Applying Ratios

and Rates
MODULE

8
?
LESSON 8.1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Comparing Additive
How can you use ratios and and Multiplicative
rates to solve real-world Relationships
problems? 6.4.A

LESSON 8.2
Ratios, Rates, Tables,
and Graphs
6.5.A

LESSON 8.3
Solving Problems
with Proportions
6.5.A

LESSON 8.4
Converting
Measurements
6.4.H
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Bravo/

Real-World Video
Chefs use lots of measurements when preparing meals.
If a chef needs more or less of a dish, he can use ratios to
Contributor/Getty Images

scale the recipe up or down. Using proportional reasoning,

my.hrw.com the chef keeps the ratios of all ingredients constant.

my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

201
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this chapter. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Graph Ordered Pairs (First Quadrant) my.hrw.com Intervention

y
EXAMPLE
10 To graph A(2, 7), start at the origin.
Move 2 units right.
8
A Then move 7 units up.
6 Graph point A(2, 7).
4
2
x
O 2 4 6 8 10

Graph each point on the coordinate grid above.

1. B(9, 6) 2. C(0, 2) 3. D(6, 10) 4. E(3, 4)

Write Equivalent Fractions

14 ×2 28 Multiply the numerator and denominator by the
EXAMPLE __
21
= 14
_____
21 × 2
= __
42 same number to find an equivalent fraction.
÷7 Divide the numerator and denominator by the
14
__
21
= 14
_____
21 ÷ 7
= _23
same number to find an equivalent fraction.

Write the equivalent fraction.

6 = _____
5. __ 4 = _____
6. __ 1 = _____
7. __ 9 = _____
8. ___
8 32 6 12 8 56 12 4

5 = _____
9. __ 25 5 = _____
10. __ 20 36 = _____
11. ___ 12 20 = _____
12. ___ 10
9 6 45 36

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Multiples
EXAMPLE List the first five multiples of 4.
4×1=4
4×2=8 Multiply 4 by the numbers 1, 2,
4 × 3 = 12 3, 4, and 5.
4 × 4 = 16
4 × 5 = 20

List the first five multiples of each number.

13. 3 14. 7 15. 8

202 Unit 3
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
Visualize Vocabulary equivalent ratios (razones
equivalentes)
Use the ✔ words to complete the graphic. factor (factor)
Comparing Unit Rates graph (gráfica)
✔ pattern (patrón)
Single item
point (punto)
✔ rate (tasa)
ratio (razón)
✔ unit (unidad)
Rate in which the ✔ unit rate (tasa unitaria)
Ratio of two quantities that
second quantity is
have different units
one unit
Preview Words
conversion factor (factor
de conversión)
hypotenuse (hipotenusa)
Numbers that follow a rule legs (catetos)
proportion (proporción)
scale drawing (dibujo a
escala)
Understand Vocabulary scale factor (factor de
escala)
Complete the sentences using the preview words.

1. A is a rate that compares two

equivalent measurements.

2. The two sides that form the right angle of a right triangle are

called . The side opposite the right angle in a

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

right triangle is called the .

Active Reading
Tri-Fold Before beginning the module, create
a tri-fold to help you learn the concepts and
vocabulary in this module. Fold the paper into
three sections. Label one column “Rates and
Ratios,” the second column “Proportions,” and
the third column “Converting Measurements.”
Complete the tri-fold with important vocabulary,
examples, and notes as you read the module.

Module 8 203
 MODULE 8

Unpacking the TEKS

Understanding the TEKS and the vocabulary terms in the TEKS
will help you know exactly what you are expected to learn in this
module.

6.4.H
Convert units within a
What It Means to You
measurement system, including You will convert measurements using unit rates.
the use of proportions and unit
UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.4.H
rates.
The Washington Monument is about 185
Key Vocabulary yards tall. This height is almost equal to the
unit rate (tasa unitaria) length of two football fields. About how
A rate in which the second many feet is this?
quantity in the comparison is
3 ft
one unit. 185 yd · ____
1 yd
185 yd 3 ft
= _____
1
· ____
1 yd

= 555 ft
The Washington Monument is about 555 feet tall.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Getty Images

6.5.A
Represent mathematical and What It Means to You
real-world problems involving You will use ratios and rates to solve real-world
ratios and rates using scale problems such as those involving proportions.
factors, tables, graphs and
proportions. UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.5.A
The distance from Austin to Dallas is about 200 miles. How far
Key Vocabulary 1 in.
apart will these cities appear on a map with the scale of ____ ?
50 mi
ratio (razón)
A comparison of two quantities ?
___ 1
200
= __
50
by division.
rate (tasa) ? = 4 inches
A ratio that compares two
quantities measured in
different units.

