ME6603- FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

UNIT–I - INTRODUCTION

PART - A

1. What are the various methods of Engineering Analysis?

The various methods of engineering analysisare
1. Experimental methods
2. Analytical methods
3. Numerical methods or approximate methods.

2. Define the termFinite Element?

A small unit having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite element.

3. What is meant by Finite Element Method?

Finite element method is a numerical method for solving problems of Engineering and
Mathematical physics. In the finite element method, instead of solving the problem for the entire
body in one operation, we formulate the equations for each finite element and combine them to
obtain the solution of the whole body.

4. Classify elements, based on their dimensions. (Nov 2018)

(i) One dimensional elements: (a) Truss element (b) Bar Element (c) Beam element
(ii) Two dimensional elements: (a) Triangular element (b) Rectangular element
(iii) Three dimensional elements: (a) Tetrahedral element (b) Hexahedral element

5. Define the term Node. (Nov2015)

Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected with
theadjacent elements by nodal points or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are specified.
The forces will act only at nodes and not at any other place in the element.

6. What is meant by Discretization?

Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure
into a convenient number of smaller components is known as Discretization.

7. What are the types of boundary conditions?

There are two types of boundary conditions. They are:
(i) Primary boundary condition (or) Essential boundary condition
(ii) Secondary boundary condition (or) Natural boundary condition

8. What are the three phases ofFinite Element Method?

The three phases are(i) Preprocessing (ii) Analysis (iii) Post processing.
9. Differentiate between structural and non-structural problem.
In structural problem, displacement at each nodal point isobtained. By using these
displacement solutions, stress and strain in each element can be derived.
In non-structural problems, temperatures or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained.
By using these values, properties such as heat flow, fluid flow, etc., for each element can be
evaluated.

10. What are the methods generally associated with the Finite Element Analysis?
The two methods generally associated with the finite element analysis are
(i) Force method (ii) Displacement or stiffness method.

11. Explain force method and stiffness method?

In force method, internal forces are considered as the unknowns of the problem.
In displacement or stiffness method, displacements of the nodes are considered as
theunknowns of the problem.
Among them two approaches, displacement method isdesirable.

12. Why polynomial function is mostly preferred as interpolation functions in FEM?

(April 2017) (Nov 2018)
The polynomial type of interpolation functions is mostly preferred due to the following
reasons:
(i) It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
(ii) It is easy to perform differentiation or integration.
(iii) The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of
thePolynomial.

13. What are the types of Variationalmethods?

(i) Rayleigh - Ritz method (ii) Weighted Residual method

14. Name the types of Weighted Residual Methods.

(Nov/Dec-2014)(May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2017)
(i) Point Collocation method.
(ii) Sub-domain Collocation method.
(iii) Least Squares method.
(iv)Galerkin's method.

15. What is meant by Post processing? (May/April 2001)

Analysis and evaluation of the solution results is referred to as post processing.
Post processor computer programs help the user to interpret the results by displaying
them in graphical form.
16. What is Rayleigh-Ritz method? (Nov/Dec 2015)
Rayleigh-Ritz method is an integral approach method which is useful for solving
complex structural problems, encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible
only if a suitable functional is available. The total potential energy theorem is applied in this
method to derive the functional.

17. What is meant by Discretization and assemblage? (Nov/Dec 2015)

The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller components is
known as Discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting
the various elements together is called assemblage.

18. What is meant by Degrees offreedom?

When the force or reactions act at nodal point, node is subjected to deformation.
Thedeformation includes displacement, rotations, and/or strains. These are collectivelyknown as
degrees of freedom.

19. What is "Aspect ratio"?

Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension ofthe element to the smallest
dimension. In many cases, as the aspect ratio increases, the inaccuracy of the solution increases.
The conclusion of many researches is that the aspect ratio should be close to unity as possible.

20. What is truss element?

The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joints,
whichtransmit only axial force to the element,

21. List the two advantages ofPost-processing.

(i) Required result can be obtained in graphical form.
(ii) Contour diagrams can be used to understand the solution easily and quickly.

22. If a displacement field in x direction is given by u = 2x2+4y2+ 6xy. Determine the strain
in x direction.

23. What are 'h' and 'p' refinement processes inFinite Element Method? (Nov 2018)
'h' refinementand 'p' refinementprocesses are used to improve the accuracy of the solution
in finite element method.
In 'h' refinement, the order of polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant
and the numbers of elements are increased.
 In 'p' refinement, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order
ofpolynomial approximation of element is increased.
24. During Discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?
Generally nodes are placed at (i) ends of the element; (ii) point at which loads are
applied; (iii) Changes in material properties, (iv) Changes in element cross-sections, (v) Support
locations.

25. What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis.

Static analysis: The field variable of the physical problem does not vary with time is
known as static analysis.Example: Stress analysis on a Beam.
Dynamic analysis: The field variable of the physicalproblem varies with time is known as
dynamic analysis.Example: Vibration analysis of Bar or Beam.

26. Name any four FEA software.

(i) NASA Structural Analysis (NASTRAN) (ii) Non-linear Incremental Structural Analysis (NISA)
(iii) Structural Analysis Program (SAP) (iv) Engineering Analysis System (ANSYS)
(v) COSMOS (vi) ABAQUS (vii) Structural Design Language (STRUDEL)

27. Differentiate between Global and Local coordinate axes.

Local axes are established in an element. Since it is in the element level, they change with
the change in orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to element.
Global axes are defined for the entire system. They are same in direction for all the
elements even though the elements are differently oriented.

28. Distinguish between Potential energyfunction and Potential energy functional.

If a system has finite number of degrees of freedom (ql, q2and q3) then the potential
energy is expressed as, . It is known as function.
If a system has infinite degrees of freedom, then the potential energy is expressed as,

It is known as functional.A functional is function of a function.

29. What is constitutive law? (April 2017)

For a finite element, the stress-strain relations are expressed as follows:

This equation is known as constitutive law.

30. Compare Ritz method with nodal approximation method.
(Nov 2014), (Nov 2012) (April 2018)
Similarity:
(i) Both methods use approximating functions as trial solution
(ii) Both methods take linear combinations of trial functions.
(iii) In both methods completeness condition of the function should be satisfied
(iv) In both methods solution is sought by making a functional stationary.
Difference:
(i) Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial functions over entire structure, while finite
element method uses trial functions only over an element.
(ii) The assumed functions in Rayleigh-Ritz method have to satisfy boundary conditions
over entire structure while in finite element analysis, they have to satisfy continuity conditions at
nodes and sometimes along the boundaries of the element. However completeness condition
should be satisfied in both methods.

31. What are the various considerations to be taken in Discretization process?

(i) Types of Elements (ii) Size of Elements (iii) Location of Nodes (iv) Number of Elements.

32. Define total potential energy.

The total potential energy (π) of an elastic body is defined as the sum of total strain
energy (U) and the potential energy of the external forces (W).
Total potential energy (π) = Strain energy (U) + Potential energy (W)

33. State the principle of minimum potential energy. (Or)What is the stationary property of
total potential energy? (May/June2016) (Dec 2007)
The principle of minimum potential energy states that “among all the displacement
equations thatinternal compatibility and the boundary condition those that also satisfy the
equation of equilibrium to make the potential energy a minimum is a stable system.”
Total potential energy(П) = Internal energy(U) + potential energy of the external force(W)
δП=0
34.What are the basic approaches to improve a finite element model? (Or)What are the
various methods to solve the engineering problems?
a) Experimental methods
b) Analytical methods
c) Numerical methods or approximate methods
i) Functional approximation
o Rayleigh Ritz method (Variational method) and
o Galerkin‟s method (Weighted residual methods)
ii) Finite difference method (FDM)
iii) Finite element method (FEM)

35. State the principles of virtual work. (Dec 2006)

A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for
every kinematically admissible displacement field.
36. What are the methods generally associated with finite element Analysis?(May2016)
Numerical methods for approximating are
Variational Formulation for Galerkinmethod and Weak formulation

37. Differentiate Primary and Secondary variable with suitable example. (April/May 2018)
The field variable which is to be found in an Engineering problem, for example
displacement in a structural problem, is called Primary variable.
The derivatives of the field variable, for example strain and stresses in structural problem,
are called as Secondary variable

38. What is the discretization error? How it can be reduced? (April /May 2015)
Splitting of continuum in to smallest elements is known as discretization. In some context
like structure having boundary layer the exact connectivity can’t be achieved. It means that it
may not resemble the original structure. Now there is an error developed in calculation. Such
type of error is discretization error.
To Reduce Error:
(i) Discretization error can be minimized by reducing the size of the finite element (or)
discretization element.
(ii) By introducing finite element having curved shape.

39. What is the importance of boundary conditions in FEM? (Or) Why boundary
conditions are imposed to solve a field problem?
It removes the singularity of a matrix, so that the structure remains in place instead of moving as
a rigidbody.

