ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND

COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER

AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEMS

INSTRUCTOR :- ALEMANTE ABEJE

6/26/2019 1
 Chapter Three
Transmission Line Parameters

6/26/2019 Alemante A. 2
 INTRODUCTION
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

Conductor

Towers (and Foundations)

Earth wire

Insulators

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Most low voltage lines use three-phase conductors forming a
single three-phase circuit.

Many higher voltage lines –

 two three-phase circuits suspended from the same
tower structure a double-circuit line
The two circuits may be configurations as vertical, horizontal or
triangular

 A line may also consist of two circuits running physically in

parallel but on different towers.

 few lines have been built with three, four or even six three-
phase circuits strung on the same tower structure
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 (a) Single three-phase circuit (b) Double -circuit line

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 Overhead Line
An overhead transmission line usually consists of three conductors or bundles of
conductors containing the three phases of the power system.

The conductors are usually aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR), which are
steel core (for strength) and aluminum wires (having low resistance) wrapped
around the core.
Overhead conductors- naked metal
- suspended on insulators,
-lower cost and easy maintenance.

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In overhead transmission lines, the conductors are suspended from a pole or a
tower via insulators.

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In addition to phase conductors, a transmission line usually includes one or two
steel wires called ground (shield) wires.
These wires are electrically connected to the tower and to the ground, and,
therefore, are at ground potential.
 In large transmission lines, these wires are located above the phase conductors,
shielding them from lightning

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6/26/2019 Alemante A. 9
Bundled phase conductors are usually used on transmission lines at 230 kV and above.

constructed with more than one conductor per phase

separated at regular intervals by metal spacers.
Conductor bundles of two, three, four, six and eight
are in use in various countries.
 purpose - to reduce the voltage gradients at the surface of the conductors
 the bundle appears as an equivalent conductor of much larger diameter than that of
the component conductors.

 This minimizes active losses due to corona, reduces noise generation,

improve the steady state power transfer capability of the line.

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 Underground Cables
Cable lines are designed to be placed underground or under water.
The conductors are insulated from one another and surrounded by protective
sheath.
Cable lines are usually more expensive and harder to maintain.
 They also have capacitance problem – not suitable for long distance.

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 Transmission Line Parameters

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An electric transmission lines are characterized by four parameters
resistance,
 inductance,
capacitance
shunt conductance.

 These determine electrical design, performance of a line and power-carrying

capacity of the transmission line and the voltage drop across it at full load.
These parameters are uniformly distributed along the whole line.

 Each line has its own value, and it is not possible to concentrate or lump them at
discrete points on the line.

For this reason the line parameters are known as distributed parameters.
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Resistance and inductance form the series impedance of the line.
capacitance and conductance form the shunt admittance of the line.

The series resistance relies basically on the physical composition of the conductor at
a given temperature.
The series inductance produced by the presence of magnetic filed and depend on
their geometrical arrangement.

 shunt capacitance are produced electric fields around the conductors depend on
their geometrical arrangement.
The shunt conductance is due to leakage currents flowing across insulators and air.
As leakage current is considerably small compared to nominal current, it is usually
neglected,

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Transmission lines are classified in to short, medium and long according to their
length
Performance governed by its length and conductor configuration.
Overhead lines up to 80 km C and G are negligibly small
Underground cable lines - distance between the conductors is small, the effect of
capacitance can not ignored.

 All low-voltage overhead lines - up to 80 km Short lines.

80 to 240 km - Medium or moderately long lines.

For these lines, the capacitance of the line cannot be neglected and it’s considered
to be lumped at one or more points of the line.
The leakage conductance or leakance is neglected.

The term Long line more than 240 km.

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Short Transmission line Equivalent Circuit Medium Transmission line Equivalent Circuit
(Series Impedance parameters only) (Series Impedance and Shunt Capacitance

Long Transmission line Equivalent Circuit ( All the four TL Parameters)

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 Resistance
The AC resistance of a conductor in a transmission line is based on the
calculation of its DC resistance.
 If DC current is flowing along a round cylindrical conductor, the current is
uniformly distributed over its cross-section area.
RDC =  l /A [Ω]
Where, l is the length of conductor; A – cross-sectional area,  is the resistivity
of the conductor fundamental property of the material that the conductor is
made from.
Because of skin effect, the d.c. resistance is different from ac resistance.
The ac resistance is referred to as effective resistance, and is found from power
loss in the conductor
power loss
Rac 
I2
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 Line resistance
If AC current is flowing, rather than DC current, the following factors need to be
considered:
1. Frequency or skin effect 2. Temperature
3. Spiraling of stranded conductors 4. Bundle conductors arrangement
5. Proximity effect
Skin Effect (frequency effect)
To the non uniform distribution of the current
As frequency increases - the current tends to go toward the surface of the
conductor.
-current density decreases at the center.
Skin effect reduces - the effective cross-section area
- the effective resistance increases.