Visit my.hrw.com
to see all
the
unpacked.

my.hrw.com

204 Unit 3
 LESSON
Comparing Additive
8.1
Proportionality—
6.4.A Compare two
rules verbally, numerically,
and Multiplicative graphically, and symbolically
in the form of y = ax or
y = x + a in order to
Relationships differentiate between
additive and multiplicative
relationships.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you represent, describe, and compare additive
and multiplicative relationships?

6.4.A
EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Discovering Additive and

Multiplicative Relationships
A Every state has two U.S. senators. The number of electoral votes
a state has is equal to the total number of U.S. senators and U.S.
representatives.

The number of electoral votes is

the number of representatives.

Complete the table.

Representatives 1 2 5 25 41
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Medioimages

Electoral votes 3 4

Describe the rule: The number of electoral votes is equal to

the number of representatives plus / times .

B Frannie orders three DVDs per month from her DVD club.
Complete the table.

Months 1 2 4 13 22
Photodisc/Getty Images

DVDs ordered 3 6

Describe the rule: The number of DVDs ordered is equal to

the number of months plus / times .

Reflect
1. Look for a Pattern What operation did you use to complete
the tables in A and B ?

Lesson 8.1 205

 Graphing Additive and Multiplicative
Relationships
To find the number of electoral votes in part A of the Explore, add 2 to the
Math On the Spot number of representatives. We call this an additive relationship.
my.hrw.com
To find the number of DVDs Frannie has ordered after a given number of
months, multiply the number of months by 3. We call this a multiplicative
relationship.

EXAMPLE 1 6.4.A

A Jolene is packing her lunch for school. The empty lunch box weighs
My Notes five ounces. Graph the relationship between the weight of the items in
Jolene’s lunch and the total weight of the packed lunchbox.

STEP 1 Make a table relating the weight of the items to the

total weight.

The total weight is equal Weight of items (oz) 1 2 3 4 5

to the weight of the
Total weight (oz) 6 7 8 9 10
items plus the weight
of the lunchbox. The
To find the total weight, add the weight of the items
relationship is additive.
and the weight of the lunchbox.

Total Weight Weight of

= +
weight of items lunchbox

9 = 4  + 5

STEP 2 List the ordered pairs from the table.

The ordered pairs are (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), and (5, 10).

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

STEP 3 Graph the ordered pairs on a coordinate plane.

To plot (1,6), go
right 1 unit from
the origin and
then up 6 units.

10 The points of the graph

Total Weight (oz)

form a straight line for

8
an additive relationship.
6
4 A line drawn through
2
the points would not go
through the origin.
O 2 4 6 8 10
Weight of Items (oz)

206 Unit 3
 B Oskar sells bracelets for two dollars
each and donates the money he collects
to a charity. Graph the relationship
between the number of bracelets sold
and the total donation.

STEP 1 Complete the table.

Bracelets sold 1 2 3 4 5
Total donation ($) 2 4 6 8 10

To find the total donation, multiply the number of His donation is equal to the
number of bracelets sold
bracelets sold by the donation per bracelet. times the donation for each
bracelet. The relationship is
Total Bracelets Donation
= × multiplicative.
donation sold per bracelet

10 = 5 × 2

STEP 2 List the ordered pairs from the table.

The ordered pairs are (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), and (5, 10).
STEP 3 Graph the ordered pairs on a coordinate plane.

10 The points of the graph form a

straight line for a multiplicative
Donation ($)

8
pattern.
6
4 A line drawn through the points
2
would intersect the origin.

O 2 4 6 8 10 The line is steeper than the line

Bracelets Sold in part A.
Math Talk
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Mathematical Processes
How are the graphs
in part A and part B the
YOUR TURN same? How are they
different?
2. Ky is seven years older than his sister Lu. 12
Graph the relationship between Ky’s age
Ky’s Age (years)

10
and Lu’s age. Is the relationship additive or
8
multiplicative? Explain.
6
Lu’s age 1 2 3 4 5 4
Ky’s age 2

O 2 4 6 8 10 Personal
Lu’s Age (years) Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 8.1 207

Guided Practice
1. Fred’s family already has two dogs. They 2. Graph the relationship between the
adopt more dogs. Complete the table for number of dogs adopted and the total
the total number of dogs they will have. number of dogs. (Example 1)
Then describe the rule. (Explore Activity)
10

Number of Dogs
Dogs adopted 1 2 3 4
8
Total number 6
of dogs 4
2

O 2 4 6 8 10
Dogs Adopted

3. Frank’s karate class meets three days every 4. Graph the relationship between the
week. Complete the table for the total number of weeks and the number of days
number of days the class meets. Then of class. (Example 1)
describe the rule. (Explore Activity)
30

Days of class
Weeks 1 2 3 4 24

Days of 18
class 12
6

O 2 4 6 8 10
Weeks
Printing Charges ($)

5. An internet café charges ten cents for each page printed. 0.50
Graph the relationship between the number of pages 0.40
printed and the printing charge. Is the relationship 0.30
additive or multiplicative? Explain. (Example 1)
0.20

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0.10

O 2 4 6 8 10
Pages Printed

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. How do you represent, describe, and compare additive

and multiplicative relationships?