40. Distinguish between essential boundary conditions and natural boundary conditions.
Essential Boundary Conditions Natural Boundary Conditions. (Apr/May 2019)
Essential boundary condition Natural boundary condition
Satisfies the approximation function Not satisfies the approximation function
Ex: Ritz equation, waveform
equation;Variationalequation
The boundary condition which in terms of The boundary conditions which are in
thefield variables is known as primary thedifferential form of field variables is
boundarycondition known asSecondary boundary condition
For a simply supported beam of span length ‘L’, the essential boundary conditions are u(0) = 0;
u(L) = 0and the secondary boundary conditions is (du/dx)x=l = 0

41. What are the limitations of using a finite difference method?

o Only used to solve heat transfer, fluid mechanics, structural problems.
o Only suitable for 2D regions with boundaries parallel to coordinate axis.
o Difficult to use when regions have curved or irregular boundaries.

42. State the difference between the FEM (Finite element Method) and FDM (Finite
Difference Method)

Finite Difference Method Finite element Method

 FDM makes point-wise approximation to FEM make piecewise approximation i.e. it
thegoverning equations i.e. it ensures ensures the continuity at node points as well
continuityonly at the node points. asalong the sides of the element.
Continuity along thesides of grid lines is
not ensured.
FDM do not give the values at any point FEM can give the values at any point.
exceptat node points. It do not give any Howeverthe values obtained at points other
approximating function to evaluate the than nodesare by using suitable interpolation
basicvalues (deflections, in case of solid formulae.
mechanics)using the nodal values
FDM makes stair type approximation to FEM can consider the sloping boundaries
sloping and curved boundaries. exactly. If curved elements are used, even
thecurved boundaries can be handled
exactly.
FDM needs larger number of nodes to get While FEM needs fewer nodes.
goodresults.
With FDM fairly complicated problems Whereas FEM can handle all complicated
can behandled problems

43. List any four advantages of FEM (Finite Element Method).

o FEM can handle irregular geometry in convenient manner.
o Most accurate approximation is achieved.
o It handles general loading conditions without any difficulties.
o Non-homogeneous materials can be easily handled.
o All the types of boundary conditions are handled.
o Dynamic effects are included.
o Higher order elements are implemented.

44. Give the applications of FEM (Finite Element Method)?

The applications of FEM are:
o deformation and stress analysis of structural members,
o field analysis of heat flux, fluid flow, magnetic flux,
o dynamic analysis of the vibrational problems etc.

45. What is meant by weak formulation? (Nov 2018)

A weak form is a weighted integral statement of a governing equation that includes
natural boundary conditions. Weak formulation is General weighted residual statement (or
variational statement) and is given by 𝑤𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0.
The weak form is formulated using the variational method and the integration is carried
out by parts.

46. What do you understand by the term “piecewise continuous function”?

In a weighted residual method, the polynomial and trigonometric series are used as trial
function. Thistrial function is a single composite function and it is valid over the entire solution
domain. The assumed trial function solution should match closely to the exact solution of the
differential equation and the boundary conditions. It is nothing but a process of curve fitting. The
curve fitting is carried out by piecewise method.
47. What should be considered during piecewise trial functions?
The following condition should be considered during the selection of piecewise trial
function:
o It should satisfy the geometric boundary conditions.
o It must be continuous in the field variable and its derivatives.

48. What is Galerkin’s method of approximation? (Or) What is a weighted residual

method? (Or)Write about Galerkin’s residual method. (Or) State the principle followed in
Galerkin method used to solve a problem in structural mechanics.
In this method the differential equation of the phenomenon can be formulated and the
approximate function is chosen to determine the solution, using the following equation
❑

∫ wi R x dx  = 𝟎
D
wherewi is the weighting function in terms of ‘x’; D is the domain; and R(x) is the residual.
It is applicable to the non-structural problems.

49. What is meant by nodes in finite element?

Nodes or joints are the points where the finite elements are connected and degree of freedom are
specified. Generally nodes are placed at (i) ends of the element; (ii) point at which loads are
applied; (iii) change of material and cross-sections.

50. List the types of nodes. (Or) What is meant by Primary and Secondary node?
There are two types of nodes viz. external nodes and internal nodes.

External nodes :External nodes are those which occur on the edges/surfaces of the elements and
they may be common to two or more elements.
In Figure below, nodes, 1 and 2 in one dimensional element, nodes 1 to 9 in 10 noded triangular
element and nodes 1 to 8 in 9 nodedLagrangean rectangular element are external nodes.
These nodes may be further classified as (i) Primary nodes and (ii) Secondary nodes.
Primary nodes: Primary nodes occur at the ends of one dimensional element or at the corners in
the two or three dimensional elements.
Secondary nodes: Secondary nodes occur along the side of an element but not at corners.

Internal nodes: Internal nodes are the one which occur inside an element. They are specific to
the element selected i.e. there will not be any other element connecting to this node.
 10 noded triangular element 9 noded rectangular element

51. What are the various types of elements in FEM?

o One Dimensional Elements Ex: bar, beam, truss, frame elements
o Two Dimensional Elements Ex: Triangular (CST, LST)and rectangular elements
o Three Dimensional Elements Ex: Tetrahedral and hexagonal (brick) elements
o Axisymmetric Elements Ex: One dimensional axisymmetric element is a
Conicalfrustum and a two dimensional
axisymmetric element is a ring with a triangular or
quadrilateral cross section
52. Define element connectivity
Element connectivity is the connectivity of nodes in a structure while assembling the element
matricesand force vectors. It establishes the local and global correspondence.

53. What is the effect of node numbering on assembled stiffness matrix?

The bandwidth of the global characteristic matrix (or global stiffness matrix) depends on the
node numbering scheme and the number of degrees of freedom considered per node. The
memory storage requirements as well as solution time should be minimum for any give type of
problem; this is possible only when the bandwidth is minimum. Since the number of degrees of
freedom per node is generally fixed for any given type of problem, the bandwidth can be
minimized by using a proper node numbering scheme.

54. What are interpolation functions? (Or) Define Shape function.

The function used to represent the behaviour of the displacement (or field variable) within an
element in terms of the nodal displacement (or field variables) of the element is called
Interpolation or Shape function.
For one dimensional two noded bar element, the approximating functions is given by, where Ni
is the shape functions (or) interpolation (or) approximating functions, ui is nodal displacements.

55. Write down the relationship of strain-displacement.

For the linear strain displacement relationship is given by,
{ε} = [B]{u}
where {ε} - strain matrix
{u} - displacement matrix
[B] – Strain- displacement relationship matrix.

56. If a displacement field in x-direction is given by u = 2x2 + 4 y2 + 6xy. Determine the

strain in x direction.
Strain in x-direction, 𝑒 = 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑥 = (2𝑥2+ 4𝑦2+ 6 )/𝜕𝑥 = = 4𝑥 + 6𝑦
57. List the methods of finite element analysis. (Or) What are the methods generally
associated with the finite element analysis?
o Force Method
o Displacement or stiffness method

58. What is meant by Post Processing?

Analysis and evaluation of the solution results is referred as post processing. Post
processor computerprograms help the user to interpret the result by displaying them in the
graphical form.

59. What are the types of non-linearity?

The types of non-linearity are:
o Geometric non-linearity
o Loading and Boundary condition non-linearity
o Material non-linearity
o Both material and geometric non-linearity.

60. List the various methods of solving boundary value problems.

o Direct Method
o Finite Difference Method
o Decomposition Method
o Raleigh-Ritz Method
o Galerkin’s Method

61. The general Weighted Residual Technique is expressed as ʃR(x)wi(x)dx=0, i=1,2,…..n.

Identify the weighting function associated with each of the WRMs. (Apr/May 2019)
The weighting function for each weighted Residual method is given by
1.Point Collocation method: wi = δ(x-xi)
2.Subdomain collocation method: 1 for x in D1
0 for x not in Dn
Where D is a domain.
3. Galerkin’s Method: In this method itself is considered as weighting function
Wi = Ni(x)
Where Ni(x) is the trial function.
4. Least Squares Method: In this method , the integral of the weighted square of the residual
over the domain is required to be a minimum.

PART - B

1. Briefly describe the general steps ofthe Finite Element Method. (May 2014)(Nov 2018)
2. Briefly explain about the types errors occur in FEA.
3. Explain the Discretization process.
4. Explain the following: (i) Variational approach(ii) Weighted residual methods.
5. List the advantages, disadvantages and applications ofFEM.
6. Write briefly about Weighted Residual Methods. (Nov/Dec 2015)
7. Explain in detail about Boundary value, Initial Value and Eigen value problems. (Nov 2011)
8. Use the Rayleigh-Ritz method to find the displacement at the midpoint of the rod shown in
Fig.

9. A cantilever beam is shown in Fig. It is subjected to an uniformly distributed load w,

Concentrated load Wand moment Moat the free end as shown.Solve the problem by using
Rayleigh-Ritz method.

10. A bar fixed at one end and free at the other end is loaded as shown in Fig. Calculate the
displacement and stresses using Rayleigh-Ritz procedure.

Compare the solution with exact results using one, two and three terms in the polynomials.

11. Solve the following differential equation using a two parameter trial solution by:
(a) Point collocation method. (May/June 2014)
(b) Galerkin's method.

