BASIC SCIENCE

SCHEME OF WORK FOR THIRD TERM

1. Energy sources
Natural sources e.g sun, wood, artificial sources e.g batteries, petroleum products e.g kerosene
2. Work, Energy and power
Meaning of work, energy and power, concept of work , energy and power
Sun as a primary source of energy
Forms of energy
Pinhole camera, rays of light
3. Calculations involving work done and time
Energy transfer when work is done
Uses of energy in the home
4. Simple machine I
Definition of simple machine
Types of machine – the lever, inclined plane, pulley, screw driver, thread, wedge, gears, wheel
and axle
5. Simple machine 2
Efficiency of simple machines
Maintenance of simple machine e.g use of grease oil and ball bearings
6. Kinetic energy
Statement of the kinetic theory
Explanation of some phenomenon using kinetic theory
Explanation of boiling and evaporation using kinetic theory
Factors that affect evaporation
7. Thermal energy
Heat flow
Heat transfer
Conduction, convection, radiation
8. Food storage
Food and their substances e.g carbohydrate etc
Action of enzyme on food
9. Reproduction in plants[types of flower]
Definition of reproduction
Types of reproduction: asexual, vegetative propagation, budding, sexual reproduction etc
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK ONE
ENERGY SOURCES
Learning objective: by the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
- Define energy
- State the forms of energy
- Highlight the renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy
Energy is a property of matter which can be transferred or converted form one form to another.
It is also the ability of a system to perform work.
Common energy forms include
1. Kinetic energy: energy of a body by virtue of motion
2. Potential energy: energy stored by an objects position in a force field
3. Elastic energy is energy stored in a coiled spring, compressible gas or liquid or stretched elastic
band
4. Chemical energy is released when a fuel burns
5. Radiant energy is energy carried by light
6. Thermal energy is energy due to an objects temperature
All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other forms of energy. In Newtonian physics, the
law of conservation of energy says that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed however, it can
change form one form to another
7. Mechanical energy: sum of kinetic and potential energies
8. Electrical energy is the energy of moving electrons in an electric field
9. Magnetic energy: form magnetic fields
10. Nuclear energy is the stored potential of the nucleus of an atom by either splitting or fusing.
11. Gravitational energy: that form gravitational fields
Energy is represented mathematically by
Work = Force(N) x Distance(m)
The S.I unit for work is Joules or Newton-metre

NATURAL SOURCES OF ENRGY

There is energy obtained from natural sources. The natural and renewable energy systems of the earth
can be divided into sun, wind, water, earth and plant
Renewable energy has displaced conventional fuels in some areas electrical generation, transportation
etc
Renewable energy resources are those that can be replaced as they are used e.g
1. Solar energy: energy from the sun. it does not deplete. Solar energy is used by green plant, it
can also be converted to electrical energy etc
2. Wind energy
3. Water energy provides the source of energy in modern dams, hydroelectric plants
4. Biomass; energy from corn stalk, seaweed, garbage, sugar cane
Non renewable energy sources: such energy resources are depleting they cannot be replenished as they
are used
1. Nuclear energy from radioactive materials this produces enormous amount heat to operate
turbines and ships from fission and fusion
2. Petroleum and Natural gas: these often known as fossil fuels and are depleting. Other examples
of fossil fuels are coal and wood.
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 2
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Learning objective: by the end of the lesson the student should be able to
- Define work, power
- State the working principle of a pinhole camera.
- Carry out calculations based on the pinhole camera
WORK
Work is the product of force and distance moved in a given direction and the quantity of work done is
always equal to the quantity of energy put in. work is said to be done when force can produce
movement in a measured direction
Work = Force x distance moved in the direction of the force
For any work done, there must be energy input since energy is the capacity of any system or a body to
do work. Both work and energy are measured in units called Joules, named after the scientist P. Joules
Force is that which changes a body`s state of rest or uniform motion on a straight line
It can be expressed as
Force = Mass x acceleration
The unit of force is Newton(N)
If force = mass x acceleration
Work can be given as
Work = mass x acceleration x distance
Example 1: if a force of 10N acts along a point that travels 2m then it does the
Work = force x distance
= 10N x 2m =20Nm or 20J
Example 2: what work is done when a mass of 5kg is raised through a vertical height of 2.5m
(acceleration due to gravity is 10m\s 2)
Work done = mass x acceleration x distance
= 5 x 10 x 2.5 =125Joules