208 Unit 3
 Name Class Date

8.1 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
6.4.A Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

The tables give the price of a kayak rental The graph represents the distance traveled by
from two different companies. a car and the number of hours it takes.
Raging River Kayaks
600
Hours 1 3 6 8

Distance (mi)
480
Cost ($) 9 27 54 72 360
240
Paddlers
120
Hours 2 4 5 10
O 2 4 6 8 10
Cost ($) 42 44 45 50 Time (h)

7. Is the relationship shown in each table 10. Persevere in Problem Solving Based
multiplicative or additive? Explain. on the graph, was the car traveling at a
constant speed? At what speed was the
car traveling?

11. Make a Prediction If the pattern shown

8. Yvonne wants to rent a kayak for 7 hours. in the graph continues, how far will the car
How much would this cost at each have traveled after 6 hours? Explain how
company? Which one should she choose? you found your answer.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

9. After how many hours is the cost for both

kayak rental companies the same? Explain
how you found your answer. 12. What If? If the car had been traveling at
40 miles per hour, how would the graph be
different?

Lesson 8.1 209

Use the graph for Exercises 13–15.

13. Which set of points represents an additive relationship? Which set of

24
points represents a multiplicative relationship?
20
16
12
14. Represent Real-World Problems What is a real-life relationship that
8
might be described by the red points?
4

O 1 2 3 4 5
15. Represent Real-World Problems What is a real-life relationship that
might be described by the black points?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

16. Explain the Error An elevator Time (s) 1 2 3 4

leaves the ground floor and rises
three feet per second. Lili makes Distance (ft) 4 5 6 7
the table shown to analyze the
relationship. What error did she make?

17. Analyze Relationships Complete each table. Show an additive

relationship in the first table and a multiplicative relationship in the
second table.

A 1 2 3 A 1 2 3
B B 16 32

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Use two columns of each table. Which table shows equivalent ratios?
Name two ratios shown in the table that are equivalent.

18. Represent Real-World Problems Describe a real-world situation

that represents an additive relationship and one that represents a
multiplicative relationship.

210 Unit 3
 LESSON
Ratios, Rates, Tables,
8.2
Proportionality—
6.5.A Represent
mathematical and real-world
and Graphs problems involving ratios
and rates using … tables,
graphs, …

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you represent real-world problems involving ratios and
rates with tables and graphs?

6.5.A
EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1

Finding Ratios from Tables

Students in Mr. Webster’s science classes are doing an experiment that requires
250 milliliters of distilled water for every 5 milliliters of solvent. The table shows
the amount of distilled water needed for various amounts of solvent.

Solvent (mL) 2 3 3.5 5

Distilled water (mL) 100 200 250

A Use the numbers in the first column of the table to write a ratio of

distilled water to solvent.

B How much distilled water is used for 1 milliliter of solvent?
Use your answer to write another ratio of distilled water to solvent.

C The ratios in A and B are equivalent/not equivalent.

D How can you use your answer to B to find the amount of distilled Math Talk
Mathematical Processes
water to add to a given amount of solvent? Is the relationship between
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

the amount of solvent and

the amount of distilled water
additive or multiplicative?
Explain.

E Complete the table. What are the equivalent ratios shown in the table?

100 = _____ = _____ = _____

____ 250
200 = ____
2 3 3.5 5

Reflect
1. Look for a Pattern When the amount of solvent increases

by 1 milliliter, the amount of distilled water increases by

milliliters. So 6 milliliters of solvent requires milliliters of

distilled water.

Lesson 8.2 211

 6.5.A
EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2

Graphing with Ratios

A Copy the table from Explore Activity 1 that shows the amounts of
solvent and distilled water.

Solvent (mL) 2 3 3.5 5

Distilled 100 200 250

water (mL)

B Write the information in the table as ordered pairs. Use the

Distilled Water (mL)

amount of solvent as the x-coordinates and the amount of 300 (5, 250)
distilled water as the y-coordinates. 200

(2, ) (3, ), (3.5, ), ( , 200), (5, 250) 100

Graph the ordered pairs and connect the points. O 2 4 6

Solvent (mL)
Describe your graph.
C For each ordered pair that you graphed, write the ratio of the

y-coordinate to the x-coordinate.

D The ratio of distilled water to solvent is _____

1
. How are the ratios in
C related to this ratio?
E The point (2.5, 125) is on the graph but not in the table. The ratio of the
y-coordinate to the x-coordinate is . How is this ratio related to

the ratios in C and D ?

2.5 milliliters of solvent requires milliliters of distilled water.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

F Conjecture What do you think is true for every point on the graph?

