and a corresponding x value of 2.

39. MANUFACTURING COST A manufacturer can produce
digital recorders at a cost of $40 apiece. It is estimated that if
the recorders are sold for p dollars apiece, consumers will buy
120 - p of them a month. Express the manufacturer’s monthly
profit as a function of price, graph this function, and use the
graph to estimate the optimal selling price.
Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 1.3

In Exercises 1 through 8, find the slope (if defined) of the line

that passes through the given pair of points.
Given

Solution:

In Exercises 9 through 12, find the slope and intercepts of the

line shown. Then find an equation for the line.
Given

Solution:
In Exercises 13 through 20, find the slope and intercepts of the
line whose equation is given and sketch the graph of the line.
Given

Solution:
In Exercises 21 through 36, write an equation for the line with
the given properties.
Given

Solution:

39. CREDIT CARD DEBT A credit card company estimates that

the average cardholder owed $7,853 in the year 2005 and
$9,127 in 2010. Suppose average cardholder debt D grows at a
constant rate.
a. Express D as a linear function of time t, where t is the
number of years after 2005. Draw the graph.
b. Use the function in part (a) to predict the average cardholder
debt in the year 2015.
c. Approximately when will the average cardholder debt be
double the amount in the year 2005?
Solution:
43. ACCOUNTING For tax purposes, the book value of certain
assets is determined by depreciating the original value of the
asset linearly over a fixed period of time. Suppose an asset
originally worth V dollars is linearly depreciated over a period of
N years, at the end of which it has a scrap value of S dollars.
a. Express the book value B of the asset t years into the N-year
depreciation period as a linear function of t. [Hint: Note that B
=V when t = 0 and B = S when t = N.]
b. Suppose a $50,000 piece of office equipment is depreciated
linearly over a 5-year period, with a scrap value of $18,000.
What is the book value of the equipment after 3 years?
Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 1.4

17. MANUFACTURING PROFIT A manufacturer estimates that

each unit of a particular commodity can be sold for $3 more
than it costs to produce. There is also a fixed cost of $17,000
associated with the production of the commodity.
a. Express total profit P(x) as a function of the level of
production x.
b. How much profit (or loss) is generated when x = 5,000 units
are produced? When x = 20,000? What is the smallest number
of units that must be sold for production to be profitable?
c. Find the average profit function AP(x). What is the average
profit when 10,000 units are produced?
Solution:
MARKET EQUILIBRIUM In Exercises 30 through 33, supply
and demand functions, S(x) and D(x), are given for a particular
commodity in terms of the level of production x. In each case:
(a) Find the value of xe for which equilibrium occurs and the
corresponding equilibrium price pe.
(b) Sketch the graphs of the supply and demand curves, p
=S(x) and p = D(x), on the same graph.
(c) For what values of x is there a market shortage? A market
surplus?
Given

33. S(x) = 2x + 7.43 and D(x(= -0.21x² -0.84x +50

Solution:
37. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS Julia can sell a certain product
for $110 per unit. Total cost consists of a fixed overhead of
$7,500 plus production costs of $60 per unit.
a. Express Julia’s total revenue, total cost, and total profit in
terms of x, the number of units sold. Sketch the total revenue
and total cost functions on the same set of axes.
b. How many units must be sold for Julia to break even?
c. What is Julia’s profit or loss if 100 units are sold?
d. How many units must be sold for Julia to realize a profit of
$1,250?
Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 1.5

Given

Solution:
In Exercises 7 through 26, find the indicated limit if it exists.
Given

Solution:

Given

Solution:
Given
Solution:

In Exercises 39 through 42, complete the table by evaluating

f(x) at the specified values of x. Then use the table to estimate
the indicated limit or show it does not exist.
Given

Solution:
Given
Solution:
Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 1.6

Given Solution:

Given Solution:
Given Solution:

Given Solution:
Given Solution:

Given Solution:

Given Solution:
Given

Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 2.1

Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 2.2

In Exercises 1 through 28, differentiate the given function.

Given

Solution:
x5 − 4 x 2
27. y =
x3
x5 4 x 2
= 3− 3
x x
2 4
=x −
x
= x − 4 x −1
2

dy d 2 d
= ( x ) − (4 x −1 )
dx dx dx
= 2 x − 4(−1x −1−1 )
= 2 x + 4 x −2
4
= 2x + 2
x

28. y = x2 ( x3 − 6 x + 7) = x5 − 6 x3 + 7 x2
dy
= 5 x 4 − 18 x 2 + 14 x
dx

= 20X³- 36X+ 14
In Exercises 29 through 34, find the equation of the line that is tangent to the graph of the
given function at the specified point.
Given

Solution:
33. y = ( x 2 − x)(3 + 2 x) = 2 x3 + x 2 − 3x
dy
= 6 x2 + 2 x − 3
dx

dy
At x = −1, = 1. The equation of the
dx

tangent line at (−1, 2) is y − 2 = 1(x + 1), or y = x + 3.

