Name of the course: Mechanical Engineering (Production)

Name of the subject

Group C-Chapter 8
Drilling, Boring & Reaming Machine

Name of the topic: Drilling, Boring & Reaming Machine

Name of faculty: Bappa Patra
Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering
Nazrul Centenary Polytechnic

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Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students would be able to:

(i) Understand the working principle of drilling, boring & reaming operation
(ii) Specify drilling machine
(iii) Explain the function of various types of drilling machine
(iv) Know the working of horizontal boring machine
(v) Recognise counter-boring, counter-sinking, spot facing & tapping
(vi) Estimate machining time for drilling and boring operation

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8.0 Drilling, Boring & Reaming Machine
The function of drilling, boring & reaming are shown in fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1 Drilling, boring & reaming operation

8.1 Drilling Machine – classification and specification

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The drill bit is passed against
the workpiece to produce hole as shown in fig. 8.2.

Fig. 8.2 Drilling operation

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Classification of drilling machines:

(i) Portable drilling machine

(ii) Radial drilling machine
(iii) Multi spindle drilling machine
(iv) Gang drilling machine

General specification of drilling machines

▪ Maximum size of drill that can be accommodate operated by machine

▪ Table diameter
▪ Maximum spindle travel
▪ Number of spindle speeds and feeds
▪ Morse taper number of the spindle
▪ Power input
▪ Floor space required
▪ Weight of the machine

8.2 Construction, uses of different types of drilling machine

Portable drilling machine

A portable drilling machine is a small compact in construction and used for drilling holes in
workpieces in any position, which cannot be drilled by a standard drilling machine.
It may be used for drilling small diameter holes in large castings or weld at any location, without
moving bulky workpieces. These drilling machines operate at fairly high speeds and accommodate
drills up to 12 mm in diameter. A portable drilling machine is shown in fig. 8.3.

Fig. 8.3 Portable drilling machine

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Radial drilling machine

This is the most versatile and largest of all drilling machines having single spindle for large
components. The radial drilling machine is used for drilling medium to large and heavy workpieces.
The machine consists of heavy, round and vertical column mounted on a large base. The column
supports a radial arm which can be raised, lowered and swing around at any position over the work
table. The drill head containing mechanism for rotating and feeding the drill mounted on the radial
arm and can be moved horizontally. Theses three movements in a radial drilling machine can be
combined together to permit the drill to be located at any desired position on the workpiece for
drilling the hole. A diagram of portable drilling machine is shown in fig. 8.4.

Fig. 8.4 Radial drilling machine

Multi spindle drilling machine

These machines are mostly used in production work and are so designed that several holes to
different sizes can be drilled simultaneously. In these machines two or more spindles are driven from
a common driving shaft as shown in fig. 8.5. Generally, these machines are of vertical type.

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 Fig. 8.5 Multi spindle drilling machine

Gang drilling machine

It is nothing but a type of multiple spindle drilling machine, in which the spindles are arranged in a
row as shown in fig. 8.6. These spindles may be driven either separately or collectively. This
machine is normally used for mass production. This machine finds application is straight line,
multiple holes drilling in castings, plates and steel sections.

Fig. 8.6 Gang drilling machine

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8.3 Drilling spindle assembly
▪ A drill spindle assembly, the spindle is a vertical shaft which holds the drill
▪ It is given the motion through bevel gears from top shaft
▪ The spindle having a long key way is connected with bevel gear by a sliding key
▪ The arrangement makes it possible to connect spindle with the top shaft whether the spindle
is raised or lowered for feeding the drill into the work.
▪ The spindle rotates within a non-rotating sleeve which is known as quill.
▪ By rotating a pinion which meshes with the rack the sleeve may be moved vertically up or
down.
▪ The movement results in vertical movement of the spindle.
A spindle & drill head assembly is shown in fig. 8.7.

Fig. 8.7 Spindle & drill head assembly

8.4 Geometry of twist drill-nomenclature

Various elements and geometry of twist drill is shown in fig.8.8.

Fig. 8.8 Twist drill geometry

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8.5 Principle of Boring Operation
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast) by
means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several such tools), such as in
boring a gun barrel or an engine cylinder. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter
of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter
counterpart to turning, which cuts external diameters. A boring operation is shown in fig. 8.9.

Fig. 8.9 Boring operation

8.6 Constructional features of a Horizontal Boring Machine

A horizontal boring machine or horizontal boring mill is a machine tool which bores holes in
a horizontal direction.
A horizontal boring machine has its work spindle parallel to the ground and work table. Typically,
there are three linear axes in which the tool head and part move.
Horizontal boring machines are often heavy-duty industrial machines used for roughing out large
components.
Parts of horizontal boring machine
• Bed
• Headstock
• End supporting column
• Saddle
• Cross slide
• Cutter or boring bar
The main parts of horizontal boring machine are shown in fig. 8.10.
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 Fig. 8.10 Components of horizontal boring machine

8.7 Operations and applications Boring Machine

Boring machine is used to bore holes in large & heavy parts such as engine frame, steam engine
cylinders, machine housing etc. which are practically impossible to hold and rotate in an engine
lathe or drilling machine. By using simple attachments boring machine can be used for screw cutting,
turning, gear cutting.

