GRAMMAR REFERENCE 1 Present simple werrorm tne present simple ike this: play we play: you play you play he/she /it plays they play Spelling: 3rd person singular (he / she / it) We aud» to the end of most verps. +s start starts play — plays We add -es ifthe verb ends in -ch,-5s, sh or-o, es teach teaches miss misses, do = does go — goes Ifthe verb ends in a consonant +-y, we change -yto / and add 2s. = ies study studies canty— caries {do not play ‘don't play you do not play you don't pay he/she /itdoes not play he/she /it doesn't play you do not play you dont play we do nat play wwe don't play they do not play. they don't play Do! play...? Yes, | do. / No, | don’t. Do you play? Yea, youd. / No, you Wu Does he / she / it play... Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. Dowe /you/they play .2 Yes, we / you / they do. ‘No, we / you / they don’t. We use the present simple: ‘+ for something that always happens or happens regulary (.. every weeh, often suetTie3) Sally ojcles to school every dy. © forfacts. Cons eat grass * with certain verbs that are not used in continuous tenses, e.g, believe, hate, lite, ove, need, know, prefer, want. (ike this book. (NOT #ediking this book. x) Present continuous We form the present continuous like this: © the correct form of be + the ing form af the main veeh Daniel is eating “The class arent listening. ‘Ace you playing? 94 Grammar Reference * Unit 1 Spelling: verb + -ing form We add -ing to the end uf must verb play + ~ing — playing study +-ing— studying lFthe verb ends in a consonant + -e, we usually drop the -e and add -ing. e—-ing write + writing, make — making If the verb ends in a short, stressed vowel + a consonant, we double the consonant: -m—-mming swim — swimming “9 -99ing jog — jogging “P= -pping tap — tapping ta -tting cut cutting We use the present continuous: * for something that is happening nov. Look! t's raining * for something that is happening temporary, not necessarily at the moment of speaking My mum's learning English in the evenings. + for arrangements in the future. we're playing tennis tomorrow. We don't use the present continuous: ‘* with certain verbs, e.g believe, hate, like, lave, need, know, refer, want. | like this book. (NOT Hiking this book. x) Verb + infinitive or -ing form When we put two verbs together, the second verb is usually in the infinitive or the «ing form. want to go home. (infinitive) John suggested playing chess. (ng torm) British teenagers like to watch TV. / British teenagers Uke watching TV. (infinitive or «ing form) Below isa list of verbs that are followed by the infinitive, the -ing Fun, or both. agiee offer avoid finish begin decide prepare can’thelp imagine continue expect pretend canitstand keep hate fail promise don’tmind practise like hope refuse enjoy spendtime love manage seem fancy suggest prefer mean want feel like startCory U SU ae a aes Present simple and present continuous 1 Make the affirmative statements negative. Make the negative statements affirmative. 1 Iweara suit at school. \ don't wear a suit at school 2 He doesn’t like weddings. 3. She plays volleyball after school. 4 We live in London. 5 My uicle wutks i factwry. 6 Iwant a sandwich. 2 Complete the questions. 1 What___at school? She wears a tracksult 2 Where swimming? He goes swimming at the sports centre. 2 Why ‘computer games? They play computer games because they enjoy them. 4 When________in the morning? He gets up at 7:30. 5 How____towork? He goes by bus. 3. Write sentences using the present continuous. 41 they / wear / tracksuits “They're wearing tracksuits, she / chat /to her fiend 1/ not have / a shower we / not win / the match Ihe / yun / realy bedly you / not listen / tome 4s Lookat the picture. Ask and answer the questions using the present continuous. 1 she / wear/ a hat? ls she wearing a hat? No. she int she / standing up? she / smile? she / eat / a pizza? she / wear / jeans? she / hold / a mobile phone? 5 Complete the pairs of sentences with the present simple or the present euitinugus fori of the verbs in brackets. 1a She always (oweai) a white top for work bi (wear) new shoes. Do you like them? 2a We (go) skiing next month, b They (Go) sking every winter. 3a (love) this cake. What is > (enjoy) this cake. Whats it ba (travel faster than sound. b That car (trave) very fast. Be carefull 5 a My dad often (sing) inthe car. b My brother Ging). What a terble noise! 6al (not believe) him. i's ale! b He (not tel the truth t's let Verb + infinitive or -ing form 6 Match the two halves of the sentences. 1 when newas four, ne Degan...@ 10 pay for his lessons, 2 His mother agreed practising every day. 3 He imagined .. € to study music at university. 4 He hoped .. d to leam the piano. 5 He didn’t mind becoming a famous pianist. 7 Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or -ing form of the verbs in brackets. (play) tennis tomorrow? (tel you the truth. Do you fancy promise 1 He's pretending (be) angry. 2 Ican'thelp (eel nervous. 3 She doesn’t enjoy (wear) formal clothes. 4 Have vou finished (cat)? 5 I didn't expect (pass) the exam. 6 Do you want (atch) televisfon? 