This document defines key biology terms across 18 chapters:
1. It defines basic cell structures and processes like tissues, organs, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2. Key metabolism terms are defined like photosynthesis, enzymes, mechanical and chemical digestion.
3. Transport in plants and animals is covered along with diseases, immunity, respiration, excretion, coordination, and response.
4. Reproduction, inheritance, variation, and selection are also defined. Characteristics of cells, organisms, genetics, and evolution are concisely explained.
This document defines key biology terms across 18 chapters:
1. It defines basic cell structures and processes like tissues, organs, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2. Key metabolism terms are defined like photosynthesis, enzymes, mechanical and chemical digestion.
3. Transport in plants and animals is covered along with diseases, immunity, respiration, excretion, coordination, and response.
4. Reproduction, inheritance, variation, and selection are also defined. Characteristics of cells, organisms, genetics, and evolution are concisely explained.
This document defines key biology terms across 18 chapters:
1. It defines basic cell structures and processes like tissues, organs, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2. Key metabolism terms are defined like photosynthesis, enzymes, mechanical and chemical digestion.
3. Transport in plants and animals is covered along with diseases, immunity, respiration, excretion, coordination, and response.
4. Reproduction, inheritance, variation, and selection are also defined. Characteristics of cells, organisms, genetics, and evolution are concisely explained.
This document defines key biology terms across 18 chapters:
1. It defines basic cell structures and processes like tissues, organs, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2. Key metabolism terms are defined like photosynthesis, enzymes, mechanical and chemical digestion.
3. Transport in plants and animals is covered along with diseases, immunity, respiration, excretion, coordination, and response.
4. Reproduction, inheritance, variation, and selection are also defined. Characteristics of cells, organisms, genetics, and evolution are concisely explained.
1 Chapter (1) Characteristics and classification Downloaded by Success Groups
MRS. GREN Movement – the change of the position of an organism or a part it. Respiration – a series of chemical reactions occurring in the cells to release energy by breaking down glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen. Sensitivity – the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make respond to them. Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass by increasing the cell number or size or both. Reproduction – the process that makes more of the same kind of organism Excretion – removal of waste products of metabolism. Nutrition – taking in, absorption and assimilation of nutrients.
Classification – It is dividing living organisms into groups according to the
morphological and anatomical features that they share. Morphological features – The external appearance of living organisms as the shape and structure of their bodies from outside. Anatomical features – The internal structure of their bodies as skeleton or organs. Taxonomy - It is the science of classification of living organisms. Species – a group of similar organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile similar offspring. Binomial system of naming – an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts - genus and species
Tissue – a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a
shared function Organ – a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions Organ system – a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
Chapter (3) Movement in and out of the cell
Diffusion - the net movement of particles from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement Osmosis - the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane Active transport - the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration.
Chapter (5) Enzymes
Catalyst - a substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction Enzymes - proteins that function as biological catalysts.
Photosynthesis - the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from
raw materials using energy from light Limiting factor - something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes
Chapter (7) Animal nutrition
Ingestion - the taking of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth Mechanical digestion - the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules Chemical digestion - the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules Absorption - the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood Assimilation - the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, and becoming part of the cells Egestion - the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as feces, through the anus Diarrhoea - the loss of watery feces
Transpiration - loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at
the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata Translocation - in terms of the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from regions of production (source) to regions of storage or to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)
Chapter (10) Diseases and immunity
Pathogen - a disease-causing organism
Transmissible disease - a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another Active immunity - defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
Chapter (11) Respiration and gas exchange
Aerobic respiration - the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy Anaerobic respiration - the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen
Chapter (12) Excretion
Deamination - the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to
5 Chapter (13) Coordination & response Synapse - a junction between two neurons Sense organs - groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli such as light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals Hormone - a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs Homeostasis - the maintenance of a constant internal environment Gravitropism - a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity Phototropism - a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming Drug - any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
Chapter (16) Reproduction
Asexual reproduction - a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent Sexual reproduction - a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other Fertilisation - the fusion of gamete nuclei Pollination - the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma Self-pollination - the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or different flower on the same plant Cross-pollination - transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species Sexually transmitted infection - an infection that is transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact _____________________________________________________________________________________ Downloaded by Success Groups
DR. IHSAN SOAYED DEFINITIONS OL - IGCSE
6 Chapter (18) Inheritance
Inheritance - the transmission of genetic information from generation to
generation Chromosome - a thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes Gene - a length of DNA that codes for a protein Allele - a version of a gene Haploid nucleus - a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired Chromosomes, e.g. in gametes Diploid nucleus - a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes, e.g. in body cells Mitosis - nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells (details of stages are not required) Meiosis - reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells (details of stages are not required) Genotype - the genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the alleles present Phenotype - the observable features of an organism Homozygous - having two identical alleles of a particular gene Heterozygous – having different alleles Dominant allele - an allele that is expressed if it is present Recessive allele - an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present Sex-linked characteristic - a characteristic in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome and that this makes it more common in one sex than in the other
_____________________________________________________________________________________ Downloaded by Success Groups
DR. IHSAN SOAYED DEFINITIONS OL - IGCSE
7 Chapter (19) Variation & selection Variation - differences between individuals of the same species Gene mutation - a change in the base sequence of DNA Adaptive feature - the inherited functional features of an organism that increase its fitness Fitness - the probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in the environment in which it is found Adaptation - the process, resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations
Chapter (20) Organisms and their environment
Food chain - is showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer Food web - a network of interconnected food chains Producer - an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis Consumer - an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms Herbivore - an animal that gets its energy by eating plants Carnivore - an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals Decomposer - an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material Trophic level - the position of an organism in a food chain, food web, pyramid of numbers or pyramid of biomass Population - a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area, at the same time Community -: all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem Ecosystem - a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together, e.g. a decomposing log, or a lake
_____________________________________________________________________________________ Downloaded by Success Groups
DR. IHSAN SOAYED DEFINITIONS OL - IGCSE
8 Chapter (21) Biotechnology
Genetic engineering - changing the genetic material of an organism by
removing, changing or inserting individual genes
Chapter (22) Humans and the environment
Sustainable resource - one which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the
environment so that it does not run out Sustainable development - development providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment
_____________________________________________________________________________________ Downloaded by Success Groups
(Frontiers of cognitive psychology) Guillermo Campitelli (editor)_ David Z. Hambrick (editor)_ Brooke N. Macnamara (editor)_ Robert Plomin - The science of expertise _ behavioral, neural, and genetic
(Frontiers of cognitive psychology) Guillermo Campitelli (editor)_ David Z. Hambrick (editor)_ Brooke N. Macnamara (editor)_ Robert Plomin - The science of expertise _ behavioral, neural, and genetic