Reflect
2. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How can you use the graph to find
the amount of distilled water to use for 4.5 milliliters of solvent?

212 Unit 3
 Representing Rates with
Tables and Graphs
You can use tables and graphs to represent real-world problems involving
equivalent rates. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE 6.5.A

The Webster family is taking an

express train to Washington, D.C. The
train travels at a constant speed and
makes the trip in 2 hours. Animated
Math
A Make a table to show the distance my.hrw.com
the train travels in various amounts
of time.
STEP 1 Write a ratio of distance
to time to find the rate.
distance = _________
________ 120 miles = _______
60 miles = 60 miles per hour
time 2 hours 1 hour

STEP 2 Use the unit rate to make a table.

Time (h) 2 3 3.5 4 5

Distance (mi) 120 180 210 240 300

B Graph the information from the table. y

300
Distance (mi)

STEP 1 Write ordered pairs. Use Time as the 240

x-coordinates and Distance as the 180
y-coordinates. 120 (2, 120)
60
(2, 120), (3, 180), (3.5, 210), (4, 240), x
O
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

(5, 300) 1 2 3 4 5
Time (h)
STEP 2 Graph the ordered pairs and connect the points.

YOUR TURN
Water used (gal)

40
3. A shower uses 12 gallons of water in 3 minutes. 32
Complete the table and graph. 24
16
Time (min) 2 3 3.5 6.5 8 Personal
Math Trainer
Water used (gal) 20 O 2 4 6 8 10 Online Assessment
Time (min) and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 8.2 213

Guided Practice
1. Sulfur trioxide molecules all have the same 2. Graph the relationship between sulfur atoms
ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms. and oxygen atoms. (Explore Activity 2)
A number of molecules of sulfur dioxide
have 18 oxygen atoms and 6 sulfur atoms. 90

Oxygen Atoms
Complete the table. (Explore Activity 1) 72
54
Sulfur atoms 6 9 21
36
Oxygen 18
81
atoms
O 6 12 18 24 30
What are the equivalent ratios shown in the Sulfur Atoms
table?

3. Stickers are made with the same ratio of 4. Graph the relationship between the width
width to length. A sticker 2 inches wide has and the length of the stickers. (Explore
a length of 4 inches. Complete the table. Activity 2)
(Explore Activity 1)
20
Width (in.) 2 4 7
Length (in.) 16

Length (in.) 16 12
8
What are the equivalent ratios shown in the 4
table?
O 2 4 6 8 10
Width (in.)

5. Five boxes of candles contain a total of 60 candles.

120
Each box holds the same number of candles. Complete
96
the table and graph the relationship. (Example 1)
Candles

72

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Boxes 5 8 48
24
Candles 120
O 2 4 6 8 10
Boxes

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. How do you represent real-world problems involving ratios and rates with
tables and graphs?

214 Unit 3
 Name Class Date

8.2 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
6.5.A Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

The table shows information about the number of sweatshirts sold and the
money collected at a fundraiser for school athletic programs. For Exercises
7–12, use the table.

Sweatshirts sold 3 5 8 12

Money collected ($) 60 180

7. Find the rate of money collected per sweatshirt sold. Show your work.

8. Use the unit rate to complete the table.

9. Explain how to graph information from the table.

10. Write the information in the table as ordered pairs. Graph the
relationship from the table.
280
Money Collected ($)

240
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

200
11. What If? How much money would be collected if 160
24 sweatshirts were sold? Show your work. 120
80
40

O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Sweatshirts Sold

12. Analyze Relationships Does the point (5.5, 110) make sense in
this context? Explain.

Lesson 8.2 215

13. Communicate Mathematical Ideas The table
Time (h) 1 2 3 4 5
shows the distance Randy drove on one day of
her vacation. Find the distance Randy would have Distance (mi) 55 110 165 220 275
gone if she had driven for one more hour at the
same rate. Explain how you solved the problem.

Use the graph for Exercises 14–15.

70
14. Analyze Relationships Does the relationship show a ratio or a rate? Explain.

Time (days)
56
42
28
15. Represent Real-World Problems What is a real-life relationship that 14
might be described by the graph?
O 2 4 6 8 10
Time (weeks)

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

16. Make a Conjecture Complete the table.

distance time
Then find the rates ______
time
and ______
distance
.
distance
_______
time
=
Time (min) 1 2 5
time
_______
distance
=
Distance (m) 25 100

time
a. Are the ______
distance
rates equivalent? Explain.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

b. Suppose you graph the points (time, distance) and your friend graphs
(distance, time). How will your graphs be different?

17. Communicate Mathematical Ideas To graph a rate or ratio from a table,

how do you determine the scales to use on each axis?