Compare the two solutions with the exact solution.

12. Determine a two parameter solution of the following using the Galerkin's method and
compare it with the exact solution.
13. A uniform rod subjected to a uniform axial load is as illustrated. The deformation of the bar
is governed by the differential equation given below. Determine the displacement using weighted
residual methods.AE (d2u/dx2) + qo = 0 with boundary conditions u(0) = 0, (du/dx)x = L = 0. (2011)

14. Solve the differential equation for a physical problem expressed as (d2y/dx2) + 100 = 0 for 0 ≤
x ≤ 10 with the boundary condition as y(0) = 0 and y(10) = 0 using a) Point CollocationMethod
b) Sub Domain Collocation method c) Least square method and d) Galerkin’s Method.(2013)
15.Derive the characteristic equation for the one dimensional bar element by using piece vise
defined interpolations and weak form of the weighted residual method. (2012)

16. (i) Derive the element level equation for one dimensional bar element based on the stationary
potential of a functional.
(ii) List out the general procedure for FEA problems. (2012)

17. Using Collocation method, find the maximum displacement of the tapered rod as in Fig. E =
2x107 N/cm2,  = 0.075 N/cm3. (Nov/Dec 2014)

18. The following differential equations is available for a physical phenomenon:

d2 y
-10x2 = 5; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
dx 2
The boundary conditions are y(0) = 0 ; y(1) = 0
Find an approximate solution of the above differential equation by using Galerkin’s method of
weighted residuals and also compare with exact solutions. (May/June 2016)

19.A beam AB of span ‘l’ simply supported at ends and carrying a concentrated load W at the
centre C as shown in fig. Determine the deflection at midspan by using Rayleigh-Ritz method
and compare with exact solution. (May/June 2016)
20. Solve the following differential equations using Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals.
(𝒅𝟐y/𝒅𝒙𝟐)+y=4x; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. The boundary conditions are: y(0) = 0 ; y(1) = 0. (May/June 2016)

21. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon.

(𝒅𝟐𝒖/𝒅𝒙𝟐)+𝒂𝒙=𝟎, The boundary conditions are u(0) = 0, 𝑨𝑬(𝒅𝒖/𝒅𝒙)𝒙=𝑳 = 0.
By using Galerkin’s technique, find the solution of the above differential equation.

22. Find the deflection at the centre of a simply supported beam of span length “l” subjected to
uniformly distributed load throughout its length as shown in figure using (a) point collocation
method, (b) sub-domain method, (c) Least squares method, and (d) Galerkin’s method.
(Nov 2014)(April 2017)

23.What is constitutive relationship? Express the constitutive relations for a liner elastic isotropic
material including initial stress and strain. (Nov/Dec 2009)

24. Consider the differential equation (𝒅𝟐y/𝒅𝒙𝟐)+400𝒙2=𝟎for𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏subject to boundary conditions

Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0. The functions corresponding to this problem, to be eternized is given by

. Find the solution of the problem using Ray Light Ritz method by
considering a two term solution as𝒀 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏𝒙 (𝟏−𝒙) +(𝟏−𝒙).

25. A concentrated load P=50kN is applied at the centre of a fixed beam of length 3m, depth
200mm and width 120mm. Calculate the deflection and slope at the midpoint. Assume E= 2×10 5
N/mm2. (May/June 2016)
26. A simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span as
shown in Fig. Determine the bending moment and deflection at midspan by using Rayleigh Ritz
method. (Nov/Dec 2015)

27. The differential equation for a phenomenon is given by (𝒅𝟐y/𝒅𝒙𝟐)+500𝒙2=𝟎for𝟎≤𝒙≤5.The

boundary conditions are y(0) = y(5) = 0. Find the approximate solution using any classical
technique. Start with minimal possible approximate solution.

28. An alloy bar 1 m long and 200 mm 2 in cross section is fixed at one end is subjected to a
compressive load of 20 kN. If the modulus of elasticity for the alloy is 100 GPa, find the
decrease in the length of the bar. Also determine the stress developed and the decrease in length
at 0.25 m, 0.5 m and 0.75 m. Solve by Ritz method and Collocation method.

29. Consider a 1 mm diameter, 50 m long aluminum pin-fin as shown in figure used to enhance
the heat transfer from a surface wall maintained at 300oC. Calculate the temperature distribution
in a pin-fin by using Rayleigh – Ritz method. Take, 𝒌=𝟐𝟎𝟎 W/𝒎/o𝐂 for aluminum h =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘/𝒎𝟐/o, T∞= 𝟑𝟎o𝐂.

30. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon.

(𝒅𝟐y/𝒅𝒙𝟐)+50=𝟎for𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏0. The boundary conditions are: y(0)=0; y(10)=0. The trial function
is y=a1x(10-x). Find the value of the parameter using (a) Least Square Method (b) Galerkin’s
method. (April/May 2017)

31. A tapered bar made of steel is suspended vertically with the larger end rigidly clamped and
the smaller end acted on by a pull of 10 5 N. The areas at the larger and smaller ends are 80 cm 2
and 20 cm2 respectively. The length of the bar is 3 m. The bar weighs 0.075 N/cc. Young's
modulus of the bar material is E = 2 x 10 7 N/cm2. Obtain an approximate expression for the
deformation of the rod using Ritz technique. Determine the maximum displacement at the tip of
the bar. (April
2018)
32. The Governing Equation for one dimensional heat transfer through a fin of length l attached
to a hot source as shown in Figure is given by

If the free end of the fin is insulated, give the boundary conditions and determine using the
Collocation technique the temperature distribution in the fin. Report the temperature at the free
end. (April 2018)

33. Determine the expression for deflection and bending moment in a simply supported beam
subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span. Find the deflection and moment at mid
span and compare with exact solution Use Rayleigh-Ritz method. Take

34. Solve the following simultaneous equations using Gaussian elimination method.(Nov 2018)
2a + b + 2c – 3d = -2
2a -2b +c – 4d = -15
1a + 2c – 3d = -5
4a + 4b -4c +d = 4

35. For the differential equation – d/dx [(1+x)y/𝒅𝒙]= 𝟎for𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏 with the boundary conditions
y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 1, obtain an approximate solution using Rayleigh-Ritz method.
(Nov 2018)
36. A 50 mm long Aluminium pin fin of diameter 1 mm is attached to a wall that is maintained at
300ºC. It is subjected to both conduction and convection heat transfer. The thermal conductivity
k of Aluminium is 200 W/mºC. The free end of the finis insulated. Determine using any
Weighted Residual technique or the Ritz technique the temperature distribution along the fin and
hence the temperature at the tip. The governing differential equation for the fin is given by
(Apr/May2019)

36. Determine the variation of displacement along a

bar varying cross section of length 90 cm. The bar
is attached to a wall and suspended vertically. It
carries a load of 20 KN at the tip. E = 210 GPa, γ =
0.0785 N/cm3. The bar is of rectangular cross
section of side 5 cm x 3 cm at he fixed end and 3 cm x 3 cm at the free end. The displacement at
tip of the bar due to the point load and its own self weight is to be determined.
(i) How will you mathematically model this problem?
(ii) What is the difference between the use of weighted residual technique, Ritz technique
and the finite element technique for solving the above problem?
(iii) Take at least 2 elements of equal length and solve for the displacement. What is the
displacement at the tip of the bar. (Apr/May 2019)

UNIT II – ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

PART - A

1. What are the types of loads acting on the structure?

The three types of loads acting on the structure are
(i) Body force (f)(ii) Traction force (T)(iii) Point load (P).

2. Define body force (f).

Body force is a distributed force acting on every elemental volume ofthe body;
Unit: Force per unit volume.
Example: Self-weight due to gravity.

3. Define Traction force (T).

Traction force is defined as distributed force acting on the surface ofthe body.
Unit: Force per unit area.
Examples: Frictional resistance, viscous drag, surface shear etc.

4. What is Point Load (P)?

Point load is force acting at a particular pointwhich causes displacement.

5. What are the basic steps involved in the Finite element modeling.
Finite element modeling consists ofthe following:
(i) Discretization of structure.
(ii) Numbering of nodes.

6. What are the types of co-ordinates used in FEM?

The three types of co-ordinates used in FEM are
(i) Global co-ordinates(ii) Local co-ordinates (iii) Natural co-ordinates.

8. What is Global co-ordinatesystem? (June 2005), (Nov 2013)

All the points in the structure are defined using common reference is known as global co-
ordinate system.
Example:
9. What is Natural co-ordinatesystem? (Nov 2013)
A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity.
This system is very useful in assembling of stiffness matrices.