7 I don’t feel lke (20) home. 8 We decided (have) lunch in a café. 9 0 Grammar Builder® Unit1 95.COTW aida st 4 (6 ad Past simple te amrmative rorm of the past simple is the same forall persons, singular and plural (you, he, we, et.) U watched 2 football match last night. ‘She watched TV, “They watched a DVD. Spelling: past simple (affirmative) form of regular verbs We form the past simple (affirmative) form of regular verbs by adding ed to the verb. +-ed work worked play played IF the verb ends in -e, we add -d. +d phone— phoned move moved Ifthe verb ends in a consonant + -y, we change -y to /and add ed. y— ied study studied cry ~ cried Ifthe verb ends in a short stressed vowel + a consonant, we double the consonant. “p= -pped drop— dropped . (you / enjoy) it? Sue Yes, Itwas great, Jake (your sister / go) with you? Sue No, . 5 complete the text messages with was, wasn't, were and weren't. you? at nome {this morning. here? you? Really? But it * sunny. 1t 5 cold! Past simple and past continuous 6 Complete the text wit in brackets. the past continuous form of the verbs ‘At 9.30 p.m., f . (stand) in the kitchen. He ” ra. We said hello, but he * (not listen). James and Callum * (chat) in the hall. Ed * Gi on the stairs. He © (hold) his head in his hands. His shoulders ” (shake) but he ®. (not ery). He? (laugh)! 7 Complete the dialogue with the past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Policeman What * (you J do) at 8 o'clock. yesterday evening? Man a (watch) TV? Policeman Really? What * (you / watch)? Man film. Policeman What was it called? Man Er... [can't remember. | (not pay) attention, Policeman I see. And why is your jacket wet? Man 1. {wea it this moming when | went out Policeman But (ot rin) this morning! z 8 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 The goalkeeper (catch) the ball and (throw) it to the defender. 2 Mydad (get) home while (watch) an ice hockey match on TV. 3 The referee (stop) the match because it (snow). 4. The motorcyclist. (put on) his helmet and (et on) the motorbike. 5 She (break) her leg while she 6 The Los Angeles Lakers lest 10 minutes, but they (ski). (score) 30 points in the (vt wit) Ure gene. 7 It (not rain) so we. (play) volleyball in the park. 8 Maria (sur when she (see) a shark near the beach. Grammar Builder *Unit2 97cL TUN S144 14 (ae) Quantifiers some and any ‘We usually use some in affirmative sentences and any in negative sentences and questions “here ace some- traffic lights at the end ofthe road, “There's some pasta on the table, Tre boy docen't want any biscuits, “Tey avert got any money. ‘ce there any cinemas in your tows? o you need any trelp? ‘We usually use suine when we offer or ask for something, Would you like some ea? Can | borrow some money? alittle, a few ‘We use a little with uncountable nouns. We use a few with countable nouns. iia ate alte ree. Mike ate afew chips. much, many and a lot of We use much, many and alot ofo talk about quantity. We use ‘much with uncountable nouns. We use many with countable nouns. French people don’t drink much ie, ‘Ace there many pedestrian crossings in the town centre? We use a /ot of (or lots of) with countable and uncountable Bill Gates has got alot of / lots of money, “There are a lot of / lots of roadworks in London, We often use much and many in negative sentences and questions. We don't often use them in affirmative sentences. We didn't eat much food or We didn't eat alot of food Were there many people a the party? or Were there a lot of pepe atthe par? Charlotte's gota lot of money. (NOT Charlotte's got much money. x) 98 Grammar Reference * Unit 3 Articles Indefinite article We use a before singular countable nouns when we talk about something forthe first time. We use the when we talk about something agai ve got a cat and a dog, The ca’s called Toe and the dog's called ‘Sally. U had a pizza and a cofee. The pizza was grat but the cofee was atl We use a when we say what somebody or something is. Liverpool isa city in England. Bob isa tai river: Mozart was a great composer We use a when we say what somebody or something i Ike. Feance tsa beaut country, “That's a rice dress, Where did you buy #2 e's a good-looking young man Definite article We use the when itis clear what we are talking about. Muss in the Kitchen, (the kitchen in our house) ‘The station is near the park. (There's only one station and one park in our town) ‘The man in the yellow jacket is my uncle. (We know which man — he's wearing a yellow jacket.) We use the when there is only one of something. ‘he sun, the Red Sea, the sky, the moon, the world Tero article We don't use the when we are making generalizations. | dont like classical music Fiona never drinks tea or coffee.Ca UNUE S10) 4 ae) Quantity: some, any, much, many, etc. Articles 1. Complete the sentences with some or any. 5 Complete the sentences with a or the, 1 Ineed fresh air. 1 My dad's got. BMW and my mum's got. 2 There isn't. traffic on the road. Volkswagen. BMW is much faster than 3 Are there fields near your school? Volkswagen. 4 Have you got homework? 2 I met. girl and boy at the sports centre. 