216 Unit 3
 LESSON
Solving Problems
8.3
Proportionality—
6.5.A Represent
mathematical and real-world
with Proportions problems involving ratios and
rates using … proportions.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you solve problems with proportions?

Using Equivalent Ratios

to Solve Proportions
A proportion is a statement that two ratios or rates are equivalent.
Math On the Spot
1
_
3
and _26 are equivalent ratios. 1 _
_ = 2 is a proportion.
3 6 my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE 6.5.A

Sheldon and Leonard are partners in a business. Sheldon makes $2 in

profits for every $5 that Leonard makes. If Leonard makes $20 profit on
the first item they sell, how much profit does Sheldon make?
STEP 1 Write a proportion. Sheldon’s profit is unknown.

Sheldon’s profit
______________ $2 ____
___ Sheldon’s profit
______________
=
Leonard’s profit $5 $20 Leonard’s profit

STEP 2 Use common denominators to write equivalent ratios.

$2 × 4 ____
______ =  20 is a common denominator.
$5 × 4 $20
Math Talk
Equivalent ratios with the Mathematical Processes
$8
____ = ____ same denominators have
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

$20 $20 How do you know

the same numerators. __
8
= _2 is a proportion?
20 5
= $8

If Leonard makes $20 profit, Sheldon makes $8 profit.

YOUR TURN
1. The PTA is ordering pizza for their next meeting. They plan to order
2 cheese pizzas for every 3 pepperoni pizzas they order. How many Personal
cheese pizzas will they order if they order 15 pepperoni pizzas? Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 8.3 217

 Using Unit Rates to Solve Proportions
You can also use equivalent rates to solve proportions. Finding a unit rate may
help you write equivalent rates.

Math On the Spot

my.hrw.com EXAMPLE 2 6.5.A

The distance Ali runs in 36 minutes is shown on the pedometer.

At this rate, how far could he run in 60 minutes?
My Notes

STEP 1 Write a proportion.

time
________ 36 minutes
__________ 60 minutes time
= __________ ________
distance 3 miles miles distance

60 is not a multiple of 36.

STEP 2 Find the unit rate of the rate you know.

36 ÷ 3 = ___
______ 12
3÷3 1
12 minutes = __________
__________ 60 minutes
You know that Ali runs 1 mile
3 miles in 36 minutes. miles

STEP 3 Write equivalent rates.

Think: You can multiply 12 × 5 = 60. So multiply the

Math Talk denominator by the same number.
Mathematical Processes
Compare the fractions 12 × 5 = ___
60
36
__ 60 ______ Equivalent rates
3
and __
5 using <, > 1×5 with the same
or =. Explain. numerators
60 = ___
___ 60 have the same
5

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

denominators.
= 5 miles

At this rate, Ali can run 5 miles in 60 minutes.

YOUR TURN
2. Ms. Reynold’s sprinkler system has 9 stations that water all the parts
of her front and back lawn. Each station runs for an equal amount of
Personal
Math Trainer time. If it takes 48 minutes for the first 4 stations to water, how long
Online Assessment
and Intervention does it take to water all parts of her lawn?
my.hrw.com

218 Unit 3
 Using Proportional Relationships
to Find Distance on a Map
A scale drawing is a drawing of a real object that is proportionally smaller or
larger than the real object. A scale factor is a ratio that describes how much Math On the Spot
smaller or larger the scale drawing is than the real object. my.hrw.com

A map is a scale drawing. The measurements on a map are in proportion to

the actual distance. If 1 inch on a map equals 2 miles actual distance, the scale
factor is ______
2 miles
1 inch
.

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE 6.5.A

The distance between two schools on Lehigh Avenue is shown on the

map. What is the actual distance between the schools?
STEP 1

Eighth St.
Write a proportion.

North St.
d.
Blv
rk
Pa
______ miles
2 miles = ________ The scale factor is a unit rate.
1 inch 3 inches R 3 in. T

Broad St.
Lehigh Ave.
STEP 2 Use common denominators to write equivalent ratios.

Scale: 1 inch = 2 miles

2 × 3 = ___
_____
1×3 3 3 is a common denominator.

6 miles = _______
_______ Equivalent ratios with the same
3 inches 3 inches denominators have the same numerators.

= 6 miles

The actual distance between the two schools is 6 miles.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
3. The distance between
Sandville and Lewiston Sandville
Traymoor
is shown on the map.
What is the actual 2.5 in.
distance between the Sloneham
towns? Lewiston
Baymont
Personal
Math Trainer
Scale: 1 inch = 20 miles Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 8.3 219

Guided Practice
Find the unknown value in each proportion. (Example 1)

3 = ___
1. __ 4 = ___
2. ___
5 30 10 5

3 ×
_________ = _____ 4÷
__________ = _____
5× 30 10 ÷ 5

Solve using equivalent ratios. (Example 1)

3. Leila and Jo are two of the partners in 4. Hendrick wants to enlarge a photo that
a business. Leila makes $3 in profits is 4 inches wide and 6 inches tall. The
for every $4 that Jo makes. If Jo makes enlarged photo keeps the same ratio.
$60 profit on the first item they sell, how How tall is the enlarged photo if it is

much profit does Leila make? 12 inches wide?