10. Define shapefunction. (Dec 2007)

In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by the
following approximate relation:
φ (x,y) = N1(x,y) φ1 + N2(x,y) φ2 + N3(x,y) φ3
where φ1, φ2, and φ3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes N1,N2 and N3 are the
interpolation functions.
N1,N2 and N3 are also called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or
shape of the element

11. What are the characteristics ofshape function? (Apr2015)

The characteristics of shape function are as follows:
o Shape function has unit value at its own nodal point and zero value at all other
nodal points
o The sum of shape function is equal to one.
o The shape functions are always polynomials of same type as the original
interpolation equations

13. How do you calculate the size ofthe global stiffness matrix?
Size of the Global Stiffness Matrix = Number of Nodes x Degrees of Freedom per node

14. Give the general expression for element stiffness matrix. (Nov 2015)

15. Write down the expression ofstiffness matrixfor one dimensional bar element.

16. State the properties ofa stiffness matrix. (Jan 2006) (April 2018)
 The properties of a stiffness matrix [K] are:
o Symmetric matrix.
o Sum of elements in any column or row must be equal to zero.
o Unstable matrix i.e. the determinant of matrix is equal to zero.

17. Write down the general finite element equation.

General finite element equation is,

18. Write down the finite element equation for one dimensional two noded bar element.
The finite element equation for one dimensional two noded bar element is,

19. What is truss?

A truss is defined as a structure, made up of several bars, riveted or welded together used
to support roof or bridge.Truss can able to transmit load and it can deform only along its length.
Loads are acting only at the joints.

20. State the assumptions made while finding the forces in a truss.
The following assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss:
o All the members are pin jointed.
o The truss is loaded only at the joints.
o The self-weight of the members are neglected unless stated.

21. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for a truss element.

22. Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one dimensional
bar element. (Jan 2005)(Nov/Dec 2015)
For one dimensional bar element,
27. Distinguish between essential boundary conditions and natural boundary conditions.
[Dec 2006]
There are two types of boundary conditions.
o Primary boundary condition (or) Essential boundary condition
The boundary condition which is defined in terms of field variable is known as primary
boundary condition.
o Secondary boundary condition (or) Natural boundary condition
The boundary conditions which are defined in terms of the differential form of field
variables are known as secondary boundary condition.

Example: A bar is subjected to axial load. It’s shown in Fig.

In this problem, Displacement uat Node 1 =0, that is primary boundary condition.

28. What are the differences between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
(June 2005)(April/May 2017)
The solution for physical problems is obtained using differential equations which satisfies
some specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
The differential equation together with these boundary conditions is known as aboundary value
problem.
The differential equation together with initial conditions is known as an initial value problem.
Examples: Boundary value problem.
29. Write the governing equation for 1D Transverse and longitudinal vibration of the bar
at one end and give the boundary conditions. (April 2015) (Nov 2018)
The governing equation for free vibration of abeam is given by,

where,
E – Young’s modulus of the material.
I – Moment of inertia
ρ – Density of the material.
A – Cross sectional area of the section of beam.
The governing equation for 1D longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end is given by

where,
U – axial deformation of the bar (m)
ρ – Density of the material of the bar (kg/m3)
ω – Natural frequency of vibration of the bar
A – Area of cross section of the bar (m2)

30.Write the conduction, convection and thermal load matrices for 1 D heat transfer
through a fin. (April 2015)(April 2018)
Conduction stiffness matrix for 1D bar element:
A K [ 1 −1 ¿ ] ¿
¿ ¿
L ¿
Convection stiffness matrix for 1D bar element:

Convection force matrix for 1D bar element:

where,
K = Coefficient of Heat Conduction (W/m/K)
H = Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2/K)
P = Perimeter of the element (m)
L = Length of the element (m)
Ta= Ambient temperature (K)

31. What is meant by longitudinal vibrations?

When the particles present in a member vibrate parallel to the axis, then the vibrations are
known as longitudinal vibrations.

32.What is meant by transverse vibrations? (Nov2015)

When the particles present in a member vibrate approximately perpendicular to the, then
the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
33.Write down the expression oflongitudinal vibration ofbar element. (April 2017)
Free vibration equation for axial vibration of bar element is,

34. Write down the expression ofgoverning differential equation for free axial vibration
ofrod.
The governing differential equation for free axial vibration of a rod is given by,

35. Write down the expression ofgoverning differential equation for transverse vibration of
beam.
The governing differential equation for free transverse vibration of a beam is,

36. Write down the expression oftransverse vibration of beam element.

Free vibration equation for transverse vibration of beam element is
37. What are the methods used for solving Eigen value problems?
There are essentially three groups of method of solution,
1. Determinant based methods
2. Transformation based methods - Jacobian Method
3. Vector iteration methods - Power Method and Subspace Iteration Method

38. Define Dynamic Analysis. (Nov 2015)

When the inertia effect due to the mass of the components is also considered in addition
to the externally applied load, then the analysis is called dynamic analysis.

39. What are methods usedfor solving transient vibrationproblems?

There are two methods for solving transient vibration problems. They are:
1.Mode superposition method
2. Direct integration method.

40. State the two differences between direct and iterative methods for solving system of
equations.
Direct method Iterative Method
It gives exact value It gives only approximate solution
Simple, take less time Time consuming and labourious
Determine all the roots at the same time Determine only one root at the time

41. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for one dimensional heat conductionelement.
42. Write down the expression ofshape function, N and temperature function, T for one
dimensional heat conduction element.
For one dimensional heat conduction element,

43. Write down the finite element equationfor one dimensional heat conduction with free
end convection. (Nov 2018)
Finite element equation for one dimensional heat conduction with free end convection is
given by,

44. Mention any two advantages of quadratic spar element over linear spar element? (Or)
What is the use of introducing the quadratic shape functions?
o Better accuracy of results
o Representation of curved boundaries
o Faster convergence of results

45. State the properties of Stiffness matrix. (Or) List out the stiffness matrix properties.
o Stiffness matrix is a symmetric matrix.
o Stiffness matrix is a banded matrix.
o The dimension of the global stiffness K is (N x N ), where N is no. of nodes in the
1D structure.
o Sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero.
o The diagonal values of the Stiffness matrix are always positive.
o Stiffness matrix is unstable element. So, determinant of Stiffness matrix is equal
to zero.

46. What are the types of problems treated as one dimensional problem?
The problems whose one of the dimension is very large compared to the other two
dimensions, suchproblems are considered as one dimensional problem.
Ex: Axial loaded bars and rods, temperature distribution through fins, heat conduction
along the wallthickness, elastic spring system, etc.

47. What is the use of Pascal triangle?

Pascal triangle is used to determine the number of polynomial terms in the interpolation function.

48. What are the conditions to be satisfied by a shape function?

o First derivatives must be finite within an element.
o Displacements must be continuous across the element boundary.

49. State the differences between Quadric and linear bar element.
Linear Spar Element Quadratic Spar Element
Linear spar element has two nodes, each Quadratic spar element has three nodes,
at their two each at their ends and the other at its
ends mid length

Element Stiffness matrix is 2x2 Element Stiffness matrix is 3x3

Interpolation function for this element is Interpolation function for this element is
linear quadratic

50. Plot the variations of shape function for 1-D linear (2 noded) bar element.

51. Write the shape function for 1D linear bar element.

𝑁1 = (1 – 𝑥/𝑙) ;𝑁2 = (𝑥/𝑙) where ‘l’ is the length of the element.

52. Distinguish between 1D bar element and 1D beam element.

 1D bar element 1D beam element
1D bar element has axial 1D beam element has transverse deformation
deformation only androtation that may cause bending moments
about anaxis perpendicular to the plane of the
member
Element stiffness matrix is 2 x 2 Element stiffness matrix is 4 x 4

53. Write the stiffness matrix for the simple beam element.

Stiffness matrix [K] for simple beam element is given by,

where, L- element length; E- young’s modulus and I- moment of inertia of the beam.
54. Obtain the shape functions for a 1D beam element.

where ‘l’ is the length of the element.

55. Plot the variations of shape function for 1-D beam element.
56. How thermal loads are input in finite element analysis?
The nodal thermal load vector due to rise in temperature in the member is given by

where
ΔT be the rise in temperature
E is the young’s Modulus
A is the Area of the element
α is the thermal expansion coefficient.

57. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for one dimensional heat conduction element.

where,
[KC] is the stiffness matrix for conduction
{T} is the temperature vector
{F} is the load vector
A is the area of the element,
k is the thermal conductivity,
l is the length of the element

58. Specify the mass matrix for a 1D linear bar element

Consistent mass matrix:

Lumped mass matrix:

59. Specify the lumped mass matrix and consistent mass matrix for a beam element.

Lumped Mass Matrix:

Consistent Mass Matrix:

60. Consistent mass matrix gives accurate results than lumped mass matrix in dynamic
analysis of bar element- Justify.
Yes, Consistent mass matrix gives accurate results than lumped mass matrix in dynamic
analysis of bar element. Since in lumped mass matrix, inertia effect is ignored.

61. What are the difference between a beam element and a bar element?
A beam element is a 1D element with stiffness in all six directions at each end an it can
take axial, bending and torsional loads. A bar element excludes three rotational stiffness and it
can not take bending or torsion loads, only axial loads.

62. Derive the shape functions for a 1D three noded element. (Apr/May 2019)

PART – B
1. For the vertical bar shown in Fig. find the deflection at A and the stress distribution.Use E =
150 MPa and weight per unit volume=0.05 N/crn3.

