This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It covers the characteristics of living organisms, how organisms are classified including the binomial system of classification, examples of classifying humans and other types of organisms such as animals, plants, fungi and prokaryotes. Key classification features are described for each group. The document also discusses classifying vertebrates and invertebrates, ferns and flowering plants, viruses and using dichotomous keys.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It covers the characteristics of living organisms, how organisms are classified including the binomial system of classification, examples of classifying humans and other types of organisms such as animals, plants, fungi and prokaryotes. Key classification features are described for each group. The document also discusses classifying vertebrates and invertebrates, ferns and flowering plants, viruses and using dichotomous keys.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It covers the characteristics of living organisms, how organisms are classified including the binomial system of classification, examples of classifying humans and other types of organisms such as animals, plants, fungi and prokaryotes. Key classification features are described for each group. The document also discusses classifying vertebrates and invertebrates, ferns and flowering plants, viruses and using dichotomous keys.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It covers the characteristics of living organisms, how organisms are classified including the binomial system of classification, examples of classifying humans and other types of organisms such as animals, plants, fungi and prokaryotes. Key classification features are described for each group. The document also discusses classifying vertebrates and invertebrates, ferns and flowering plants, viruses and using dichotomous keys.
MOVEMENT: An action by an organism causing a change in position. RESPIRATION: Chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrients and releases energy. SENSIVITY: Ability to detect and respond changes in the environment. GROWTH: A permanent increase in size. REPRODUCTION: Process of making the same kind of organisms. EXCRETION: Process of removing toxic waste from the body. NUTRITION: Taking in materials for growth, development and energy. HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED A series is defined as a group of organisms that share the same features, and reproduce to produce fertile offspring. There are millions of species on earth. Organisms were originally classified using morphology and anatomy; but as technology advanced, use of microscopes, knowledge of biochemistry and use of DNA sequencing help classifying organisms using a more scientific approach. The more similar the basic DNA sequence of 2 species is, the more closely related they are. DNA base sequence is used to code for amino acid sequence in proteins. The similarity in amino acid sequence also shows how clearly related organisms are.
Morphology- Overall form and shape of organisms.
Anatomy- Detailed body structure by dissection.
THE BINOMIAL SYSTEM
Organisms were first classified by a Swedish naturalist called Linnaeus; the groups the organisms were classified into got more common features the more subdivided they got. Organisms were named in Latin using the binominal system. The organisms made was made up of 2 parts Genus and Species. The binomial system is an internationally agreed system for classification of organisms.
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Homonda Genus Homo Species Sapiens Scientific name Homo Sapiens
FEATURES OF ORGANISMS Common cell structure Cells or living organisms contain: • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane • DNA • Ribosomes and enzymes The five kingdoms • Animal • Plants • Fungi • Prokaryotes • Protoctists Main features of fungi • Usually, multicellular • Have nucleus and cell walls not made from cellulose • Saprophytic feeders Main features of prokaryotes • Unicellular • No nucleus • Cell walls, not made of cellulose • No mitochondria Main features of animals • Multicellular • No cell walls or chloroplasts, have nucleus • Feed on organic substances Main features of plants • Multicellular • Have nucleus, chloroplast cellulose made up of cell walls • Feed by photosynthesis Main features of protoctists • Most unicellular, some multicellular • Nucleus, some with cell walls and chloroplasts • Some photosynthesis, some freedom on organic substances Classifying animals 1)vertebrates-all vertebrates have a back bone. There are 5 classes: A) mammals-they have fur/skin, have a placenta, their young feed on mammary glands, they have external ears (Pinnas). They are Endo Hemric. EG, Dog. B) birds-their skins covered in feathers, have 2 legs and 2 wings instead of forelimbs. They lay eggs with hard shells on land, have a beak, and are endo thermic. Eg parrot. C)reptiles-have dry, fixed scales on skin, and lay eggs with shell on land. Eg snakes. D)amphibians-have smooth, moist skin, lay eggs without shells in water; adults live on land. Eg frogs. E) fish-have loose, wet scales on skin, have gills to breath and lay eggs without shells in water, eg grouper. 2) invertebrates They may or may not have legs. Invertebrates with joined legs are arthropods phylum. A) Myriapods-consist of many figments, with each figment having joined legs pair, and have 1 pair of antennae centipede. B) insects-3-part body, 2 pairs of wings, 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of antennae. C)arachinds-2-part body, 4 pair of joined legs, no antennae, e.g., Spider. D)crustaceans-more than 4 pairs of joined legs, exoskeleton formed from calcium, breathe through gills, 2 pairs of antennae, e.g., crabs. CLASSIFYING PLANTS Ferns and flowering plants Some part of any plants green, caused by the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs energy using sunlight for photosynthesis. Plants include ferns and flowering plant. 1)Ferns Have leaves called fronds, reproduce by spores produce on the underside of fronds. 2) flowering plants Reproduce sexually means of flower and plants, seeds are produced inside ovary found at the base of the flowers. They are divided into: Monocotyledons • Flowers contain petals in multiple of 3 • Leaves have parallel leaf veins Dicotyledons • Flowers contain petals in multiple of 5 • Leaves have reticulated leaf veins Viruses-features -Aren't considered living -Take over a host cells metabolic pathways to make multiple copies of themselves -Structure is simply genetic material (DNA OR RNA) inside a protein coat.
Dichotomous keys Constructing and using a key Keys are used to organisms based on a series of questions about their features. If dichotomous key leads the user through the name of the organisms by giving 2 descriptions at a time and asking them to choose. Pick an organism to start and follow the statements till you reach a name. Then take another organism and start again.