5 I'm going out with friends. girl was from France, and boy was from 6 We haven't got. pets. Spain 3 She lives in flat is very small. atin the cantre of town. 2 Complete the sentences with a little or a few. 1 ‘Would you like some pasta?" ‘Just___'m not very 4 There was cinema and theatre in our hungry town, but. cinema closed last year. 2 went to the cinema with ___ friends last night. 5 There's bus at 10 or train at 11, 3 I spent __ time chatting with my uncle. bus arrives at 12, train artives 4 She bought books in town at 11.30. 5 | only recognized people at the wedding. oe pizza and piece of chocolate 6 She isn'ta vegetarian, but she only eats meat. cake."“Would you like chips with pizza?” ‘ 7 tought book about birds and book 3 Complate the Sentences with much or ary, about fish, book about birds was OK, but 1 There aren't street lamps in my street. book about fish was boring 2 Hurry up! We haven't got. time. 3 Has she got friends at school? 6 Complete each par of sentences with a and the. 4 Do you listen to radio programmes? 1 a There's clothes shop near the post offic. 5 He doesn’t speak ‘Arabic. b Hove clothes shop between the bank and the 6 There aren't cottages in the village. chemists : 2 a Shut dvor, please 4 Complete the sentences with a lot of and words from the b My bedroom has got, blue door he 3 a Ilike this song, Who's ger? b think Om Kalthoum was sreat singer. 4 a Sandra's lovely b Who's irl with long dark hall? 1. She's always buying expensive jewellery. She's got 5 a Look. There's cat in that tree. ‘Which cat s yours?” black one.” 2. Somyi'm late, There was ______on the roads. 6 @ Dad's watching television in ving room. 3 Did Chelsea score in the match? b Idlike @ house with big living room. 4 There aren the town, 5 English is spoken in, gia tie te Ce cen 6 I can't go out tonight. Our teacher gave us | saw President on TV last night. 1°d like to travel round world. ‘Cwas cold but sun was shining. Ifyou see an accident, you should phone police. ‘My brother wants to join army. It's too cold to swim in sea. ‘Moon came out from behind the clouds. Paris is capital of France. hoose the correct answer. I hate cold coffee / the cold coffee ‘Where's coffee / the coffee” ‘it’s in the cupboard” She laves cats / the cats. {Pm going to take children / the children for a walk. ’'m not very interested in sport / the sport. ‘My favourite sport is football / the football. \wnere are Dooks / the Dooks that | bought yesterday’ We went swimming in the sea. Water / The water was, really warm. o otausune og ehenstod Grammar Builder * Unit3 99ca aaa 14) faa Comparative adjectives Spelling We add-er to short (one-syllable and some two-sylable) adjectives, er long— longer Ifthe short adjective ends in -e, we add -r +r wide — wider Ifthe short adjective ends in a short vowel +a single consonant, we double the cansanant and add -or “totter hot hotter Ifthe adjective ends in, we take out the -y and add -er. friendly — flendlier IF the adjective is tong (two syllables or more), we use the word more stipping—> more gripping Some adjectives have iregular comparative forms. youd — better bad — worse far— further y— ier than We use than to compare two things or people. Basketball is more entertaining than football ‘We usually use the abject pronoun (me, you, her, him, us, ther) after than. You're taller than me, (NOT You're taller than. x) butYou're taller than Lam, 7 Superlative adjectives Speling ‘We put the in front of short (one-syllable and some two-syllable) adjectives and add -est est long — the longest, Ifthe short adjective ends in -e, we add -st. st wide — the widest ifthe short adjective ends in a short vowel + a single consonant, we Uuuble the eunsunant atid ad “est to -ttest hot— the hottest Ifthe adjective ends in y, we take out the -y and add -iest. ‘y+ -iest friendly — the friendliest Ifthe adjective is long (two syllables or more), we use the word most, sripping ~ the most gripping ‘Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. good — the best bad — the worst, far the furthest 100 Grammar Reference » Unit 4 less and the least less and the least have the opposite meaning to more and the most. Maths is less dificult than English ‘What's the least interesting subject that you study? (not) as... as We use (not) as .. as to compare two people or things notas... as means less... than. Orlando is not 26 old a6 Brian. Brian was born in M148, Orlando in 94 as... as means equally. ‘ice is a6 tall a6 Tina, Alice and Tina are both fio centimetres. We usually use the object pronoun after (nof) as... as. The subject pronoun sounds very formal. Sarah's an intelligent a6 him (NOT Sarah's as intelligont ac he. ») but Sarabis as intelligent 26 he is. too and enough to0 comes before an adjective ‘enough comes after an adjective. “This jacket ie too small fori “This jacket ist big enough for hie. enough comes before a noun. He can't buy it. He hase got enough mone.CoP Lee) ag Comparative and superlative adjectives (not) as ... as, too, enough 11 Write the comparative forms of the adjectives. 5. Write sentences with as. as and the adjective in brackets. 