2. Consider the bar in Fig.Calculate the nodal displacements, element stresses, andsupport
reactions.

3. Consider the bar shown in Fig. Determine the nodal displacements, element stresses and
support reactions. (Nov 2014)

4. Consider the plane truss shown in Fig. Determine the nodal displacements, element stresses,
forces andsupport reactions. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2; A = 1500 mm2.

5. Calculate the unknown nodal displacements and axial forces in each member for the trusses
shown in the following Figures. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2; A1 = 500 mm2and A2 = 1200 mm2
6. Derive an expression of shape functions and the stiffness matrix for one dimensional bar
element based on global co-ordinate approach. (2013)

7. The loading and other parameters for a two bar truss element is shown in Fig. Determine
(i) Element stiffness matrix for each element (ii) Global stiffness matrix
iii) Nodal displacements (iv) Reaction forces
v) Stresses induced in the elements. Assume E = 200 GPa. (2013, 2014)

8. Determine the shape function for one dimensional quadratic bar element. (2012) (June 2016)

9. Compute the slope, deflection and reaction forces for the cantilever beam of length ‘L’
carrying uniformly distributed load of intensity fo. (Nov 2014)

10. Determine the nodal displacement, stress and strain for the bar shown in Fig. (Nov 2014)
11. Determine the maximum deflection and slope in the beam, loaded as shown in Fig.Determine
also the reactions at the supports. E = 200 GPa, I = 20x10-6 m4, q = 5 kN/m and L = 1 m.
(May
2015)

12. A steel bar of length 800mm is subjected to an axial load of 3kN as shown in Fig.2. Find the
nodal displacement of the bar and load vectors. (May 2016)

13. Determine the nodal displacement, element stresses and support reactions in the truss
element shown in Figure. Assume that points 1 and 3 are fixed. Take E = 70 GPa and A=
200mm2. (May 2016)(Nov 2018)

14. For a Beam shown in figure,determine the displacements and the slopes at the nodes, the
forces in each element and the reactions. E= 200GPa, I = 1× 10-4m4. (May 2016)
15. Derive the stiffness matrix for 2D truss element. (Nov2015)

16. A tapered bar of aluminum is having a length of 500 cm. The area of cross section at the
fixed end is 80 cm2 and the free end is 20 cm2 with the variation of the sectional area as linear.
The bar is subjected to an axial load of 10 kN at 240 mm from the fixed end. Calculate the
maximum displacement and stress developed in the bar. (Nov 2012)

17. A fixed beam AB of 5 m span carries a point load of 20 kN at a distance of 2m from A.

Determine the slope and deflection under the load. Assume EI = 10x103 kN-m2.(Nov 2012)

18. For the element as shown in Figure calculate the nodal displacements and elemental stresses.
Load acting on the element 2 is 10 kN. (Nov 2016)

19. Determine the Eigen values for the stepped bar shown in Figure. (Nov 2016)

20. A concentrated load P = 50 kN is applied at the centre of a fixed beam of length 3 m, depth
200 mm and width 120 mm. Calculate the deflection and slope at the midpoint. Assume E = 2 x
105 N/mm2. (May 2012)
21. Determine the axial vibration of a steel bar shown in fig. Take [E] =2.1×105𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐, [ρ] =
7800 𝑲𝒈/𝒎𝟑 (Nov 2014)

22. Consider the simply supported beam shown in Fig. Let the lengthL=1m, E=2×1011𝑵/𝒎𝟐,area
of cross section A = 30 Cm2, moment of inertia I = 100 mm4, density [ρ] = 7800 𝑲𝒈/𝒎𝟑. Determine
the natural frequency using two types of mass matrices i.e., Lumped mass matrix and consistent
mass matrix. (Apr 2011)

23. For a tapered plate of uniform thicknesst = 10mmas shown in Fig., find the displacements at
the nodes by forming into two element model. The bar has mass density ρ = 7800 𝑲𝒈/𝒎𝟑
Young’s modulus E = 2×105𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐. In addition to self weight, the plate is subjected to a point
loadP = 10kNat its centre. Also determine the reaction force at the support. (Nov 2006)

24. A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m/K. The wall is to be
insulated with a material of thickness 0.06m having an average thermal conductivity of 0.3
W/m/K. The inner surface temperature in 1000oC and outside of the insulation is exposed to
atmospheric air at 30oc with heat transfer co-efficient of35 W/m2/K. Calculate the nodal
temperature. (Nov 2014)

25. Consider a cantilever beam as shown in Fig. Determine the natural frequencies of vibration
of a cantilever beam of length L, assuming constant values of p, E and A.
26. Determine all natural frequencies of the simply supported beam as shown in Fig.Compare the
results obtained using the following, (i) One-element model (ii) Two-element model.Take ρ =
7800 𝑲𝒈/, E = 2×105 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐, A = 600 mm2.

27. Find the natural frequencies of longitudinal vibration of the constrained stepped bar as shown
in Fig.

28.Derive the equation of motion based on weak form for transverse vibration of a beam.
(June 2012, June2014)
29. Determine the first two natural frequencies of transverse vibration of the cantilever beam as
shown in below figure and plot the mode shapes. (June 2015)

30 For the bar as shown in fig with length 2L, modulus of elasticity E, mass density e, and cross
sectional area A, determine the first two natural frequencies. (Nov 2015)

31. A composite wall consists of three material as shown in Fig. The outer temperature is To=
20oC. Convection heat transfer takes place on the inner surface of the wall with T = 800oC and h
= 75 W/m2oC. Determine the temperature distribution in the wall. Take k1 = 20 W/moC, k2 = 30
W/moC, k3 = 50 W/moC, h = 75 W/m2oC. (Nov 2018)
32. A metallic fin, with thermal conductivity k = 360 W/m oC, 0.1 cm thick and 10 cm long,
extends from a plane wall whose temperature is 235 oC. Determine the temperature distribution
and amount of heat transferred from the fin to the air at 20oC with h = 9 W/m2oC.

33.Derive a finite element equation for one dimensional heat conduction with free end
convection. (June2013, June2014)

34. Determine the temperature distribution along a circular fin of length 5 cm and radius 1 cm.
The fin is attached to a boiler whose wall temperature 140oC and the free end is open to
atmosphere. Assume To = 40oC; h = 10 W/cm2oC; k = 70 W/cmoC. (Nov/Dec 2014)

35.The figure shows a uniform aluminum fin of diameter 25 mm. The root (left end) of the fin is
maintained at a temperature of To = 120°C, Convection takes place from the lateral (circular)
surface and the right (flat) edge of the fin. Assuming k= 200 W/m°C, h= 1000W/m 2 °C and T∞ =
20°C, determine the temperature distribution in the fin Using one dimensional element,
considering two elements. (May 2016)

36. Derive an expression for temperature function and the shape function for one dimensional
heat conduction element. (Nov 2015)
25. Determine the deflection in the beam, loaded as shown in Figure, at the mid-span and at
alength of 0.5 m from left support. Determine also the reactions at the fixed ends. E = 200 GPa.
I1 = 20 x 10 -6m4, I2 = 10 x 10-6 m4. (April 2018)

37. Determine the first two natural frequencies of longitudinal vibration of the stepped steel bar
shown in Fig. and plot the mode shapes. All dimensions are in mm. E = 200 GPa and  = 0.78
kg/cc. A = 4 cm2, length l = 500 mm. (Nov 2015)(April 2018)
38. Consider a cylindrical pin fin as shown in Fig. for which h water = 567 w/m2k, kfin = 207 w/mK,
hair = 284 w/m2K. The right face of the fin is in contact with water at 4.5°C. The left face of the
fin is subjected to a constant temperature of 82.2°C, while the exterior surface of the pin is in
contact with moving air at 22.2°C, Using four equal length two node elements to obtain a
finite element solution for the temperature distribution across the length of the fin.
(April 2018)

39. Consider a bar as shown in figure an axial load of 200kN is applied at a point P. Take
A1=2400 mm2 , E1=70x109 N/mm2 A2=600 mm2 and E2 = 200x109 N/mm2 . Calculate the
following (i) the nodal displacement at point,P (ii) Stress in each element (iii) Reaction force.

40. Calculate the temperature distribution in the stainless steel fin shown in the figure. The
region can be discretized in three elements of equal sizes.

41. Determine the natural frequencies of transverse vibration for a beam fixed at both ends. The
beam may be modeled by two elements, each of length L and cross sectional area A. the use of
symmetry boundary condition is optional. (Nov 2018)

42. Using two finite elements, find the stress distribution in a uniformly tapering bar of cross
sectional area 300 mm2 and 200 mm2 at their ends, length 100 mm, subjected to an axial tensile
load of 50 N at smaller end and fixed at larger end. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2. (Nov 2018)

43. A composite wall through which heat inside layer with k1 = 0.02 W/moC, middle layer k2 =
0.005 W/moC, outer layer k3 = 0.0035 W/moC. The thickness of each layer 13 mm, 80 mm and
25 mm respectively. Inside temperature of the wall is 20 oC and outside temperature of the wall is
-15oC. Determine the nodal temperatures. (Nov 2018)
44. The beam is loaded as shown in Figure. Determine (i) The slopes at 2 and 3 and (ii) The
vertical deflection at the midpoint of the distributed load. (Nov 2018)

45. Determine the maximum deflection and slope for the simply supported beam subjected to
uniformly supported load ‘q’ as shown in fig. Apr/May 2019)

46. Determine the first two natural frequencies of longitudinal vibration of the stepped steel bar
shown in fig. Use the mesh shown. All dimensions are in mm E = 200GPa and ρ = 0.78 kg/cc.