POWER
Power is defined as the rate of doing work i.e work done divided by time. It is the amount of energy
consumed per unit time. Having no direction power is a scalar quantity. The S.I Unit of power is the
Joules per second(J\s) or Watts in honour of James Watt, the 18 th developer of the steam engine.
Another common unit is horsepower. One electrical horse power is equal to 746Watt
work done force x distance
Power= =
timetaken time
And with distance per unit time being velocity, power can also be
Power = force x velocity
Example 3: what is the power of a child that has done work of 50J in 10 seconds
work done 50
Power= = 5 watts
time 10
PIN HOLE CAMERA
The pin hole camera , makes use of the fact that light travels in straight lines. It consists of a light – proof
box, one end of which has a small hole made with a pin or needle point. The opposite end has a screen
made of tracing paper or ground glass. Light from an object in front of the pin hole passes through it and
forms an image on the screen. The screen can be replaced with a photographic paper or film, a picture
of the object can be taken with the pinhole camera. The image formed by the pinhole camera is
inverted, bright or blurred depending on the size of the hole. Wider holes makes the image overlap.
Magnification produced by the pinhole camera is defined as the ration of the size(or height) of the
image to the size( or height) of the object
¿ image height of image ¿
Magnification= = =distance of image ¿ pinhole pinhole ¿
¿ object height of object distance of object ¿
lenght of camera
= pinhole ¿
distance of object ¿
Example 4: the height of an object placed at a distance of 60cm from the hole of a pinhole camera is
15cm. if the length of the camera is 10cm, calculate the magnification produced by the camera and the
height of the image
lenght of camera 10
M= pinhole ¿= =0.166
distance of object ¿ 60
lenght of camera height of image
Also =
distance of object form pinhole height of object
1 h
=
6 15
15
h` = =2.5 cm
6
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 3
CALCULATIONS INVOLVING ENERGY, WORKDONE AND TIME
Learning objective: by the end of the lesson the students should be able to
- Carry out calculations on energy, work and power
- Define potential and kinetic energy
- Use the formula to solve calculations
Potential Energy
Potential energy is simply stored energy or energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or state.
A body has a potential energy due to its position in a force field. If the force field is the gravitational
field, the body is said to possess a gravitational potential energy given by
Potential Energy = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height = mgh

KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. The kinetic energy of a body in
m v2
motion is given by Kinetic Energy = where m= mass and v = velocity
2
Example 1
Find the potential energy of a boy of mass 10kg standing on a building floor 10metres above the ground
level P.E = mgh = 10x10x10 =1000joules
Example 2
An object of mass 5kg is moving at a constant velocity of15m\s. calculate its kinetic energy
m v2 1
K.E = = x 5 x 152=562.5 joules
2 2
Example 3
A car is moving at a constant speed of 20m/s. the force retarding its motion is 500N. Calculate the
engine power of the car required to maintain the motion
Engine power = force x distance moved per second = 500 x 20 =10000J/s=10kwatts
Example 4
The electrical energy expended by an electric lamp labeled 100watts in 8 seconds is
work /energy
Power =
time
Energy = Power x time = 100 x 8 =800joules
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 4
SIMPLE MACHINE 1
Learning objective: by the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
- Define a simple machine
- Highlight examples of machine
- State the order of lever
A simple machine is a device or tool which allows a force(effort) applied at one point to overcome a
resisting force(load)at another point. A simple machine enables a large load to be overcome by a small
effort. In other words, a machine makes it possible for us to do work more easily and conveniently than
could be done without it. Examples of machines are the lever, pulleys, pliers, wheel barrows,
nutcrackers, the inclined plane, the wedge, wheel and axle, screw jack and so on.
LEVER
It is a simple machine that consists of knives, fork, spoon, axe, hoe, scissors, tin-cutter, broom, pliers,
hammer etc. a lever has three essential parts
1. The effort: this is the point where force is applied
2. The load: this is the point where work is done
3. The fulcrum: point called the pivot or the turning point
Types of lever
There are three classes of levers: first order, second order and third order. This classification is
dependent on the relative positions of the effort, load and the fulcrum
1. First class/order lever: the fulcrum/pivot is between the effort and load
2. Second class/order lever: the load is between the effort and the fulcrum/pivot. Examples are
wheel barrow, nutcracker.
3. Third class/order lever: effort is between load and fulcrum. Examples are the forceps, tongs,
forearm