1 large —_ 4 The French cookbook and the Italian cookbook both cost 2 tall £15, (expensive) 3 thin “The French cookbook is 26 expensive 28 the talian cookbook. pet 2. Diana was bom in 1996. Mike was bom in 1996 too. (old) 5 good —___ 3 Cathy and Joe both got top marks in the exam. (intelligent) ey 4 The BMW and the Mlercedes both have a top speed of 7 hot 200 km/h. fast) oud 5 'mvery tied. You're very tired too. (tired) 2 Complete the sentences with comparative adjectives from ‘Gi gul swearing ticealWeek= Youlgo'swimming twice a exercise 1. week too. (often) 1 ts Dave than George?" “Yes, he's 1m 85." 6 Rewrite the sentences with notas .. as. 2 This jackets too small. Have you gota one? aU Are selenten sere 3 Itisn't very warm today. It was much yesterday. Syberia as tll ab Arwold 4 Brams are vou revise alot. Oh, dear, is raining. We can‘ play tennis unless the 2 Visaster nims are more gnpping than science fiction ims. weather gets 3 Jane is funnier than Ellen. 6 | don’t like his latest Books. | prefer his eet 44 The acting in Gladiator was better than the acting in roy. 7 This pizza is too thick. prefer es 5. The sports centre in the town is bigger than the sports 8 Mrjones isa teacher than Mr Smith, Mr Smith centre in the village, Bene iestton cartel {6 I'm more interested in history than you. 3 Complete the sentences with the comparative form ofthe 7 Complete the sentences with foo and an adjective from the adjectives in brackets and than. 2 comedies. (boring) 3. Real Madrid are football team 1 I's _____In here to have the window open. Can Liverpool. (successful) you close it, please? 4 Maria is Joanna. (confident) 2 That blouse is __. i's £40. 5 Historical dramas are_____ than war films. 3 [can't drink this tea. I's (entertaining) 4 That film is ___ to watch from beginning to 6 Is football___ice hockey? (exciting) end, 5. 'mnot going to stay up and watch the film with you. '™m 4 Write sentences with superlative adjectives. 1 himpancees / funny / animals /in the world 6 ‘can’t find anything in my room. W's Chimmpanaees ace the funniest avimals inthe work. 8 Complete the sentences with enough and a noun or 3 Russia / large / country / in the world 2 Ete sr pq anesthe won eeu e| 6 who / hard-working / student / in the class? 1 | haven't got _______ to finish my homework. 7 Titanic | moving | film / I've ever seen 2 didn’t enjoy the comedy. It wasn't. 2 He doesn’t do. to stay healthy. 2 Mea puy ota Tawar Grammar Builder Unit 4 104GRAMMAR REFERENCE 5 Present perfect We form the present perfect lke this: Short answer ne Be F3 az rf a8 ie Be ae E : The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the past simple. played phoned studied dropped Sometimes itregular verhs have the same pact paticiple as the past simple form, sometimes they are different. buy ~ bought - bought ser ~ caw = geen See the list of irregular verbs on page 124. 102 Grammar Reference * Unit 5 We use the present perfect: '* to talk about recent events. ete has pessed all his exams, * to alk about experiences. ‘ve eaten fish and chips in England. * to talk about an event or situation that began in the past and Continues up to now. We use for with a period of time and since witha point time. My Aad hae word for IBM for 10 yeore Wve had this camera since May, ‘+ to talk about actions that have an effect on the present. | haven't finished my homework, so | cant yo out ‘We use both been and gone as the past participles of the verb go. We use been when somebody has returned. ohn has been shopping. (He went shopping but he is here now.) We use gane whan camehody hasn't ratumed. “obi fas gone shopping, (He went shopping and he is still at the shops.) We use How ong ..? and the present perfect to ask how long a Situation has continued up to the present. “Yow long have you lived in Canada?” “Since 2001 Present perfect and past simple We use both the past simple and the present perfect to talk about finished actions. We use the past simple to talk about completed events at a definite time in the past. The events have no connec with the prosent. | visited Dubai last year. ‘We use the present perfect to talk about past events that have a connection with the present, ‘We use the present perfect to talk about past events that have a connection with the present Have you ever been to Ireland? Yes, have. | went last year. ‘we often use tne past simple when we ask for or give more details following a Have you ever ...? question, Have you ever been to Epypi? Yes, I have. | went Cairo last year. Have you ever been skiing? Yes, | have. where did you go? (went to Switzerland,Cor SLU) ee} Present perfect 1 Complete the phone conversation with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets or short answers. Steve Hello, Steve speaking. Dave Hi, Steve. It's Dave. 