(Apr/May 2019)
 UNIT III& IV TWO DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

PART - A

1. How do you define two dimensional elements?

Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in a two dimensional plane
(i.e., x, y plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.

2. What is CST element? (Dec 2007)(Nov 2015)(Nov 2018)

Three noded triangular elements are known as Constant Strain Triangular element. It has six
unknown displacement degrees of freedom (u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3). The element is called CST
because it has a constant strain throughout it.

3. What is LST element? (Nov 2018)

Six noded triangular elements is known as Linear Strain Triangle (LST).It has twelve unknown
displacement degrees of freedom. The displacementFunctions for the element are quadratic
instead of linear as in the CST.

4. What is QST element?

Ten noded triangular elements is known as Quadratic Strain Triangle (QST). It is also
called cubic displacement triangle.

5. What is meant by plane stress analysis?

Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress ( ) and shear
stress () directed perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.

6. Define plane strain analysis. (Nov 2015)

Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xyplane and
the shear strains are assumed to be zero.
7. Write a displacementfunction equation for CST element.

8. Write a strain-displacement matrixfor CST element. (May 2016) (April 2018)

Strain-Displacement matrix for CST element is,

9. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrixfor plane stress condition.

For plane stress problems. Stress-strain relationship matrix is,

10. Write down the stress-strain relationship

matrix for plane strain condition.
(Apr/May 2019)
For plane strain problems. Stress-strain
relationship matrix is.

11. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST elements.

12. Write down the expressionfor the shape functions for a constant strain triangular
element.
For CST element,
13. What is axisymmetric element? (2007)
Many three dimensional problems in engineering exhibit symmetry about an axis of
rotation. Such types of problems are solved by a special two dimensional element called as
axisymmetric element.

14. What are the conditionsfor a problem to be axisymmetric?

(i) The problem domain must he symmetric about the axis of revolution
(ii) All boundary conditions must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
(ii) All loading conditions must be symmetric about the axis ofrevolution.

15. Write down the displacement equation for an axisymmetric triangular element.

16. Write down the shapefunctions for an axisymmetric triangular element.

17. Give the Strain-Displacement matrix equation for an axisymmetric triangular element.
Strain-Displacement matrix,
18. Write down the Stress-Strain relationship matrix for an axisymmetric triangular
element. (May 2016)

19. Give the stiffness matrix equation for an axisymmetric triangular element.

20. What are the ways in which a threedimensional problem can be reduced to a two
dimensional approach. (Nov 2018)
(i) Plane stress: One dimension is too small when compared to other two dimensions.
Example: Gear - Thickness is small.
(ii)Plane strain: One dimension is too large when compared to other two dimensions.
Example: Long pipe [Length is long compared to diameter
(iii) Axisymmetric: Geometry is symmetric about the axis.
Example: Cooling tower

33. Give examples for essential (forced or geometric) and non-essential (natural)
Boundary conditions.
The geometric boundary conditions are displacement, slope, etc. The natural boundary
conditions are bending moment, shear force, etc.

34. What are the types of non-linearity? (Dec 2007)

Types of non-linearity:
(a) Non-linearity in material behavior from point to point.
(b) Non-linearity in loading-deformation relation.
(c) Geometric non-linearity.
(d) Change in boundary condition for different loading.
35.Define path line and stream line. (May 2016)
 Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of
the flow. These show the direction in which a massless fluid element will travel at any point
in time.
 Path lines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of
as "recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period. The direction the
path takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.

36. Give the application of the plane stress and plane strain problems. (May 2016)
Plane Stress problem: Plate with holes, Pressure vessel (fuselage, space habitat) Skin
Plane Strain problem: Dams, Flow through Pipes, Solid Propellant Rockets

37. Write down the shape functions for a 4 noded quadrilateral element. (April 2018)
N1= ¼ (1−ξ) (1−η)
N2= ¼ (1+ξ) (1−η)
N3= ¼ (1+ξ) (1+η)
N4= ¼ (1−ξ) (1+η)

38. Distinguish between scalar and vector variable problems in 2D. (April 2018)

Two dimensional scalar variable problem: Physical problem involving the variable with only one
degree of freedom i.e. only magnitude will change with respect to position. Ex: Temperature,
Pressure.

Two dimensional vector variable problem: Physical problem involving the variable with only
two degree of freedom i.e. both magnitude and direction will change with respect to position. Ex:
Displacement, Stress, Strain

39. Write down the governing equation for two-dimensional heat conduction.
(May 2016)(Nov 2015)
Governing equation for two-dimensional heat conduction,

40. Write down the shape function for two-dimensional heat transfer. (April 2015)
For two-dimensional heat transfer element,
41. Write down the expression for stiffness matrix in two-dimensional heat conduction and
convection.
Stiffness matrix for conduction,

Stiffness matrix for convection,

42. What are the differences between 2D scalar variable and vector variable elements?

2D scalar variable elements 2D vector variable elements

These elements have one direction These elements have one direction
independent variable per node dependent variable per node
2D triangular element Stiffness matrix size 2D triangular element Stiffness matrix size
is 3 x 3 is 6 x 6

43. What are the differences between 2D scalar variable and vector variable problems?
2D scalar variable problem:
If the geometry and material properties of any element are described by two spatial
coordinates, then that element is referred as 2D finite element and in a problem containing that
element if the measure parameter is having only one quantity (i.e, magnitude only) and not
having direction of application, then it is referred as 2D scalar variable problem.
Ex. Temperature distribution on the surface due to heat transfer.
2D vector variable problem:
In vector variable problem, the field variable is described by its magnitude and direction
of action in order to get the complete information and for the further process.
Ex. Structural problems.

44. Give some applications for scalar variable problems.

Torsion, heat transfer, seepage, electrical and magnetic field problems, fluid flow in
ducts, Acoustics, axial vibrations, potential flow.

45. Name the 2D elements.

2D elements are
o CST (Constant Strain Triangular) element;
o LST (Linear strain triangular element);
o QST (Quadratic strain triangular element);
 o Rectangular elements;
o Quadrilateral elements etc.

46. Explain the important properties of CST element.

o CST element is 3 noded triangular elements; each node has two unknown displacement
fields. Andtherefore it has 6 unknown displacements or degrees of freedom.
o Constant strain throughout the element
o The interpolation function for the CST element is linear.
o Element stiffness matrix is 6x6

47. Distinguish between plane stress and plane strain problems.

Plane Stress Problems Plane Strain Problems

Plane stress is said to be a state of stress in Plane strain is defined to be a state of
which the normal stress (s) and shear strain in which the strain (e) normal to
stress (t) directly perpendicular to the the x-y plane and
plane is assumed to be zero. shear strains (γ) are assumed to be zero.
𝜎𝑧 = 0; 𝜏𝑥𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0 𝜀𝑧 = 0; 𝛾𝑥𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0
Plane stress problem is applicable to the Plane strain problem is applicable to the
thin plates and the loads act only in x-y long structures; cylinders and pipes and
plane the loads act along the x-axis
Practical examples for Plane stress Practical examples for Plane strain
problem are analysis of plates with holes problem are dam subjected to hydraulic
and fillets subjected to loads act only in x- loading and the pipe subjected to a
y plane constant load along the length

48. Distinguish between CST and LST elements. (Apr/May 2019)

CST Element LST Element

It is a two dimensional linear element ie It is a two dimensional non-linea
simplex element. element ie complex element
It has only three primary nodes at the It has three primary nodes at the corners
corners and three secondary nodes at the
midsides
The strain is constant throughout the The strain is varying linearly inside the
element element

49. Write the stiffness matrix used for the torsion problem of a square shaft assuming three
noded triangular elements of area A. (Apr/May 2019)
 PART – B

1. Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the element shown in Fig. The co-ordinates arein millimeters.
Assume plane stress condition. Take E = 2 x 105N/mm2,v = 0.25 and t = 30 mm.(June 2014)

2. Assemble the strain-displacement matrix for the element shown in Fig. The co-ordinates arein
millimeters. Take E = 210 GPa ,v = 0.25 and t = 25 mm.

3. Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the element shown in Fig.The co-ordinates areunits of
millimeters. Assume plane stress condition. Let E = 2 x 105N/mm2,v = 0.25 and l= 30 mm.
4. Determine the nodal displacements and element stresses for the thin plate shown in Fig. The
co-ordinates arein millimeters. Assume plane stress condition. Take E = 2.1 x 105N/mm2,v =
0.25 and t = 5 mm.