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For 60 Hz, k is estimated around 1.02
𝑅𝐴𝐶=𝑘𝑅𝐷𝐶
Temperature Effect
The resistivity of any conductive material varies linearly over an operating temperature,
the resistance of any conductor suffers the same variations.
As temperature rises, the conductor resistance increases linearly, over normal operating
temperatures,

Where, R2 is the resistance at second temperature t2

R1 is the resistance at initial temperature t1
T is the temperature coefficient in (C°)

Resistance of a metallic conductor as a function of temperature

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silver and copper the best conductors.
 aluminum, being much cheaper and lighter, is used to make most of the transmission
line conductors.
Conductors made out of aluminum should have bigger diameter than copper conductors
to offset the higher resistivity of the material

AC resistance of a conductor is always higher than its DC resistance due to the skin effect.

The higher the frequency of current, the more noticeable skin effect.

At frequencies of our interest (50-60 Hz) skin effect is not very strong.

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 Spiraling and Bundle Conductor Effect
overhead transmission lines use aluminum conductors which have:
 the lower cost and lighter weight compared to copper
conductors,
 more cross-section area
There are different types of commercially available aluminum conductors:
-Aluminum-conductor-steel-reinforced ACSR
-Aluminum-conductor-alloy-reinforced ACAR
-All aluminum-conductor (AAC)
-All aluminum alloy- conductor (AAAC).

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 ACSR
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ACSR is one of the most used conductors in transmission lines.
It consists of alternate layers of stranded conductors, spiraled in opposite
directions to hold the strands together, surrounding a core of steel strands.
The purpose of introducing a steel core inside the stranded aluminum conductors
is to obtain a high strength-to-weight ratio.
 A stranded conductor offers more flexibility and easier to manufacture than a
solid large conductor.
However, the total resistance is increased because the outside strands are larger
than the inside strands on account of the spiraling.
The resistance of each wound conductor at any layer, per unit length, is based on
its total length as follows: -

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 Where, 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑: resistance of wound conductor (Ω)
 : length of wound conductor (m)

 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑=𝑙t𝑢𝑟n /2𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 relative pitch of wound conductor

𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 : length of one turn of the spiral (m)
2𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟: diameter of the layer (m)
The parallel combination of n conductors, with same diameter per layer, gives the
resistance per layer as follows:-

 Similarly, the total resistance of the stranded conductor is evaluated by the

parallel combination of resistances per layer.

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 (a) (b) (c)
Stranded conductors arranged in bundles per phase of (a) two, (b) three, and (c) four.
 Corona, reduced by increasing the total conductor surface.

 By increasing the number of conductors per phase,

 the total cross-section area increases,
 the current capacity increases,
 the total AC resistance decreases proportionally to the
number of conductors per bundle.

 Conductor bundles always used at 345 kV and above to limit corona.

 To maintain the distance between bundle conductors along the line, spacers made of
steel or aluminum bars are used.
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 Proximity effects
a non-uniformity of current distribution caused by a higher current density in the
elements of adjacent conductors nearest.
The phenomenon is known as proximity effect.

 It is present for three-phase as well as single-phase circuits.

For the usual spacing of overhead lines at 60 Hz, the proximity effect is neglected.

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 Example 1
A three phase transmission line is designed to deliver
190.5 MVA at 220 kV over a distance of 63 km. the total
transmission loss is not to exceed 2.5 percent of the
rated line MVA. If the resistivity of the conductor
material at 20°c is 2.8×10−8Ωm , determine the
required conductor diameter.

