Assignment in Physics 1.

Physics (from Ancient Greek: physis "nature") is a natural science that involves the study ofmatter and its motion through spacetime, as well as all related concepts, including energy andforce. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how theuniverse behaves. The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy.

2. Physical Quantity A physical quantity is a quantity in physics that can be measured.Or a physical quantity is a physical property that can be quantified. Examples of physical quantities are mass, volume, length, time, temperature,electric current. Classification of the Physical Quantities This brief article describes the two types of physical quantities: scalars and vectors. The scalar quantities can be described completely by their magnitude, while for describing the vectors the magnitude as well as direction is required. Read on for more details. In the scientific and engineering studies a number of physical quantities have to be measured and there is close interrelationship between them. Many times a number of operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. to be done to show relationship between these quantities. For some physical quantities simple rules of algebra can be applied to carry out these operations, but for others the simple rules cannot be applied. Accordingly, the physical quantities are classified into two groups: the scalars and vectors. Definition of the Scalar Quantities The physical quantities that can be described completely by their magnitude are called as the scalar quantities or simply scalar. There is nothing else that needs to be considered when describing the scalar quantity. Definition of the Vector Quantities There are some physical quantities that cannot be described completely by their magnitude. For instance let us say, the body is displaced 5m. When we say this, we dont really know in which direction this body has been displaced for it could move in any angle and direction. To describe

the displacement of this body we should specify the magnitude of its displacement as the well the direction in which it has been displaced. Such a physical quantity is called as the vector quantity or the vector. Theory PHYSICAL-QUANTITIES In this theory, we attempt to define the basic concepts associated with physical quantities. A quantity is a hypothetically measurable amount of something. We refer to those things whose amounts are described by physical-quantities as physical-dimensions (following the terminology used in most introductory Physics texts). Time, length, mass, and energy are examples of physical-dimensions. Comparability is inherently tied to the concept of quantities. Quantities are described in terms of reference quantities called units-of-measure. A meter is an example of an unit-of-measure for quantities of the length physical-dimension. The physical-quantities theory defines the basic vocabulary for describing physical quantities in a general form, making explicit the relationships between magnitudes of various orders, units of measure and physical dimensions. It defines the general class physical-quantity and a set of algebraic operators that are total over all physical quantities. Specializations of the physicalquantity class and the operators are defined in other theories (which use this theory). The theory also describes specific language for physical units such as meters, inches, and pounds, and physical dimensions such as length, time, and mass. The theory provides representational vocabulary to compose units and dimensions from basis sets and to describe the basic relationships between units and physical dimensions. This theory helps support the consistent use of units in expressions relating physical quantities, and it also supports conversion of units needed in calculations. Laws of Motion Almost everyone has been pushed or shoved while standing at rest, so we have an intuitive grasp of the physical concept of force (F). If you push on a boulder you exert a force on the boulder and may cause it to move from its state of rest. Over 300 years ago Isaac Newton wrestled with the concepts of force and acceleration to formulate his three laws of motion. These important laws give us a physical definition of force. Newtons first law states that a body in a state of uniform motion (or at rest) will remain in that state of uniform motion (or rest) unless acted upon by an outside force. The first law is a qualitative definition of force. It does not tell us what a force is but it does tell us when a force is notacting. The acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the force. When a force acts there is a change in the motion of an object. The force which caused the change is proportional to both the mass being accelerated and the resultant acceleration. We can represent this information symbolically as: force = mass ? acceleration (3.4) Newtons second law, then, is a quantitative definition of force. The law tells us that force is the product of mass and acceleration. The unit of force is a newton (N), which is defined as the force which causes a mass of 1.0 kg to accelerate at a rate of 1.0 m/s

As an example of the second law, suppose that you wish to accelerate two different objectsRa bicycle and an automobileRat the same rate. You must exert a much larger force on the automobile because of its much larger mass. When the small mass of the bicycle is multiplied by theacceleration we see that a small force is required. On the other hand, multiplying the large mass of the utomobile by the acceleration results in a much larger force.Newtons third law is probably the best known and yet least understood of the three laws. For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force). The law tells us that forces do not occur singly in nature but in pairs. When two objects interact and object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.

Convertion Factor Multiply by

To change

To

acres

hectares

.4047

acres

square feet

43,560

acres

square miles

.001562

atmospheres

cms. of mercury

76

Btu/hour

horsepower

.0003930

Btu

kilowatt-hour

.0002931

Btu/hour

watts

.2931

bushels

cubic inches

2150.4

bushels (U.S.)

hectoliters

.3524

centimeters

inches

.3937

centimeters

feet

.03281

cubic feet

cubic meters

.0283

cubic meters

cubic feet

35.3145

cubic meters

cubic yards

1.3079

cubic yards

cubic meters

.7646

degrees

radians

.01745

dynes

grams

.00102

fathoms

feet

6.0

feet

meters

.3048

feet

miles (nautical)

.0001645

feet

miles (statute)

.0001894

feet/second

miles/hour

.6818

furlongs

feet

660.0

furlongs

miles

.125

gallons (U.S.)

liters

3.7853

grains

grams

.0648

grams

grains

15.4324

grams

ounces (avdp)

.0353

grams

pounds

.002205

hectares

acres

2.4710

hectoliters

bushels (U.S.)

2.8378

horsepower

watts

745.7

horsepower

Btu/hour

2,547

hours

days

.04167

inches

millimeters

25.4000

inches

centimeters

2.5400

kilograms

pounds (avdp or troy)

2.2046

kilometers

miles

.6214

kilowatt-hour

Btu

3412

knots

nautical miles/hour

1.0

knots

statute miles/hour

1.151

liters

gallons (U.S.)

.2642

liters

pecks

.1135

liters

pints (dry)

1.8162

liters

pints (liquid)

2.1134

liters

quarts (dry)

.9081

liters

quarts (liquid)

1.0567

meters

feet

3.2808

meters

miles

.0006214

meters

yards

1.0936

metric tons

tons (long)

.9842

metric tons

tons (short)

1.1023

miles

kilometers

1.6093

miles

feet

5280

miles (nautical)

miles (statute)

1.1516

miles (statute)

miles (nautical)

.8684

miles/hour

feet/minute

88

millimeters

inches

.0394

ounces (avdp)

grams

28.3495

ounces

pounds

.0625

ounces (troy)

ounces (avdp)

1.09714

pecks

liters

8.8096

pints (dry)

liters

.5506

pints (liquid)

liters

.4732

pounds (ap or troy)

kilograms

.3732

pounds (avdp)

kilograms

.4536

pounds

ounces

16

quarts (dry)

liters

1.1012

quarts (liquid)

liters

.9463

radians

degrees

57.30

rods

meters

5.029

rods

feet

16.5

square feet

square meters

.0929

square kilometers

square miles

.3861

square meters

square feet

10.7639

square meters

square yards

1.1960

square miles

square kilometers

2.5900

square yards

square meters

.8361

tons (long)

metric tons

1.016

tons (short)

metric tons

.9072

tons (long)

pounds

2240

tons (short)

pounds

2000

watts

Btu/hour

3.4121

watts

horsepower

.001341

yards

meters

.9144

yards

miles

.0005682