5. The nodal co-ordinates for an axisymmetric triangular element are given below:
r1 = 15 mm;zl = 15 mm; r2= 25 mm; z2= 15 mm; r3=35 mm;z3= 50 mm.
Determine [B] matrix for that element.

6. Determine the stiffness matrix for the element shown in Fig.The co-ordinates are in
millimeters. Take E = 2x105N/mm2andv = 0.25.

7. Calculate the element stresses for the axisymmetric element shown in Fig. Take E =
2x105N/mm2and = 0.25.The nodal displacements are: u1 = 0.06 mm;wl = 0.04 mm; u2= 0.02
mm; w2= 0.03 mm; u3= 0.01 mm;w3= 0.01 mm. (Nov 2018)
8. For the two dimensional loaded plate as shown, determine the nodal displacements and
element stress using plane strain condition considering body force. Take Young’s modulus as
200 GPa, Poisson’s ratio as 0.3 and density as 7800kg/m3. (Nov 2011)

9. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and the temperature force vector for the plane stress
element shown in Fig. The element experiences a 20 oC increase in temperature. Assume
coefficient of thermal expansion is 6 x 10-6 C. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2,  = 0.25, t = 5mm.
(May 2016)

10. For the CST element shown in the Fig. assemble strain–Displacement matrix. Take t =
20mm, and E = 2 x 105N/mm2. (Nov 2015)
11. For the plane strain element shown in the above Fig., the nodal displacements are given as u 1
= 0.005mm, v1= 0.002mm, u2 =0.0mm, v2=0.0mm, u3 =0.005mm, v3=0.30mm.Determine the
element stresses and the principle angle. Take E=70GPa and poison’s ratio = 0.3 and use unit
thickness for plane strain. All coordinates are in mm. (May 2016)(Nov 2018)

12. The nodal co-ordinates for axisymmetric triangular element are given in figure. Evaluate
strain-Displacement matrix for that element. (May 2016) (April 2017)

13. Derive the shape function for the constant strain triangular element. (May 2016)

14 Calculate the element stiffness matrix for the axisymmetric triangular element shown in the
fig. the element experiences a 15̊C increase in temperature. The coordinates are in mm. take α =
10 × 10-6/̊C , E= 2× 105N/mm2, ѵ= 0.25. (May 2016)

15. Set up the system of equations governing the free transverse vibrations of a simply supported
beam modeled by two finite elements. Determine the natural frequency of the system.(May2016)

16. Derive the expression of shape function for heat transfer in 2D element. (April 2017)
17. Determine three points on the 50°C contour line for the rectangular element shown the Fig.
The nodal values are T1 = 42°C, T2 = 54°C, T3 = 56°C and T4 = 46°C. (April 2018)

18. Derive the conductance matrix for a 3 noded triangular element whose nodal coordinates are
known. The element is to be used for two dimensional heat transfer in a plate fin. (April 2018)

19. A square shaft of cross section 1 cm x 1 cm as shown in Fig. is to be analysed for

determining the stress distribution. Considering geometric and boundary condition symmetry
1/8th of the cross section was modeled using four equisized triangular elements as shown. The
element stiffness matrix and force vector for a triangle whose nodal coordinates are (0, 0), (0.25,
0) and (0.25, 0.25) are given below. Carry out the assembly and determine the assembled
stiffness matrix. Impose the boundary conditions and explain how the unknown stress function
values at the nodes can be used to determine the shear stress. (April 2018)

20. A thin plate of thickness 5 mm is subjected to an axial loading as shown in the Fig. It is
divided into two triangular elements by dividing it diagonally. Determine the Strain displacement
matrix [B], load vector and the constitutive matrix. How will you derive the stiffness matrix?
(Need not be determined). What will be the size of the assembled stiffness matrix? What are the
boundary conditions? E = 2 x 107 N/cm2; µ = 0 .3. (April
2018)
21. Differentiate between plane stress and plane strain analysis. (April 2018)

22. With at least two examples explain what is meant by axisymmetric analysis. For the 3 noded
triangular axisymmetric element shown in Fig. derive the strain displacement matrix [B] and also
the constitutive matrix [D]. (April2018)

23. Assuming plane stress condition, evaluate stiffness matrix for the element shown in Fig.
Assume E = 200 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.3.

24. Calculate the value of pressure at the point A which is inside the 3 noded triangular element
as shown in fig. The nodal values are Φ 1 = 40 MPa, Φ2 = 34 MPa and Φ3 = 46 MPa. Point A is
located at (2, 1.5). Assume the pressure is linearly varying in the element. Also determine the
location of 42 MPa contour line.

25. For a 4-noded rectangular element shown in Fig. Infer the temperature at the point (2.5, 2.5).
The nodal values of the temperatures are T1= 100°C, T2= 60°C and T3= 50°C and T4= 90°C.
Also determine the 80°C isotherm.
26. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and temperature force vector for the plane stress
element shown in fig. The element experiences a 20ºC increase in temperature. Assume α= 6x10 -
6
C. Take E=2x105N/mm2,v= 0.25, t= 5mm

27. For a 4-noded rectangular element shown in fig. Estimate the temperature point (7,4). The
nodal values of the temperatures are T1 = 42˚C, T2 = 54˚C and T3 = 56˚Cand T4 = 46˚C. Also
determine 3 point on the 50˚C contour line. All dimensions are in cm. (April/May 2018)

28. Estimate the stiffness matrix for the triangular element with the (x,y) coordinates of the
nodes are (0,-4), (8,0) and (0,4) at nodes i, j, k. Assume plane stress condition E= 200 GPa,
Poisson’s ratio = 0.35.

29. Determine the pressure at the location (7, 4) in a rectangular plate with the data shown in
Figure and also draw 50 MPa contour line.

30. The x,y coordinates of nodes i,j and k of a triangular element are given by (0,0) (3,0) and
(1.5,4) mm respectively. Evaluate the shape functions N 1,N2 and N3 at an interior point
P(2,2.5)mm of the element. Evaluate the strain displacement relation matrix B for the above
same triangular element and explain how stiffness matrix is obtained assuming scalar variable
problem.

31. For the triangular element shown in the figure determine the strain displacement matrix [B]
and constitutive matrix [D]. Assume plane stress conditions. Take μ=0.3, E=30 x 10 6N/m2and
thickness t= 0.1 m. And also calculate the element stiffness matrix for the triangular Element.

32. For an axisymmetric triangular element shown in Figure evaluate the stiffness matrix. Take
modulus of elasticity E = 210 GPa. Poisson’s ratio = 0.25. the coordinates are given in
millimeters.

33. Determine the stiffness matrix for the axisymmetric element shown in figure. Take E=2.1 x
10 N/mm2, v=0.25. The coordinates are in mm.
5

34. Triangular element are used for the stress analysis of plate subjected to inplane loads. The
(x,y) coordinates of nodes i, j, and k of an element are given by (2,3), (4,1), and (4,5) mm
respectively. The nodal displacements are given as: u1=2.0 mm, u2=0.5 mm, u3= 3.0 mm v1=1.0
mm, v2= 0.0 mm, v3= 0.5 mm. Examine element stress. Let E=160GPa, Poisson's ratio = 0.25
and thickness of the element t=10 mm.

35. Explain the classification of the shell elements and also brief theassumptions used in Finite
element Analysis of Shell element.
36. Explain the assumptions made in the thin plate and thick plate theory
37. List the advantages of using shell elements
38. Evaluate the Stress-Strain relationship matrix for axisymmetrictriangular element
39. Develop Strain-Displacement matrix for axisymmetric triangular element.
40. Derive the Finite element equation for triangular plate bending element with 9 degrees of
freedom.
41. Calculate the element stresses for the axisymmetric element shown in Figure. The nodal
displacements are u1 = 0.02 mm; wl = 0.03 mm; u2= 0.01 mm; w2= 0.06 mm; u3= 0.04 mm; w3=
0.01 mm.Take E=210 GPa, v = 0.25. (Nov 2018)

42. For a plane stress element shown in Figure, the nodal displacements ((u1,v1), (u2, v2) and (u3,
v3)) are ((2,1) (1,1.5) and (2.5,0.5) respectively. Determine the element stresses. Assume E= 200
GN/m2, µ = 0.3 and t = 10 mm. All coordinates are in mm. (Nov 2018)

43. It is required to determine the transverse displacement and the displacement and the stresses
induced in the plate shown in fig. using a one-element idealization. Determine the constitutive
matrix and the strain displacement matrix and hence the stiffness matrix and the load vector.
Assume E = 205GPa, µ = 0.33 and t = 10 mm. (Apr/May 2019)
44. Give the strain displacement relations for axisymmetric analysis and hence derive the strain
displacement matrix for a linear triangular element. (Apr/May 2019)

45. Explain how you will go about analyzing the Belleville (Disk) spring shown in fig. How will
you model the spring and what element would you choose? (Apr/May 2019)