'm phoning from London. Steve Hi, Dave! It's great to hear from you. So, you (ind) your mobile! Dave Actually, no. 12 (buy) a new one, but my umber? (not changed. Steve Well, it's great to hear ftom you. We “______ (not speak) for ages.» (you / find) somewhere to live yet? Dave No, | but ___ ust / look) at a beautiful flat near the Thames. Steve Are you going to live there? Dave 1*, (not decide) yet. | can't really afford Steve * (you / star) work? Dave Yes, © ___1 (give) about twenty lessons, but the school ®. (not pay) me yet! What have or haven’t you done today? Write an affirmative and a negative sentence in the present perfect for each verb in the box. Choose for or since. 4. My grandparents have been married for / since 40 years 2 Ithasn't snowed here for / since 1998. 3 He's had a job for / since last summer. 4 Thev've been engaged for / since twelve years. 5 Ie been friends with Britney for / since | vas 12 years old. 6 You haven't phoned me for / since ages. Write questions with How long...? and answers with for or since. 41 I'ma teacher. | started teaching last year. How long have you been a teacher? ‘Since last year: / For a year. We live near the cast We maved there the ‘She's married. She got mattied two years ago. | know Mary. We first met last December. | play the piano. | had my first lesson in 2001. I've got a passport. | got it three years ago. My cousin works in a factory. He started working there in 2005. Present perfect and past simple 5 Complete the conversations with the verbs in the boxes. Use the past simple or present perfect form. Mary © you Vienna? Fiona Yes, 12 there last year. Mary Where ?__you __? Fiona At my uncle's house. Mary “______you___aprresent that you didn't ke? Fiona Yes, my aunt 5 ‘mea yellow sweatshirt for my birthday. mary Wat* ____ you whe Fiona Nothing. She ’______ there when |® it, But !°__ her a nice thank-you letter. ‘Write questions with Have you ever ..? Write true answers about yourself. If the answer is yes, add more details inthe past simple. 1 go / snowboarding Have you ever been snowboarding? No, Laven’ Yes, | have. | went snowboarding in Switzerland \ast vitor, 80 / to France or Germany swim Jin tha aa break / a bone play / a computer game borrow / money from a fiend visit / a museum ‘Some of the sentences are incorrect. Rewrite them using the correct tense. 1 I've been to London yesterday. \ went to London yesterday, She's written three emails last night. Last summer we saw some beautiful akes in tay. Have you ever met anyone famous? Last year my parents have given me a bicycle. Iived in London since last year. “Did you buy any presents yet” ‘No, not yet.” “Have you ever been snorkelling?” "Yes, I've been snorkelling last summer.” Grammar Builder® Unit S103.CTY aga a) will ‘We use will to talk about the tuture. We form sentences with will Uke this: will + infinitive without to Ul go The form of willis the same for all persons (, you, he, she, etc) We use will: + lo make factual statements about the future, “There will be a solar eclipse in 2024, ‘* to make predictions, especially when they are based on our ‘own thoughts or beliefs. (thin yout do wel in Your exams, \ don't think Egypt will win the next Atican Cup. to make offers. IM carry your bagg. IMU tee you my phone to make promises. 1 always help you + to make instont dew are speaking). Look! There's Tommy. tlh go and say ell, jun (Uecisiuns Ua we make while we 104 Grammar Reference # Unit 6 going to ‘We use going to to talk about the future. We form sentences with going to like this: * resent simple of be + going to + infinitive without to tim going to study law af univers Roger Federer isn't going to win the match, ‘Are you going to be at home this weekend? ‘Yes, | am. / No, I'm not. We use yoiny wo: * to make predictions, especially when they are based on what wwe can see. Look at that an! He's going to jump inthe river! * to talkabout our intentions. {im going ta invite er to my barbecue We use both will and going to to make predictions and to talk ahaut our decisions. However, wa uce them in a slightly different way. cr will er Zero conditional We use the zero conditional to talk about a result which follows, 2 particular action. We use the present simple to descibe the action and the present simple to describe the result. IT you press this buon, te light comes on ‘The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. I'it comes after, we don't use 3 comma if you heat ce, it melts tee lis if you heat itTT VS a will and going to 11 Write predictions about technology in ten years’ time. Use I think .. or | don’t think... and the phrases in the box. all children / have a mobile phone camcorders / be very small digital comeras | be very expensive cats / need petrol houses / use solar energy watches / include calculators (think all children wall have a mobile phone, 2. Think of offers or promises for the problems in the box. Use Pla {can't do my homework. I need to call my mum, but | haven't got my mobile phone. I want to wateh this film, but my DVD player is broken. 1'm going to miss my favourite TV programme tonight. 