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Electric Car Battery Types

There are two main types of electric car batteries: lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride. Lithium-ion batteries are more commonly used in electric vehicles today and have a higher energy density than nickel-metal hydride. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium ions that move between a negative graphite electrode and positive lithium-based electrode. The document then provides details on the history and development of lithium-ion batteries and discusses various types of lithium-ion battery chemistries used in electric vehicles.

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nouman khan
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112 views12 pages

Electric Car Battery Types

There are two main types of electric car batteries: lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride. Lithium-ion batteries are more commonly used in electric vehicles today and have a higher energy density than nickel-metal hydride. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium ions that move between a negative graphite electrode and positive lithium-based electrode. The document then provides details on the history and development of lithium-ion batteries and discusses various types of lithium-ion battery chemistries used in electric vehicles.

Uploaded by

nouman khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRIC CAR BATTERY TYPES

There are two main types of electric car battery


commonly used today:
1. Lithium-ion battery Used by most EV makers
(eg Tesla, Jaguar)
A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type
of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions
move from the negative electrode through an
electrolyte to the positive electrode during
discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion
batteries use an intercalated lithium compound
as the material at the positive electrode and
typically graphite at the negative electrode.
Specific energy. 100–265 W·h/kg
Specific Power. ~250 – ~340 W/kg
Charge/discharge efficiency. 80–90%
Self-discharge rate. 0.35% to 2.5% per
month depending on state of charge
Cycle durability. 400–1,200 cycles
Nominal cell voltage
3.6 / 3.7 / 3.8 / 3.85 V
Lithium-ion Battery History
Lithium-ion batteries were first proposed by
M. S. Whittingham at Binghamton University
in the 1970s.1 Whittingham used titanium(II)
sul-fide as the cathode and lithium metal as
the anode. The electrochemical properties of
lithium intercalation in graphite were first
discovered in 1980 by Rachid Yazami et al.,
who showed the reversible intercalation of
lithium into graphite in a lithium/polymer
electrolyte/graphite half cell.2 In 1981, Bell
Labs developed a workable graphite anode to
provide an alternative to the lithium metal
battery. Following cathode research
performed by a team led by John
Goodenough, in 1991 Sony released the first
commercial lithium-ion battery. Their cells
used layered oxide chemistry, specifically
lithium cobalt oxide. In 1983, Dr Michael
Thackeray, Goodenough and cowork-ers
identified manganese spinel as a cathode
material.3 Spinel showed great promise, given
low cost, good electronic and lithium ion
conductivity and three-dimensional structure,
which gives it good structural stability.
Although a pure manganese spinel fades with
cycling, this can be overcome with chemical
modification of the material. A manganese
spinel is currently used in commercial cells.
In 1989, Goodenough showed that cathodes
containing polyanions – for example, sulfates
– produce higher voltages than oxides due to
the inductive effect of the polyanion.4 In 1996,
Goodenough, Akshaya Padhi and coworkers
identified lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4)
and other phospho-olivines (lithium metal
phosphates with olivine structure) as cathode
materials.5 In 2002, Yet-Ming Chiang and his
group at MIT showed a substantial
improvement in the performance of lithium
batteries by boosting the material’s
conductivity by doping it with aluminum,
niobium and zirconium. The exact mechanism
causing the increase became the subject of a
debate. In 2004, Chiang again increased
performance by utilizing iron phosphate
particles of less than 100 nm in diameter. This
decreased particle density by almost a
hundredfold, increased the cathode’s surface
area and improved capacity and performance.

In recent years, with the rapid development of


nanotechnology, nano-materials are promising
candidates for lithium-ion battery electrodes.
As lithium-ion battery electrode materials,
nanomaterials have some unique physical and
chemical properties, such as the large surface
area, shorter transport length, high reversible
capacity and long cycle life. These properties
can significantly improve specific capacity and
high-rate performance of lithium-ion batteries.
Types of Lithium-ion Batteries
Lithium Cobalt Oxide.
Lithium Manganese Oxide.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide.
Lithium Titanate.
There are four main types of batteries for grid-
connected renewable energy storage: lead-
acid batteries, sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries,
vanadium redox (VRB) batteries, and

lithium-ion batteries. Each of these has


reached a certain level of maturity in
stationary

energy storag
Most preferred lithium batteries
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Lithium thionyl chloride batteries have a liquid
cathode.
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries use its
eponymous compound (LiFePO4) as the
cathode material.
2. Nickel-metal hydride
Electric car battery capacity
EV batteries are generally pretty large. Their
energy capacity is normally measured in
kilowatt-hours (or kWh), denoting the battery's
energy storage over a specific time. You can
think of this as the size of a fuel tank in a
combustion-engined vehicle.
How long do batteries in electric cars last
If you're considering an EV, it's important you
pick a car with a battery capacity big enough to
suit your needs. If most of your driving is short
hops or school runs around town, a smaller
battery capacity will be fine.
A new breed of small electric cars, such as the
Honda E, are arriving with relatively puny
battery capacities. The Honda has a small
35kWh battery, enough for around 130 miles of
range. That should be sufficient if you live in
town, but many will want more range, which is
why Jaguar equips its i-Pace with an 85kWh
battery for a 292-mile claimed range.
It's very simple: the more range you need, the
bigger the battery pack you should specify - or
accept you'll need to charge up more
frequently.
The smallest batteries today are around 30-
something kWh, whereas the largest range up
to 100kWh. Tellingly, the price of the larger
batteries is significant. Our advice is not to be
scared off by the smaller capacities, so long as
you have home charging and a modest
commute.
Longevity, reliability and warranty
Some buyers are worried about how long the
battery itself will last - but all the evidence
suggests that your car will not suffer a
catastrophic battery death like your ageing
mobile phone might.
There are so many cells in a typical EV battery
that they retain capacity even after hundreds of
thousands of miles; although they won't
perform as well as when box-fresh and new,
they will keep holding charge for many, many
years to come and the internet is full of high-
mileage electric and hybrid cars still working
well into their dotage. The expected electric car
battery life is at least a decade and our advice is
your car will fall apart before your battery fails.
BMW i3 Eight years/100,000 miles
Hyundai Kona Electric Eight years/100,000
miles
Kia e-Niro Seven years/100,000 miles
Jaguar i-Pace Eight years/100,000 miles
Nissan Leaf (below) Eight years/100,000 miles

The lithium-ion battery has evolved as the


major power source ever since its discovery in
1991 by Sony and represents one of the major
successes of materials electrochemistry.
Lithium-ion batteries are becoming more and
more popular in view of the multifarious
applications arising from their high voltage and
high power leading to light weight and smaller
size cells/batteries. In view of the growing day-
to-day demand for lithium-ion batteries,
intensive research is being pursued globally to
develop new high performing cost effective
electrode and electrolyte materials and
importantly without compromising on
environmental issues.

Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer


electronics. They are one of the most popular
types of rechargeable battery for portable
electronics, with one of the best energy-to-
weight ratios, high open circuit voltage, low
self-discharge rate, no memory effect and a
slow loss of charge when not in use. Beyond
consumer electronics, lithium-ion batteries are
growing in popularity for military, electric
vehicle and aerospace applications due to their
high energy density.

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