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 Solution
Total transmission line loss is
2.5
P𝐿 = (190.5)=4.7625MW
100
𝑆 190.5 103
|I|= = =500A
√3𝑉𝐿 √3(220)
From PL=3R|I|2, the line resistance per phase
4.7625∗106
R= 2 =6.35ohm
3 500
The conductor cross sectional area is
(2.8∗10−8)(63∗103)
A= =2.817*10-4 m2
6.35

Therefore ,d=1.894cm=0.7456in

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 Inductance and Inductive Reactance
 the most dominating impedance element.
 A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor.
 When the current changes, the flux changes and a voltage is induced in the circuit.
 The series inductance of a transmission line consists of two components:
 internal magnetic flux- inside the conductor

 external inductances - outside the conductor

 It is defined as the number of flux linkages [Wb-turns] produced per ampere of current flowing
through the line:

6/26/2019 Refer Hadi Sadat 29

 Now, let us consider a current carrying conductor of radius r and length of 1m long and
Assume that the current density inside the conductor is uniform.

Refer Hadi Sadat

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  Consider the internal flux of a length of 1m and width of dx

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Refer Hadi Sadat
 External Flux linkage

• Consider a current carrying conductor of length 1m.

• Using Amperes' law:

• where, r = radius of conductor &

d = distance of point y from the
conductor

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Refer Hadi Sadat
 Total Flux linkage
 Total flux linkage is the sum of internal flux linkage and external flux linkages.

Where, r’ = 0.7788r

6/26/2019 Alemante A. Refer Hadi Sadat

33
 Inductance of single phase two Solid conductors

Consider two current carrying conductors:-

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 Inductance of Single Phase Composite Conductors
 Consider a single-phase line two composite conductors x and y

c c' GMD
7
Lx  2 10 ln H /m
GMRx
where
b' d' GMD  mn ( D D ...D )...( D D ...D )
b d aa ' ab ' am na ' nb ' nm

GMRx  ( Daa Dab ...Dan )...( Dna Dnb ...Dnn )

n2

where x y
a n a' m' Daa  Dbb ...  Dnn  rx '

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 Example 2

Lx = 6.21*10-7 H/m
Ly = 8.5*10-7 H/m
Ly = 14.71*10-7 H/m
6/26/2019 Alemante A. 36
 Inductance of bundle conductors

 If d is the same

 L is per phase per km

GMR
for the two  subconductor bundle
d
Dsb  4 ( Ds  d ) 2  Ds  d
Where, Ds  r ' (GMR Of each sub conductor)
d d d d
for the three  subconductor bundle
Dsb  9 ( Ds  d  d )3  3 Ds  d 2 d d
d
for the four  subconductor bundle
 16 ( Ds  d  d  d  21/ 2 ) 4  1.094 DAlemante
Dsb6/26/2019 s  d 3
A. 37
 Example 3
Each conductor of the bundled conductor shown below is ACSR (Ds = 0.00466 ft).
Find the inductive reactance in ohms per Km per phase at 60 Hz frequency.

1 feet = 0.3048m
XL = 0.364 ohm/Km

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 Inductance of three phase symmetrical spaced conductors

Consider one meter length of a three phase line with three conductors symmetrically
spaced,

Assume balanced here phase currents

Ia+Ib+Ic=0

From this the total flux linkage of phase a conductor is,

7 1 1
 a  2  10 ( Ia ln  Ia ln )
r' D
7 D
 2  10 Ia ln
r'
D
L  0.2 ln mH / Km 39
DS
 Inductance of three phase unsymmetrical spaced conductors

 Consider the following three phase current carrying conductors.

Transposing :-interchanging phase

onfiguration every one –third length:-
 To have balanced Voltage Drop

Transpose line

GMD
L  0.2 ln mH / Km
DS
1
GMD  ( D12 D23 D13 )3
40
 Example:- 4
A single Circuit three Phase line operated at 60Hz is arranged as shown
below if the value of GMR is given from data sheet as Ds = 0.0373 ft find
inductive reactance per meter per Phase.

GMD =24.8 ft
XL = 4.9*10 -7 ohm/m per Phase

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 Inductance of Three-phase Double Circuit Lines

Consider a three-phase double-circuit line with relative phase positions a1b1c1-c2b2a2.

a1 S11 c2
The inductance per-phase is
b1 S22 b2
7GMD
L  2  10 ln H /m
S33
GMR
c1 a2
The equivalent GMD per phase is then
GMD between each phase group
DAB  4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2b1 Da 2b 2
GMD  3 DAB DBC DAC
DBC  4 Db1c1 Db1c 2 Db 2 c1 Db 2 c 2
D AC 
4 D
6/26/2019 a1c1 Da1c 2 Da 2 c1 Da 2 c 2 Alemante A. 42
 Inductance of Three-phase Double Circuit Lines

The equivalent GMR per phase is then

GMR  3 DSA DSB DSC

Similarly, GMR of each phase group is

DSA  4 ( D bs Da1a 2 ) 2  D bs Da1a 2

DSB  4 ( D bs Db1b 2 ) 2  D bs Db1b 2

DSC  4 ( D bs Dc1c 2 ) 2  D bs Dc1c 2 Dsb  4 ( Ds  d ) 2  Ds  d

Where Dsb is the geometric mean radius of bundled conductors.