3 Workin pairs. Student A: describe a problem from exercise 2. ‘Student B: Offer or promise to do something. Siena Cat my ster to ely ou. ‘4 Match the pairs of sentences. ‘What would you like to eat. “Have you got Sam’s number “These pens are 90p each.” “The chower ian’t working” “We're leaving now.” “'m not sure. I'll Look in my phonebook.” “ri go with you.” have the pasta, please.” “rithave a bath.” “Vil take three.” iv 5 > Write predictions about the pictures with going to. Use the verbs in the box to help you. chase crash falloff fallover frighten scream steal 6 Write down three things you intend to do this weekend and three things you don’t intend to do. Use /’m (n00) going tom. {rm not going to do any homework. Zero conditional / may, might, could 7 Match the two halves ofthe sentences. 41 Ifyou press this button, 2 Ifyou can’t say anything nice, 3 I'mhere 4 IF drink coffe in the evening, It doesn’t matter IFyou say'sit, ityou need me. Ifyou break that calculator ~ itwas cheap. I never sleep well the lights come on, my dog sits down. don't say anything at al. ‘Complete the text with may, might and could and the verbs in the box. There is one negative form. become do happen prefer share want Sales of CDs are declining because of illegal file sharing, and film companies are worried that the same thing i with DVDs, As downloads become faster, more and more people * films over the intemet rather than buying them. Buying DVDs * a thine of the past. The music industry now encourages legal downloads from websites like the Tunes Music Store. The film industry something similar. However, if they try to charge too much for film downloads, people z to pay. They © to download them illegally, using one of the many file-sharing programs. Grammar Builder* Unité 105GRAMMAR REFERENCE 7 c : The form of must or mustn’tis the same forall persons (), you, he, etc). ee ‘Short answer * We don't often make questions with must. itis more common to use Do you have to...? We use must + infinitive without o to say that something is necessary, andi is very important to do It lin some Asian countries, you must eat with your right hand, You must be. quiet in the. schoo! library, ‘We use mustn't + infinitive without to to say that something is prohibited, and it is very important not to do it. We musi’ be late for schoo, You mustn't use a mobile phone in the cinema, We often use must or mustn't to express rules and laws. le the te, you must be tT to dcive 3 ca You musi smoke on airplanes 106 Grammar Reference « Unit 7 needn't We use needn't + infinitive without o to say that something is not necessary but isn’t against the rules. You need’ bring a towel. There are. towels at the swimming poo, (Butyou can bring one ifyou want.) You needa take sandwiches a lunch is provided. (@utyou can bring them ifyou want.) First conditional ‘We use the first conditional to predict the result of a future action. We use the present simple to describe the action and ‘i+ infinitive without toto describe the result. If you go to bed late, youll be tired tomorrow. (action) (result) (FL miss the bus, Il take a taxi (action) (Fesult) The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. it ‘comes after, we don't use a comma. IF you drink 100 much coffe, you wort sleep wel You wor't sleep well if you drink too much coffe.GRAMMAR BUILDER 7 must, mustn’t and needn't First conditional 11 Match the pairs of sentences. 4 Match the two halves of the sentences. You mustn’t eat those mushrooms. You must drive on the left. You mustn’t swim here. You must pay for those books, You mustn’t worry about your exams. You must try on that top. Youre in england! You don’t want to buy the wrong size. ‘They're poisonous. They'llbe fine, ‘They aren't free. The river is dangerous. mean ee aneuNe 2 What do the signs mean? Complete the sentences with must (or mustn't. 1 You mustn't tur left. Ay @ 7 Ya ora a 3. Rewrite the sentences, using needn't. 1 Itisn’t necessary tor you to buy hera present. You needr't buy her a present. 2 I isn't necessary for us to arive on time. 3 Itisn't necessary for them to phone me. 4 ‘Itisn't necessary for him to weara suit. 5 Itian’t neceasary for her to cook dinner for me. 6 itisn't necessary for you to wait for me. IF1 don't go to bed soon, won't pass my exam My brother will help me IFyou go to the cinema, We won’t have a barbecue Will your brother be angry vill you fuvite we? ‘ll be tired tomorrow. .- if we use his computer? it my homework is too dificult. = ifitrains tomorrow. IF don’t study hard, Complete the fist conditional sentences with the present simple form ofthe words in brackets, 1 tthe (eat) too much, he won't sleep well. 2 ("feed his cat while he's away fhe (asi) me. 3 We won't get home before it's darkif we eave) after 5.30 pum, (work) harder, you'll do better at school. (Gnow) next month, well go skiing. 6 Shell be angry if he. (not come) to her party. Complete the first conditional sentences with the will torm of the words in brackets. 1 Ifyou give me your number, | you tomorrow. 2 They. (not buy) a new carifit costs too much. 3 IT'you don’t tell your parents wnere you are, tney. (be) worried. Gal 4 You (have) a great time if you come, 5 What you (do) ifitrains tomorrow? 