Solve using unit rates. (Example 2)

5. A person on a moving sidewalk travels 6. In a repeating musical pattern, there

21 feet in 7 seconds. The moving are 56 beats in 7 measures. How many
sidewalk has a length of 180 feet. How measures are there after 104 beats?
long will it take to move from one end
to the other?

7. Contestants in a dance-a-thon rest for 8. Francis gets 6 paychecks in 12 weeks.

the same amount of time every hour. How many paychecks does she get in
A couple rests for 25 minutes in 5 hours. 52 weeks?
How long did they rest in 8 hours?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

9. What is the actual distance between Gendet

and Montrose? (Example 3) Gendet Gravel

1.5 cm
?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN
Montrose
10. How do you solve problems with proportions?

Scale: 1 centimeter = 16 kilometers

220 Unit 3
 Name Class Date

8.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
6.5.A Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

11. On an airplane, there are two seats on the a. How many cups of punch does the
left side in each row and three seats on the
right side. There are 90 seats on the right recipe make?
side of the plane. b. If Wendell makes 108 cups of punch,
a. How many seats are on the left side of how many cups of each ingredient will
he use?
the plane?
cups pineapple juice
b. How many seats are there
cups orange juice
altogether?
cups lemon-lime soda
12. The scale of the map is missing. The actual
distance from Liberty to West Quall is 72 c. How many servings can be made from
miles, and it is 6 inches on the map. 108 cups of punch?
West Quall
14. Carlos and Krystal are taking a road trip
Abbeville
from Greenville to North Valley. Each has
Foston their own map, and the scales on their
maps are different.
a. On Carlos’s map, Greenville and North
Mayne Valley are 4.5 inches apart. The scale on
Liberty
his map is 1 inch = 20 miles. How far is
Greenville from North Valley?
a. What is the scale of the map?

b. The scale on Krystal’s map is 1 inch =

b. Foston is directly between Liberty and 18 miles. How far apart are Greenville
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

West Quall and is 4 inches from Liberty and North Valley on Krystal’s map?
on the map. How far is Foston from
West Quall? Explain.
15. Multistep A machine can produce 27
inches of ribbon every 3 minutes. How
many feet of ribbon can the machine make
in one hour? Explain.

13. Wendell is making punch for a party.

The recipe he is using says to mix 4 cups
pineapple juice, 8 cups orange juice, and
12 cups lemon-lime soda in order to make
18 servings of punch.
Lesson 8.3 221
Marta, Loribeth, and Ira all have bicycles. Distance of Last Time Spent on Last Bike
The table shows the number of miles of Ride (in miles) Ride (in minutes)
each rider’s last bike ride, as well as the Marta 8 80
time it took each rider to complete the ride.
Loribeth 6 42
16. What is Marta’s unit rate, in minutes per Ira 15 75
mile?

17. Whose speed was the fastest on their last bike ride?

18. If all three riders travel for 3.5 hours at the same speed as their last ride,
how many total miles will all 3 riders have traveled? Explain.

19. Critique Reasoning Jason watched a caterpillar move 10 feet in

2 minutes. Jason says that the caterpillar’s unit rate is 0.2 feet per minute.
Is Jason correct? Explain.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

Work Area

20. Analyze Relationships If the number in the numerator of a unit rate is 1,

what does this indicate about the equivalent unit rates? Give an example.

21. Multiple Representations A boat travels at a constant speed. After

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

20 minutes, the boat has traveled 2.5 miles. The boat travels a total of
10 miles to a bridge.
10
a. Graph the relationship between the
Distance (mi)

8
distance the boat travels and the time
6
it takes.
4
b. How long does it take the boat to reach 2
the bridge? Explain how you found it.
O 20 60 100
Time (min)

222 Unit 3
 LESSON
Converting
8.4
Proportionality—
6.4.H Convert units
within a measurement
Measurements system, including the use of
proportions and unit rates.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you convert units within a measurement system?

6.4.H
EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Using a Model to Convert Units

The two most common systems of measurement are the customary system and
the metric system. You can use a model to convert from one unit to another
within the same measurement system.

STEP 1 Use the model to complete each 3 6 9 12

statement below. feet
1 yard = 3 feet yards
2 yards = feet 1 2 3 4
3 yards = feet
4 yards = feet
STEP 2 Write each rate you found in Step 1 in simplest form.
6 feet
______ 3 feet 9 feet 3 feet 12 feet 3 feet
2 yards
= _______
1 yard(s)
______
3 yards
= _______
1 yard(s)
______
4 yards
= _______
1 yard(s)

Since 1 yard = 3 feet, the rate of feet to yards in any measurement

is always _31. This means any rate forming a proportion with _31 can
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

represent a rate of feet to yards.

