NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

Department of Mathematics, Winter Semester 2020-21

2021-22
MA1002D MATHEMATICS II

Tutorial sheet- 2

Vector Spaces and Subspaces

1. Prove /disprove that the following are examples of vector spaces under usual (natural) addition and
scalar multiplication.
(a) ℝ n over ℝ, (b) Q over ℝ
(c) P = {Polynomials in x with real coefficients}, Pn = {p (x)∈ P : deg p(x)≤ n}
(d) P = {Polynomials in x with real coefficients}, Pn = {p(x) ∈ P : deg p(x) = n} .

2. Let V be the set of all pairs (a,b) of real numbers and ℝ be the field of real numbers. With the
operation (a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d); c(a,b)=(cb,ca) prove or disprove that V(ℝ) is a vector space.

3. Let V be the set of all pairs (a,b) of real numbers and ℝ be the field of real numbers. Show that with
the operation (a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,0); c(a,b)=(ca,b), V(R) is not a vector space.

4. Let V be the set of all 2x2 real matrices and R be the field of real numbers. Show that V(R) is a
vector space.

5. Identify (geometrically) all subspaces of ℝ 3.

6. Let V be the vector space ℝ 3. Examine whether the following are subspaces or not.
(a) W1 = { (a, b, c) ∈V ; a  0 }
(b) W2= { (a, b, c) ∈V ; a, b, c  Q }
(c) W3 = {(a, b, c) ∈V; a  b  c}
(d) W4= {(a, b, c) ∈V ; b + 4c = 0}

7. If V is the vector space of real valued continuous functions , then show that the set W of all
d2y dy
2
solutions of the differential equation 3 dx - 5 dx + 7y = 0 is a subspace of V.

8. Let V be the vector space of all 2 x 2 matrices with real entries. Determine whether Wi (i=1,2,3) is a
subspace of V or not, where
(a) W1 consists of all matrices with non-zero determinant.
(b) W2 consists of all matrices A such that A2 = A.
(c) W3 consists of all diagonal matrices.

9. Let W1 and W2 are two nontrivial subspaces of a vector space V(ℝ). Prove or disprove
(a) Intersection of W1 and W2 is also a subspace of V
(b) Union of W1 and W2 is also a subspace of V.

10. Let V be the set of all continuous and differentiable real valued functions defined on ℝ.
Verify whether the following subsets of V are subspaces of V or not? Justify your answers.
(a) W1 is the set of functions f : ℝ −> ℝ such that f(2) = 0 and f(0) = 2.
(b) W2 is the set of functions f : ℝ −> ℝ such that f(1) = 0 and f’(2)=0
11. Let V be the vector space of set of all real polynomials over the field of real numbers ℝ. Let W be
the
subset of V of all real polynomials of degree 7. Is W, a subspace of V?

Linear Combination and Span of Vectors

12 Is the vector (2, -5, 3), a linear combination of vectors x1 = (1, -3, 2), x2 = (2, -4, -1) and x3 = (1, 5,
7) ?
13 Write the vector x = (1, -2, 5) as a linear combination of the vectors x1 = (1, 1, 1), x2 = (1, 2, 3) and
x3 = (2, -1, 1) in the vector space ℝ3.

3  1 
 
14
Write the vector x = 1  2 in the vector space of all 2 x 2 matrices with real entries, as a
linear combination of
1 1   1 1 1  1
0 1   1 0  
x = 
1
 , x =2
 and x = 0 0 
3

15 Show that the vectors x1 = (1, 2, 3), x2 = (0, 1, 2) and x3 = (0, 0, 1) generate ℝ 3.
16 In the vector space ℝ 3, let u = (1, 2, 3) , v = (3, 1, 5) , w = (3, -4, 7). Prove that the subspace S
spanned by u and v and the subspace T spanned by u, v and w are not same.
17 Is the vector (3, -1, 0, -1) an element in the subspace of ℝ 4 spanned by the vectors (2, -1, 3, 2) ,
(-1, 1, 1, -3) and (1, 1, 9, -5).
18 Prove that the polynomials 1, 2 – x, 3 + x2, 4 – x3 span the vector space P3 of Ex 1 (c)

Linear Independence of Vectors

19 Determine whether the following vectors are linearly independent or not.

(a) (1, 2, -3) , (1, -3, 2) , (2, 1, -5)
(b) (0, 2, -4) , (1, -2, -1) , (1, -4, 3)
(c) (0, 1, -2) , (1, -1, 1) , (1, 2, 1)
20 If x, y, z are linearly independent vectors in a vector space V then prove that x + y, y + z, z + x are
also linearly independent.
21 Under what condition on a, the vectors (1 + a , 1 – a) and (1 – a , 1 + a) in ℝ 2 are linearly
independent?
22 Find ‘a’ if the vectors (1, -1, 3) , (1 , 2 , -3) and (a, 0, 1) are linearly dependent.

Basis and Dimension

23 Examine whether the following set of vectors form a basis for ℝ 3.

(a) (1, 1, 2) , (1, 2, 5) , (5, 3, 4) (b) (0, -3, 2), (1, 2, 1), (1, 0, -1)
24 Show that the set S = {1, x, x2,…, xn} is a basis for the vector space Pn of Ex 1 (c).
25 Can you give any example of 3 linearly independent vectors in ℝ 2 ?
26 Let V be the vector space of all 2 x 2 matrices and let W be the set of matrices of the form
x  x 
y z 
  . Verify that W is a Subspace of V and hence find dim W.

Find a basis and dimension of the subspace W of ℝ 4 generated by (1, -4, -2, 1), (1, -3, -1, 2), (3, -8,
27
-2, 7). Also extend the basis of W to a basis of the whole space ℝ 4.
28 V1 and V2 are subspaces of ℝ 4 given by V1 = {(a, b, c, d); b – 2c + d = 0}, V2 = {(a, b, c, d); a = d, b
=2c}. Find a basis and dimension of V1, V2 and V1  V2.
29 Find a basis and dimension of the solution space W of the following system of equations.
a) x + 2y – 4z + 3s – t = 0 (b) x + 2y – 2z + 2r + s = 0 (c) x+y+z=0
x + 2y – 2z + 2s + t = 0 2x + 4y – 6z + 5r = 0 2x + y – 2z = 0
2x + 4y – 2z + 3s + 4t = 0 2x + 4y – 2z + 3r + 4s = 0 y–z=0
3x + 6y – 8z + 7r + s = 0