6 Ifwe can’tfind a hotel, where we 2.Gleep) Grammar Builder Unit7 107GRAMMAR REFERENCE 8 Second conditional We use the second conditional to talk about situations that are unlikely or unreal. ttcan refer to the present or the future. We use the past tense to describe the unlikely, unreal or ‘imaginary action or situation, and would + infinitive without to to describe the result. FU had a lot of money, Fé travel around the world ‘The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. iit comes after, we don't use a comma. IF Lived in the country, 2 have a horse, Td have a horse i lived in the county. uous to say that we ‘want something to be different from how itis now. ‘The present situation. Mison has brown eyes, ton wishes she had blue eyes. The present situation: is cold | am wearing a jacket. Wish: | wish I was wearing 2 coat After fand wish we sometimes use were rather than was with 1 he | she | it. were is more formal than wes. WF were you { would get some advice U wish {were able to attend, 108 Grammar Reference + Unit 8era) ) Second conditional 1 Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1 if|____ have) a bicycle, 'd ride to school. 2. If|_____ (owe) money to my parents, 'd pay them back, 3 He'd write more often ithe (have) more time. 4 If|____ (know) the answer, 'd tell you. 5 lfwe (not live) in the city 'd get really bored. 6 Would you be angry if! ______ (copy) your homework? 7 You wouldn't be so tied in the mornings ifyou = (not stay up) so late 8 IfPete______(not smoke), he'd be much healthier. 2. Complete the second conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Ifthey (live) in the city, life ____ (be) easier. 2 |_____ (lay) basketball if|_______ (be) taller. 3 Ifwe (have) a DVD player, we —_ (watch) films every evening, 4 You (can) afford that mobile phone if you (not spend) all your money on clothes. 5 What happen) if you ____— {not go) to school tomorrow? 6 He (not be) very happy ifyou (not invite) him to the restaurant. 7 fling) a credit card, |_____ (take) it to the police, 8 How (you / feel ifyou __ (not pass) your exams? 3. Write second conditional sentences. 1. [don't have a computer, so I don’t play computer games. WU had a computer, play computer games. 2. Ben has to get up early on Mondays, 50 he doesn’t go out ‘on Sunday evenings 3. Kate doesn't have a ticket for tennis at Wimbledon, so she isn't going, 4 There isi't a football match on TV this evening, 20 they're going out. 5 | have a lot of homework, so 'l stay inthis evening. 6 We don’t have to help with the cooking, so we can watch a Dv. J wish ... 4 Write the sentences in the correct speech bubbles. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Lwish |____ (not have) so much homework. 2 wish we (be) in the same class. 3 Jimwishes he (can) speak Japanese. 4 Lwish it — (not be) winter 5 Patricia wishes she ____ (not hate) pizza. 6 I'm having a great time in Sydney. | wish you (be) here. 7 twish (can) eat bread, but | can't. 8 [wish |______ (not have to) take an exam at the end. of the year. Grammar Builders Unit 109GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9 Past perfect ‘We form the past pertect tke this: 1 /you'd gone he / she / it'd gone we / ‘yOu {they'd gone ga 1/ you hadn't gone he / she / it hadn't gone we / you / they hadn't gone men alt= had not Had I / you gone ..2 Hadhe / she Jit gone...? Had we / you / they gone Yes, Ihad. / No, | hadn't. Yes, she had. //No, she hadn't, The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the past simple, finished "phoned studied chatted ‘Sometimes irregular verbs have the same past participle as the fest sok ea aera = went ~ been’ / gore Bay — bog = bg see = saw = seen Fora list of imegular verbs see page 124. We use the past perfect to talk about an event in the past which happened before another event in the past. Time tine the robbers leftthe bank the police arrived now ‘when the police arrived, the robbers had left the bank: 110 Grammar Reference * Unit 9 Reported speech When we report somebody else's words, the tense of the verb usually changes. ‘Iddon’t like dogs,” Ben said. Ben said (thay he didn't lke dogs. ‘My dad is ct work’ Becky said that her dad Pachy nid eenitele ‘He's wearing « blue top,” Michele said (had) he was Michelle said weoring a bue op. ‘We moved to London in. Philsaid (tha they had moved 2000, Pil said ‘London in 2000, Itis not necessary to use that in reported speech. ‘The pronouns sometimes change, depending on the vuntex. ‘My ame’ TI’ she said. ‘She said that her rare was Til “We weno the cinema,’ Mark said Mark said that they had gone to the cinema ‘1K meet you after school Becky eid Becky said she'd meet me after schodlrT Ua Ua) tae Past perfect 1 Complete the sentences with the past perfect form of the verbs in brackets. 1 | didn’t watch the film because |___ (see) it. 2 She fel ill because she (eat) too much. 3. We couldn't drive to Liverpool because our car. (break down). 4 He (not finish) his homework so he couldn't 50 out, 5 ‘Why was he so hungry?” ‘Because he (not have) lunch." 6 |______ (buy) the tickets before | heard you were il 7 She couldn’t go out because she (promise) to help her ‘mum with the housework. 8 Last year | went to Beijing. | (not visit) China before. 