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 CAPACITANCE of Txn. line

Transmission line conductors exhibit capacitance with respect to

each other due to the potential difference between them.

The amount of capacitance between conductors is a function of

conductor size, spacing and distance from ground.

q
Capacitance C is:- C
V

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 LINE CAPACITANCE

Consider a long round conductor with radius r,

carrying a charge of q coulombs per meter length as
shown.
Where permittivity of free space, ε0 = 8.85x10-12 F/m.

The potential difference between cylinders from

position D1 to D2 is defined as:-

qD2
V12  ln
2 0 D1
The notation V12 implies the voltage drop
from 1 relative to 2.
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 CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-PHASE LINES
Consider one meter length of a single-phase line consisting of two long
solid round conductors each having a radius r as shown.

For a single phase, voltage between conductor 1 and 2 is:-

 0
q D C12  F /m
V12  ln F /m D
 0 r ln
r

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 CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-PHASE LINES

The equation gives the line-to-line capacitance between the conductors

For the purpose of transmission line modeling, we find it convenient to

define a capacitance C between each conductor and a neutral line as
illustrated.

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 CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-PHASE LINES
Voltage to neutral is half of V12 and the capacitance to neutral is C = 2C12
or:-

2 0
C F /m
D
ln
r

6/26/2019 Alemante A. 48
 CAPACITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES

Consider one meter length of 3-phase line with three long conductors, each
with radius r, with conductor spacing as shown below:

qa

D12

D13
qb
D23

qc

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 CAPACITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES

For balanced 3-phase system, the capacitance per phase to neutral is:

qa 2 o
C  F/m
 D12 D23 D13 
1/ 3
Van
ln
r
6/26/2019 Alemante A. 50
 CAPACITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES
 The capacitance to neutral in µF per kilometer is:

0.0556
C  F/km
 D12 D23 D13 
1/ 3

ln
r

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 Capacitance of Three-phase Double Circuit Lines

 The per-phase equivalent capacitance to neutral is obtained to

20
C F /m
GMD
ln
GMRc
 GMD is the same as was found for inductance calculation

DAB  4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2b1 Da 2b 2

DBC  4 Db1c1 Db1c 2 Db 2 c1 Db 2 c 2
DAC  4 Da1c1 Da1c 2 Da 2c1 Da 2 c 2
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 Capacitance of Three-phase Double Circuit Lines

 The equivalent GMD per phase is then

GMD  3 DAB DBC DAC

 The GMRC of each phase is similar to the GMRL, with the exception that rb is
used instead of Dsb

 This will results in the following equation… GMR  3 DSA DSB DSC Inductance

rA  r b Da1a 2
GMRC  3 rA rB rC Capacitance

rB  r b Db1b 2
rb  rd
6/26/2019 rC  b
r Dc1c 2 Alemante A. 53
 Example 5
• A 500 KV three Phase transposed line is composed • Answer
of one conductor as shown below. The conductor 1 ft = 12 Inch
have Diameter of 1.345 inch .Find Capacitance per
Phase Per Km.
• C = 0.0083 UF/Km

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 Effect of bundling
20
C F /m
GMD
ln b
r

 The effect of bundling is introduce an equivalent radius rb.

 The radius rb is similar to GMR calculate earlier for the inductance with the
exception that radius r of each sub-conductor is used instead of Ds.

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 Effect of bundling

 If d is the bundle spacing, we obtain for the two sub-conductor bundle

rb  r  d
 For the three sub-conductor bundle

rb  3 r  d 2
 For the four sub-conductor bundle

r b  1.094 r  d 3

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 • Answer
 Example 6:- 1 ft = 12 Inch
Each line in Example 5 is replaced by two ACSR Conductors
which have the same total Cross sectional area of the previous
conductors. Calculate per phase capacitance value.
(Let Diameter = 0.977 Inch)
Home Work find the Inductance value also? For Example 5 and
6, compare the result if Ds = 0.3924 inch.

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 THANKS!!!!

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