8.8 Reaming- different types of reamer

It is not possible to produce a perfectly true hole by drilling, it is considered as a rough operation.
Therefore, for a very close dimensional accuracy drilling is followed by another operation called
reaming, in which the required dimensional accuracy and fine surface finish are obtained by means
of a multi-tooth revolving tool called reamer. So, reaming is applied to finish drilled holes accurately
to size and with a good surface finish. Reaming operation is shown in fig. 8.11.

Fig. 8.11 Reaming operation

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Different types of reamers are shown in fig. 8.12.
➢ Hand reamer
➢ Machine reamer
➢ Chucking reamer
➢ Fluting reamer
➢ Expanding reamer
➢ Adjustable reamer

Fig. 8.12 Types of reamer

8.9 Counter boring, counter sinking, spot facing and tapping

Counter boring
The operation used for enlarging only a limited portion of the hole is called counter-boring. It is to
increase the size of a hole at one end only through a small depth. The cutting tool will have a small
cylindrical projection known as pilot as shown in fig. 8.13.

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 Fig. 8.13 Counter boring

Counter sinking

It is the operation used for enlarging the end of a hole to give it a conical shape for a short distance.
A common use is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt, screw or rivet, when placed in the hole. A
counter sinking operation and counter-boring & counter-sinking part are shown in fig. 8.14 and fig.
8.15 respectively.

Fig.8.14 Counter-sinking
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 Fig. 8.15 counter-boring & counter-sinking part

Spot facing

Spot facing is the operation of smoothing and squaring the surface around and at the end of a hole,
so as to provide a smooth seat for nut or for the head of a cap screw. Spot facing is generally done
on castings and forgings. Spot facing operation is shown in fig. 8.16.

Fig. 8.16 Spot facing

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Tapping

Tapping is the process of cutting a thread inside a hole so that a cap screw or bolt can be threaded
into the hole. Tapping cuts internal threads in a hole using a cutting tool called Tap. A tap has cutting
edges in the shape of threads. When the tap is screwed into a hole it removes metal and cuts internal
threads for tapping the hole as shown in fig. 8.17. Also, it is used to make thread on nuts. Taping
can be done on the lathe by power feed or by hand.

Fig. 8.17 Tapping

8.10 Work holding devices in drilling machine

The work holding devices are used to hold the workpieces. Different work holding devices are
used according to the shape, length, diameter and weight of the workpiece.

The work should be held firmly on the machine table before performing any operation on it. As the
drill exerts very high quantity of torque while rotating, the work should not be held by hand. If the
workpiece is not held by a proper holding device, it will start rotating along with the tool causing
injuries to the operator and damage to the machine.
The devices used for holding the work in a drilling machine are:
• Drill vice
• ‘T’ – bolts and clamps
• Step block
• V – block
• Angle plate
• Drill jigs
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8.11 Cutting speed, feed, machining time estimation
The speed of a drill is measured in terms of the rate at which the outside or periphery of the tool
moves in relation to the work being drilled.

Feed rate is the velocity at which the cutter is fed, that is, advanced against the workpiece.

Machining time estimation in drilling and boring

The basic principle and procedure of estimation of machining time in drilling and boring are almost
same as that of turning operations. Fig. 8.18 shows making through hole by drilling and boring.

Fig. 8.18 Drilling and boring operations

For drilling a through hole

The machining time, TC is estimated from,

𝑳𝒄
TC = 𝑵𝑺𝟎

Where, Lc = Lw +A + O + C
A, O = approach and over run
𝐷
and C = 2 cotꝭ

D = diameter of the hole, i.e., drill

ꝭ = half of the drill point angle

Speed, N and feed So are selected in the same way as it is done in case of turning.