9 After! ___ (write) the letter, | posted it. 10 When dad. (do) the gardening, he watched TV. 2 Write one sentence, using the past simple and the past perfect. Start “ith When. 1 Joe went out. | arrived home. ‘When | arrived ome, Zor ad gone out {went to bed. Paul phoned ‘The shoplifter ran away. The police arive. ‘Mum cooked dinner. Dad got home. We finished our homework. We watched TV. ‘The flm started, We arived atthe cinema It started to rain, We left the beach The train left. We got tothe station. Reported speech 3 Complete the sentences in reported speech. Use the past simple, past continuous or past perfect. “I like pizza,’ said Fred. Fred said that he liked pizza. 2. ‘Ashoplifter stole three DVDs,’ said the shop assistant. ‘The shop assistant said that a shoplifter. three DVDs. 3. ‘That fraud is cheating people.’ the man sald, The man said that a fraud people. 4 ‘it’s getting dark, said Jess. Jess said that it ____dark. 5 ‘Some vandals smashed the shop window,’ she said. She sald that some vandals the shop window. 6 The burglar is in Une police cai,’ said the police officer. ‘The police officer said that the burglar in the police car. 7 “Two men robbed the bank,’ the bank manager said. The bank manager said that two men the bank. 8 ‘Every day joyriders steal ten cars in the city’ sald the police officer. The police officer said that every day joyriders _ten cars inthe city. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct pronoun. 1 ‘I'm going home,’ said Cathy. Cathy said that was going home. 2 ‘We live in Birmingham,’ she said. She said that lived in Birmingham. 3 ‘like watching TV in my bedroom,’ he said. He said that liked watching TV in bedroom. 4 “You're late!’ she said to me. ‘she salu wo hat a> late. 5 ‘She never phones me,’ said Elizabeth Elizabeth said that. never phoned __. Rewrite what Fiona says using reported speech. 5 My trend is meeting me at the cinema. 6 My friend's name is Helen. '& We're going to see a French film, Rewrite the sentences in direct speech. 1 He said that it wasn't raining. It isnt raining” he said. ‘She said that last month joyriders had stolen her car He said that he needed a holiday You said that you were going to Tom's party this evening. He sald that he'd seen the robbers leaving the hank. She sald that | was greedy. You said that you'd had lunch, He said tat he was feeting ill. Grammar Builder Unit 9111GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10 The passive (present simple) we form te present simple passive like this: + present imple of be + past participle of the main verb. ‘When we want to say who performed the action, we use by. ‘My exams are. marked by the teachers. 12 Grammar Reference # Unit 10 The passive (other tenses) We form other tenses of the passive like this: * correct tense of be + past participle of the main verb.GRAMMAR BUILDER 10 The passive (present simple) 1 Complete the sentences with the present simple passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Rice (grow) in China. 2 Helmets (wear) by ice hockey players. 3. Spanish (speak) in Mexico. 4 Coffee (rink) in most countries ofthe world. 5 English (teach) in schools in Jordan. & Noodles (Gad in China 2 Complete the text with the present simple passive form of the verbs in brackets. (eontart) hy the magavine Ifthe person agrees to the interview, a reporter — (send) to their house. The person (interview) and lots of photographs (take). Then the article (Gorite) = it's always a very kind one ~ and money (ay) to the person interviewed! 3 complete the sentences with the present simple passive form of the verbs in the box. Tea___ Newspapers and magazines. ina newsagent’s. English in Australia and New Zealand. 1 in India. 2 3 4 The best chocolate in Belgium and Switzerland. 5 6 7 Inthe UK too many criminals to prison. Every year, 38 billion burgers in the USA. Every year Paris, by 24 million tourists. 4 Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 1 They recycle a lot of paper and cardboard in Britain, 2 They don’t sell books in this shop. 3 They don’t speak English in Germany. 41 They use recycled paper in newspapers. 5. They don't grow oranges in Antartica 6 They don’t drink tap water in some countries. The passive (other tenses) 5. Complete the sentences with the past simple passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 this Ovo player __ (make) in Korea 2 Hamlet. (wite) by Shakespeare. 3 Jeans (invent) in the USA, 4 Shakespeare's plays about 400 years ago. 5 Jahn Lennon 6 Pluto (perform) for the first time murder) in New York in 1980. (discover) in 1930. 6 Rewrite the sentences in the pas ssay who has done the action. 1. Somebody has stolen my camera, 2. Sumebody has vandalized the bus stop. 3. Shoplifters have taken the new DVDs. 4 Somebody has burgled their house. 5 They've murdered three people. 6 The police have interviewed three suspects. - Use by if necessary to 7 Complete the advertisement with the passive form of will Car Valet Service! Your car (collect) from your home. tt”__(elean) by hand, and the doors and windows —— (polish). Any rubbish ‘___ (take) out ofthe car and the seats” __ (hoover). The car’ (return) to you the same day! Grammar Builder Unit 10 13