46. A member of rectangular cross section 1 cm x 0.5 cm as shown in fig. is to be analyzed for
determining the stress distribution. Considering geometric and boundary condition symmetry,
1/4th of the cross section was modeled using equitized triangular elements. The element matrices
for a triangle whose nodal coordinates are 90,0), (0.25,0) and (0.25,0.25) are given below.
Explain why 1/4th of the cross section has to be considered and give the finite element mesh if the
stiffness matrix given below is to be used. Carry out the assembly and solve for the unknown
stress function values and explain how the shear stress distribution is to be determined. Where
will the stress be the highest? (Apr/May 2019)
46. Determine the temperature at the location (2,1) in a square plate with the data shown in fig.
Draw the 125ºC isotherm using at least three points. (Apr/May 2019)

47. Derive the conduction matrix for a 3 noded triangular element whose nodal coordinates are
known. The element is to be used for two dimensional heat transfer in a plate fin.
(Apr/May 2019)

UNIT V – ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION

PART - A

1. What is the difference between natural coordinates and local coordinates? (May2016)
Local Coordinates
“A local coordinates system whose origin is located within the element in order to simplify the
algebraic manipulations in the derivation of the element matrix.”
 The use of natural coordinates in expressing approximate functions is advantageous
because special integration formulas can often be applied to evaluate the integrals in the
element matrix.
 Natural coordinates also play a crucial role in the development of elements with carved
boundaries.
Natural Coordinates
“It is a local coordinate system that permits the specification of a point within the element by a
dimensionless parameter whose absolute magnitude never exceeds unity.”
 It is dimension less.
 They are defined with respect to the element rather than with reference to the global
coordinates.

2. What is the purpose of Isoparametric elements? (Jan 2006)(Nov 2018)

It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A large
number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body
and the assemblage.
In order to overcome this drawback, Isoparametric elements are used i.e., for problems
involving curved boundaries, a family of elements known as "Isoparametric elements" are used.
Isoparametric elements are versatile and are used in 2D and 3D elasticity problems.

3. Write down tile shape functions for 4 noded rectangular elements using natural
coordinate system.

4. Write down the Jacobian matrix for 4 nodedquadrilateral element. (April 2018)
5. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for 4 nodedisoparametricquadrilateral
element.

6. Write down the Jelement force vector equation for 4 nodedquadrilateral element.

7. Write down the Gaussian quadrature expression for numerical integration.

8. Define Superparametric element. (Dec 2006)

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than number of nodes used
for defining the displacements, then it is known as superparametric element.

9. What is meant by Subparametric element? (Dec 2006)

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of nodes used
for defining the displacements, then, it is known as subparametric element.

10. What is meant by Isoparametric element?

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used
for defining the displacements, then, it is known as Isoparametric element.

11. Is beam element an Isoparametric element?

Beam element is not an Isoparametric element since the geometry and displacements are
defined by different order interpolation functions.

12. What is the difference between natural co-ordinate and simple natural co-ordinate?
 A natural co-ordinate is one whose value lies between zero and one.

A simple natural co-ordinate is one whose value lies between -1 and +1.

13. What is natural coordinate system?What are the advantages of natural coordinates?
A natural coordinate system is a coordinate system which is used to specify any point
within the element by a set of dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity.
Natural coordinate’s magnitude always lies between -1 and +1.
The use of natural coordinate system is advantages in assembling of stiffness matrices.

14. What are serendipity elements? (Nov 2018& Apr/May 2019 )

Rectangular higher order elements with no interior nodes i.e., all the nodes are only along
the external boundary of the element, such type of element are called as Serendipity elements.
Example: 8-noded quadrilateral, 12-noded quadrilateral, etc.

15. What do you mean by Lagrangean element?

Rectangular elements of higher order in which nodes are in the form of grid points and
has internal nodes are called as Lagrange element.
Example: 9-noded quadrilateral, 16-noded quadrilateral, etc.

16. What are the different coordinate systems in FEM?

The following terms are commonly referred in FEM
o Global coordinates
o Local coordinates and
o Natural coordinates.

17. Differentiate between Local coordinate and Global coordinate.

Local coordinate Global coordinate

For the convenience of deriving element The coordinate system used to define the
 properties, in FEM, separate coordinate is used to points in the entire structure is called
define each element. Such coordinate system is Global coordinate system
called Local coordinate system.

18. What are the advantages of natural coordinates over global coordinates?
o Since magnitude of natural coordinate system always varies between -1 to +1,
formulation of derivative terms are easier than the global coordinate system.
o Easy to perform numerical integration.
o Used to represent the isoparametric elements.
o This type of system is useful for assembling the stiffness matrix.

19. What is the signifigance of Jacobian of transformation? (Apr/May 2019)

Jacobian transformation is a method of transforming the Cartesian coordinates of the
elements into suitable local coordinates or vice versa in order to solve the quadrilateral finite
element problem. The Jacobian matrix relates the derivatives of global and natural coordinates.

Part – B

1. Derive the shape functions for 4-noded rectangular element by using natural coordinate
system. (May 2016)
2. Evaluate the Cartesian coordinate of the point P which has local coordinates ɛ = 0.6 and ɳ =
0.8 as shown in the Fig. (May 2016)

4. Evaluate the following integrals by using Gauss-Quadrature and verify the exactness by
integral.

5. Evaluate the [J] at  = = 0.25 for linear quadrilateral element shown in Figure.
6. For a four noded rectangular element with the (x,y) coordinates of the nodes are (0,0), (4,0),
(4,2) and (0,2) at nodes i,j,k,l,determine the following:
(a) Jacobian matrix (b) Strain-Displacement matrix (c) Element stresses

7. Derive the Jacobian matrix for triangular element with the (x,y) coordinates of the nodes are
(1.5,2), (7,3.5) and (4,7) at nodes i,j,k. (Nov2014)

8. Find the Jacobian transformation for four noded quadrilateral element with the (x,y)
coordinates of the nodes are (0,0), (2,0), (2,1) and (0,1) at nodes i,j,k,l. Also find the Jacobian at
joint whose natural coordinates are (0,0). (Nov 2014)

9. Evaluate the following integral using Gaussian Integration with one, two and three integration
points. (Nov 2014)

10. Determine the stiffness matrix for the triangular elemnts with the (x,y) coordinates of the
nodes are (0,-4), (8,0) and (0,4) at nodes i,j,k. Assume plane stress condition. E = 200 GPa,
Poisson’s ratio = 0.35. (Nov 2014)

11. For the Isoparametric four noded quadrilateral element shown in Fig., determine the
Cartesian co-ordinates of point P which has local co-ordinates ε= 0.25 and η= 0.25.

12. For the Isoparametric four noded quadrilateral element shown on fig. determine the Cartesian
coordinates of point P which has local coordinates ɛ = 0.5 and ɳ = 0.5. (Nov 2015)

13. Establish the shape functions of eight node quadrilateral element and represent them
graphically. (June 2011)

14. Derive the element characteristics of a nine node quadrilateral element.(May 2016)
15. Using Gauss-Quadrature evaluate the following integral. (April2018)

16. Evaluate the shape functions for one corner node and one mid side node of a nine noded
quadrilateral element. (April2018)
17. Differentiate between subparametric, isoparametric and superparametric elements.
(April2018)
18. For the four noded element shown in Fig., determine the Jacobian and evaluate its value at
the point (0,0). (April2018)

19. Develop the strain displacement matrix, stress-strain matrix and stiffness matrix for an
isoparametric quadrilateral element.

20. Evaluate the Jacobian matrix at the local coordinates ε=η= 0.5 forthe linear quadrilateral
element with its global coordinates as shown inFig. Also evaluate the strain-displacement matrix.

21. Calculate the Cartesian coordinates of the point P which has local coordinates ε = 0.8 and η =
0.6 as shown in figure

22. Evaluate the following integral by applying 3 point Gaussian quadratureand compare with
exact solution.
23. For a four noded rectangular element shown in Fig. Estimate the following (a) Jacobian
matrix (b) Strain-Displacement matrix (c) Element strainand (d) Element stress

24. Consider the isoparametric quadrilateral element with nodes 1 to 4 at (5,5), (11,7),(12,15),
and (4,10) respectively. Estimate the Jacobian matrix and its determinant at the element centroid.

25. Derive the shape function for all the corner nodes of a nine noded quadrilateral element.

26. Using Gauss quadrature evaluate the following integral using 1,2 and 3 point integration

26. Evaluate the following integral by two point Gaussian Quadrature. Gauss points are
+0.57735 and -0.57735 each of weight 1.0000. (Nov 2018)

.
27. For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in figure, the Cartesian coordinates of
point ‘P’are (6,4). The loads 10 kN and 12 kN are acting in x and y direction on that point P.
Evaluate the nodal forces.

28. For the element shown in Fig., determine the Jacobian matrix. (Nov 2018)
29. Using Gauss Quadrature evaluate the following integral and compare with the exact value.
(Apr/May
2019)

30. Evaluate the shape functions for one corner node and one mid side node of quadratic
quadrilateral Serendipity element. (Apr/May 2019)

31. Why do we use natural coordinates? Differentiate between subparametric, isoparametric and
superparametric elements. (Apr/May 2019)

32. For the four noded element shown in fig. determine the Jacobian and evaluate its value at the
point (1/3, 1/3). (Apr/May 2019)