Therefore, the drilling time can be determined from,

𝝅𝑫(Lw+𝑨+𝑶+𝑪)
TC = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑽𝒄𝑺𝒐

In the same way TC is determined or estimated in boring also. Only the portion ‘C’ is not included.
For blind hole, only over run, ‘O’ is excluded.
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8.12 Comparison between drilling, boring and reaming
Table 8.1: Differences between drilling, boring and reaming

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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
Answer the following questions:

Choose the most appropriate answer:

i) A cutting tool used to finish and enlarge a hole is known as

a) Drill
b) Tap
c) Die
d) Reamer

ii) The grooves provided on the entire length of the body of a twist drill are called
a) Lips
b) Flutes
c) Margins
d) Webs

iii) A hole, which is not made through full depth of the components is known as
a) Core hole
b) Blind hole
c) Pin hole
d) Bore hole

iv) The point angle of twist drill depends upon the

a) Cutting speed
b) Type of drilling machine
c) Size of the drill
d) Material to be drilled

v) The point angle of twist drill for general purpose is

a) 135 degree
b) 118 degree
c) 90 degree
d) 60 degree

vi) The process of enlarging the end of an existing hole to accommodate the head of socket
screw is called
a) Spot facing
b) Boring
c) Counter-boring
d) Counter- sinking

vii) The process of bevelling the end of existing hole is called

a) Spot-facing
b) Boring
c) Counter-boring
d) Counter-sinking

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viii) The distance a drill advances into the job in one complete revolution is known as
a) R.P.M
b) Cutting speed
c) Feed
d) Machine speed

ix) The material of twist drill is generally

a) H.S.S
b) Carbide steel
c) Diamond
d) Cast steel

x) Counter boring is done for

a) Deburring hole ends
b) Enlarging the hole to accurate size
c) Finishing the cored hole
d) Accommodating socket head screws

xi) Which process is known as reaming?

a) Enlargement of existing hole
b) Hole made by removal of metal along the hole circumference
c) Smoothly finishing and accurately sizing a drilled hole
d) None of the above

xii) Which one of the following does not require any coolant during reaming?
a) Aluminium
b) Cast iron
c) Copper
d) Steel

xiii) Drill chucks are held on the machine spindle by means of

a) Arbor
b) Drift
c) Draw-in bar
d) Chuck nut

xiv) The rate of feed depends upon

a) Finish required
b) Material of tool (drill)
c) Material to be drilled
d) All of the above

xv) A short reamer with an axial hole with an Arbor or mandrel is called
a) Hand reamer
b) Adjustable reamer
c) Expansion reamer
d) Chucking reamer

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xvi) Which is the possible cause when a twist drill produces a rough hole on the job?
a) The clearance angle is too big
b) The clearance angle is too small
c) The cutting speed is too low
d) Feed rate is too high

xvii) A twist drill is a: -

a) side cutting tool,
b) front cutting tool,
c) end cutting tool,
d) None of these.

xviii) Drilling is an example of: -

a) oblique cutting,
b) orthogonal cutting,
c) uniform cutting,
d) intermittent cutting.

xix) The cutting edges of a standard twist drill are called: -

a) flutes,
b) lips,
c) flanks,
d) wedges.

xx) In reaming process: -

a) metal removal rate is high,
b) high surface finish is obtained,
c) high form accuracy is obtained,
d) high dimensional accuracy is obtained.

xxi) Which of the following operation, we can’t perform on drilling machine?

a) reaming
b) tapping
c) lapping
d) none of the mentioned

xxii) We can’t perform grinding operation in a drilling machine.

a) true
b) false

xxiii) Which of the following device is not used for holding the work in a drilling
machine?
a) step block
b) drill jigs
c) both step block and drill jigs
d) none of the mentioned

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 xxiv) To produce more accurate holes, which of the following operation should be
performed third?
a) drilling
b) reaming
c) centring
d) boring

xxv) The drilling machine was primarily designed to originate a _____

a) flat surface
b) cylindrical surface
c) taper surface
d) none of the mentioned

Answer the following questions

1. What do you understand by the terms ‘Drilling’, ‘Boring’, and ‘Reaming’?

2. Make a neat sketch of a twist drill and show its different parts on it.
3. What is a ‘Gang drilling machine’? Where is it preferred and why?
4. What is counter boring, counter sinking and spot facing?
5. State the working principle of a Radial Drilling Machine.
6. What is tapping?
7. How do you specify a drilling machine?
8. Draw a block diagram of horizontal boring machine and label different parts.
9. Write short notes on multi spindle drilling machine.
10. Derive machining time for drilling.

Answers of MCQ questions:

(i) d (ii) b (iii) b (iv) d (v) b (vi) c (vii) d (viii) c (ix) a (x) d (xi) c (xii) b (xiii) a (xiv) d (xv) d (xvi)
d (xvii) c (xviii) a (xix) a (xx) d (xxi) d (xxii) b (xxiii) d (xxiv) d (xxv) d

References:
1. A text book of Workshop Technology-Vol II (M/C Tool)- B. S. Raghuwanshi
2. https://www.slideshare.net/MAYMODI/3-drilling-machine
3. http://www.difference.minaprem.com/machining/difference-between-drilling-boring-and-
reaming/#:~:text=Drilling%20is%20a%20process%20of,tolerance%20of%20the%20existing%20hol
e.
4. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/112105127/pdf/LM-25.pdf
5. Google images

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