3 __ 3 __
_
1
= 12
4
, so 12 feet = yards. _ = 54, so
1 18
feet = 18 yards.

Reflect
1. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How could you draw a model to
show the relationship between feet and inches?

Lesson 8.4 223

 Converting Units Using
Proportions and Unit Rates
You can use rates and proportions to convert both customary and metric units.
Math On the Spot Use the table below to convert from one unit to another within the same
my.hrw.com measurement system.

Customary Measurements
Length Weight Capacity
1 ft = 12 in. 1 c = 8 fl oz
1 yd = 36 in. 1 pt = 2 c
1 lb = 16 oz
1 yd = 3 ft 1 qt = 2 pt
1 T = 2,000 lb
1 mi = 5,280 ft 1 qt = 4 c
1 mi = 1,760 yd 1 gal = 4 qt
Metric Measurements
Length Mass Capacity
1 km = 1,000 m
1 kg = 1,000 g
1 m = 100 cm 1 L = 1,000 mL
1 g = 1,000 mg
1 cm = 10 mm

EXAMPLE 1 6.4.H

My Notes
A What is the weight of a 3-pound human brain in ounces?
Use a proportion to convert 3 pounds to ounces.
16 ounces
Use _______
1 pound
to convert pounds to ounces.

STEP 1 Write a proportion.

16 ounces = _________
_________ ounces
1 pound 3 pounds

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

STEP 2 Use common denominators to write equivalent ratios.

16 × 3 = ___
______
1×3 3 3 is a common denominator.

48 = ___
___ Equivalent rates with the same denominators
3 3 have the same numerators.

= 48 ounces

The weight is 48 ounces.

B A moderate amount of daily sodium consumption is 2,000 milligrams.
What is this mass in grams?

Use a proportion to convert 2,000 milligrams to grams.

1,000 mg
Use _______
1g to convert milligrams to grams.

224 Unit 3
 STEP 1 Write a proportion.
1,000 mg ________
________ 2,000 mg
=
1g g

STEP 2 Write equivalent rates.

Think: You can multiply 1,000 × 2 = 2,000. So multiply the
denominator by the same number.
1,000 × 2 _____
_________ 2,000
=
1×2

2,000
2,000 _____
_____ = Equivalent rates with the same numerators
2
have the same denominators.

= 2 grams
Math Talk
The mass is 2 grams. Mathematical Processes
How would you
convert 3 liters to
milliliters?
YOUR TURN
Personal
2. The height of a doorway is 2 yards. What is the height of the doorway Math Trainer
Online Assessment
in inches? and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Converting Units by Using

Conversion Factors
Another way to convert measurements is by using a conversion factor.
A conversion factor is a rate comparing two equivalent measurements. Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE 6.4.H

Elena wants to buy 2 gallons of milk but can only find quart containers
for sale. How many quarts does she need?
You are converting to
quarts from gallons.
STEP 1 Find the conversion factor.
4 quarts
Write 4 quarts = 1 gallon as a rate: ______
1 gallon

STEP 2 Multiply the given measurement by the conversion factor.

4 quarts
2 gallons · ______
1 gallon
= quarts
4 quarts
2 gallons · ______
1 gallon
= 8 quarts Cancel the common unit.

Elena needs 8 quarts of milk.

Lesson 8.4 225
 YOUR TURN
3. An oak tree is planted when it is 250 centimeters tall. What is this height
Personal
Math Trainer in meters?
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Guided Practice
Use the model below to complete each statement. (Explore Activity 1)
4 8 12 16
cups
quarts
1 2 3 4
48
1. _41 = __
12
3 , so 12 cups = quarts 2. _41 = __
12, so cups = 12 quarts

Use unit rates to solve. (Example 1)

3. Mary Catherine makes 2 gallons of punch 4. An African elephant weighs 6 tons. What is
for her party. How many cups of punch did the weight of the elephant in pounds?
she make?

5. The distance from Jason’s house to school 6. The mass of a moon rock is 3.5 kilograms.
is 0.5 kilometer. What is this distance in What is the mass of the moon rock in grams?
meters?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Use a conversion factor to solve. (Example 2)
1,000 mg 1 cm
7. 1.75 grams · _______
1g
= 8. 27 millimeters · ______
10 mm
=

9. A package weighs 96 ounces. What is the 10. A jet flies at an altitude of 52,800 feet.
weight of the package in pounds? What is the height of the jet in miles?