3 dy 1 3
34. Given y = 2 x 4 − x + and the point (1, 4) , then = 8 x3 − − 2 and the slope of the
x dx 2 x x
1 3 9
tangent line at x = 1 is m = 8(13 ) − − 2 = . The equation of the tangent line is then
2( 1) 1 2
9 9 1
y − 4 = ( x − 1) or y = x − .
2 2 2
In Exercises 35 through 40, find the equation of the line that is tangent to the graph of the
given function at the point (c, f (c)) for the specified value of x = c.
Given

Solution:
1 1
39. f ( x) = − x3 + 8 x = − x3 + 8  x1/2
3 3
8
f ( x) = − x 2 + 1/2
2x
8
At x = 2, f (2) = −4 +
2 2
1 8
= −4 +
2 2
1
= −4 +  2
2
= −3.
8 4  4 4
Further, y = f (2) = − + 4 = . The equation of the tangent line at  2,  is y − = −3( x − 2),
3 3  3 3
22
or y = −3x + .
3

40. f ( x) = x( x − 1) = x3/ 2 − x; x = 4
3
f ( x) = x −1
2
f (4) = 8 − 4 = 4 so (4, 4)is a point on the tangent line. The slope is m = f (4) = 3 − 1 = 2. The
equation of the tangent line is y − 4 = 2( x − 4) or y = 2 x − 4 .
In Exercises 41 through 46, find the rate of change of the given function f (x) with respect to x
for the prescribed value x = c.
Given

Solution:
x+ x
45. f ( x) =
x
x x
= +
x x
= x +1
= x1/2 + 1
1
f ( x) = 1/2
2x
1
The rate of change of f at x = 1 is f (1) = .
2

2
46. f ( x) = − x x; x = 1
x
−23
f ( x) = 2
x −
x 2
3 7
f (1) = −2 − = −
2 2
In Exercises 47 through 50, find the relative rate of change of f (x) with respect to x for the
prescribed value x = c.
Given

Solution:
49. f ( x) = x x + x 2
= x  x1/2 + x 2
= x3/2 + x 2
3 3
f ( x) = x1/2 + 2 x = x + 2x
2 2
f ( x) 2 x + 2 x 2
3
3 x + 4x
The relative rate of change is =  =
( )
.
f ( x) x x + x 2 2 x x + x 2
2

f ( x) 3 4 + 4(4) 11
When x = 4, = = .
(
f (4) 2 4 4 + 42 )
24

50. f ( x) = (4 − x) x −1 = 4 x −1 − 1;
4 1
f (3) = −1 =
3 3
4
f ( x) = −4 x −2 ; f (3) = −
9
f (3) − 9
4
4
At c = 3, the relative rate of change is = 1 =− .
f (3) 3
3
EXERCISES ■ 2.3

In Exercises 1 through 18, differentiate the given function.

Given

Solution:

In Exercises 19 through 23, find an equation for the tangent line to the given curve at the
point where x = x0.
Given

Solution:
In Exercises 24 through 27, find all points on the graph of the given function where the
tangent line is horizontal.
Given

Solution:
Given

Solution:

The normal line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P with coordinates (x0, f(x0)) is the line
perpendicular to the tangent line at P. In Exercises 32 through 35, find an equation for the
normal line to the given curve at the prescribed point.
Given

Solution:
Solution:
Solution:

Solution:
In Exercises 42 through 47, find the second derivative of the given function. In each case, use
the appropriate notation for the second derivative and simplify your answer. (Don’t forget to
simplify the first derivative as much as possible before computing the second derivative.)
Given

Solution:
EXERCISES ■ 3.4

In Exercises 1 through 16, find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum (if
any) of the given function on the specified interval.
Given

Solution:
MAXIMUM PROFIT AND MINIMUM AVERAGE COST In Exercises 17 through 22,
you are given the price p(q) at which q units of a particular commodity can be
sold and the total cost C(q) of producing the q units. In each case:
(a) Find the revenue function R(q), the profit function P(q), the marginal
revenue R’(q), and marginal cost C’(q). Sketch the graphs of P(q), R’(q), and
C’(q) on the same coordinate axes and determine the level of production q
where P(q) is maximized.
(b) Find the average cost A(q) = C(q)/q , and sketch the graphs of A(q), and the
marginal cost C’(q) on the same axes. Determine the level of production q at
which A(q) is minimized.
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND In Exercises 23 through 28, compute the elasticity of
demand for the given demand function D(p) and determine whether the demand
is elastic, inelastic, or of unit elasticity at the indicated price p.