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

11. How do you convert units within a measurement system?

226 Unit 3
 Name Class Date

8.4 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
6.4.H Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

12. What is a conversion factor that you can use to convert gallons to pints?
How did you find it?

13. Three friends each have some ribbon. Carol has 42 inches of ribbon, Tino
has 2.5 feet of ribbon, and Baxter has 1.5 yards of ribbon. Express the total
length of ribbon the three friends have in inches, feet and yards.

inches = feet = yards

14. Suzanna wants to measure a board, but she doesn’t have a ruler to
measure with. However, she does have several copies of a book that she
knows is 17 centimeters tall.
a. Suzanna lays the books end to end and finds that the board is the
same length as 21 books. How many centimeters long is the board?

b. Suzanna needs a board that is at least 3.5 meters long. Is the board
long enough? Explain.

Sheldon needs to buy 8 gallons of ice cream for a family reunion. The table
shows the prices for different sizes of two brands of ice cream.

Price of small size Price of large size

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Cold Farms $2.50 for 1 pint $4.50 for 1 quart

Sweet Dreams $4.25 for 1 quart $9.50 for 1 gallon

15. Which size container of Cold Farm ice cream is the better deal for
Sheldon? Explain.

16. Multistep Which size and brand of ice cream is the best deal?

Lesson 8.4 227

17. In Beijing in 2008, the Women's 3,000 meter Steeplechase became an

Olympic event. What is this distance in kilometers?

18. How would you convert 5 feet 6 inches to inches?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

19. Analyze Relationships A Class 4 truck weighs between 14,000 and

16,000 pounds.
a. What is the weight range in tons?
b. If the weight of a Class 4 truck is increased by 2 tons, will it still be
classified as a Class 4 truck? Explain. Work Area

20. Persevere in Problem Solving A football field is shown at right.

a. What are the dimensions of
a football field in feet? 1
53 3 yd

120 yd
b. A chalk line is placed around the
perimeter of the football field. What is the length of this line in feet?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Image credits: ©Michael Steele/

c. About how many laps around the perimeter of the field would equal
1 mile? Explain.

21. Look for a Pattern What is the result if you multiply a number of cups
8 ounces 1 cup
by ______ ______
1 cup and then multiply the result by 8 ounces? Give an example.
Getty Images

22. Make a Conjecture 1 hour = 3,600 seconds and 1 mile = 5,280 feet.
Make a conjecture about how you could convert a speed of 15 miles per
hour to feet per second. Then convert.

228 Unit 3
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
8.1 Comparing Additive and Multiplicative Relationships Online Assessment
and Intervention

Complete each table and describe the rule for the relationship. my.hrw.com

1.
Meal time 12:00 12:30 1:00
Swim time 12:45 2:15

2. Sets of pens 2 3 4 5
Number of pens 9 15

8.2 Ratios, Rates, Tables, and Graphs

3. Charlie runs laps around a track. The table shows how long it takes him to
run different numbers of laps. How long would it take Charlie to run 5 laps?
Number of laps 2 4 6 8 10
Time (min) 10 20 30 40 50

8.3 Solving Problems with Proportions

4. Emily is entering a bicycle race for charity. Her mother pledges $0.40
for every 0.25 mile she bikes. If Emily bikes 15 miles, how much will her

mother donate?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

8.4 Converting Measurements

Convert each measurement.
5. 18 meters = centimeters 6. 5 pounds = ounces

7. 6 quarts = fluid ounces 8. 9 liters = milliliters

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

9. Write a real-world problem that could be solved using a proportion.

Module 8 229
 Personal
Module 8  MIXed REVIEW Math Trainer

Texas Test Prep

Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

Selected Response 4. The table below shows the number of

petals and leaves for different numbers of
1. The table below shows the number of flowers.
babies and adults at a nursery.
Petals 5 10 15 20
Babies 8 12 16 20
Leaves 2 4 6 8
Adults 2 3 4 5
How many petals are present when there
Which represents the number of babies? are 12 leaves?
A adults × 6 A 25 petals
B adults × 4 B 30 petals
C adults + 4 C 35 petals
D adults + 6 D 36 petals

2. The graph represents the distance Manuel 5. A recipe calls for 3 cups of sugar and
walks over several hours. 9 cups of water. If the recipe is reduced,
how many cups of water should be used
10
with 2 cups of sugar?
Distance (mi)

8
6 A 3 cups

4 B 4 cups
2 C 6 cups
O 2 4 6 8 10 D 8 cups
Time (h)

Which is an ordered pair on the line? Gridded Response

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

A (2.5, 14) C (2.25, 12) 6. Janice bought 4 oranges for $3.40. What is
B (1.25, 5) D (1.5, 9) the unit price?

3. On a map of the city, 1 inch represents .

1.5 miles. What distance on the map would + 0 0 0 0 0 0
represent 12 miles?
- 1 1 1 1 1 1
A 6 inches 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
B 8 inches
4 4 4 4 4 4
C 12 inches
5 5 5 5 5 5
D 18 inches 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9

230 Unit 3