PULLEY SYSTEM
A simple pulley is a fixed wheel hung on a suitable support with a rope passing round its groove. Pulleys
are often used I construction sites to raise or lower heavy loads. A load is attached at one end of the
rope and an effort is applied at the other end. In absence of friction the Load=Effort

BLOCK AND TACKLE SYSTEM OF PULLEY

This is a practical system of pulleys in which one or more pulleys are mounted on the same axle, with
one continuous rope passing all round the pulleys

INCLINED PLANE
This type of machine is used to raise heavy loads such as drums of oil, up a sloping plank to the high
floor of lorries

THE WEDGE
The wedge is a combination of two inclined planes. It is used to separate bodies which are held together
by large forces, e.g, splitting timber. Examples of wedge type of machines are axes, chisels, knives and
other cutting tools.

THE SCREW JACK

The screw can be considered as an inclined plane wrapped round a cylinder, the hypothenus of the
inclined plane forming a spiral that constitutes the screw thread. The distance between successive screw
threads is called the pitch
THE WHEEL AND AXLE
This machine is used to lift water form deep wells or to raise heavy loads such as anchors of ships. Its
consist of a round cylindrical drum (the wheel) round which a long rope is wound, leaving a free end
where the effort is applied

GEAR WHEELS
These are commonly used in cars, bicycles and cranes. In this machine, the principle of the wheel and
axle is applied to two wheels (toothed wheels) of different radii connected by a belt and rotating on
separate shafts.
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 5
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
The ability of a machine to overcome a large load through a small effort is known as its mechanical
advantage or force ratio
load output force
Mechanical Advantage = =
effort input force
load 20
Suppose a load of 20N is raised by an effort of 4N, then M.A = = =5
effort 4
The M.A of a machine is influenced by friction in the parts. In the presence of friction, part of the effort
applied will be used to overcome friction and another part will be used to lift load. Hence more effort
will be required to overcome a load. A machine that has no friction is called an ideal or perfect machine.

VELOCITY RATIO
This defined as the ratio of the distance moved by the effort and load, in the same time interval
distance moved by effort
V.R =
distance moved moved by load
The V.R depends on the geometry of the machine. It is independent of friction. For an ideal machine
work done by machine = work done on machine
Load x distance moved by load = effort x distance moved by effort
Hence for an ideal machine M.A = V.R

EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of a machine is defined as
useful work done by the machine
Efficiency = x 100 %
work put into the machine
Work = force x distance
load (L) distance moved by load (l)
Efficiency = x x 100 %
effort ( E) distance moved by effort ( e)
l e
= ÷
e l
Mechanical Advantage
Efficiency= x 100 %
Velocity Ratio
A perfect/ideal machine has a 100% efficiency. This means that all the work done by the effort is wholly
used to overcome the load. In practical machines the efficiency is usually less than 100% because of
friction in the moving parts of the machine
Example 1
A machine with a velocity ratio of 30 moves a load of 3000N when an effort of 200N is applied. The
efficiency of the machine is
load
Efficiency = effort
x 100
velocuty ratio
3000
= 200
x 100
30
=0.5 x 100 = 50%
FRICTION AND EFFICIENCY OF MACHINES
The presence of friction (a force that acts on two surfaces in contact and oppose the motion of one over
the other) between the moving parts of machines makes it impossible for any machine to have an
efficiency of 100%. This is because part of the effort applied is used to overcome frictional forces. The
effort used to overcome friction is useless work.
To improve the efficiency of machines, we must try to reduce the friction present between the moving
parts of the machine. This is done by lubrication, use of ball or roller bearing between the surfaces in
contact.
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 6
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
The molecular theory of matter assumes that matter is made up of atoms that aggregate in molecules.
The molecule is a group of atoms of the same or different elements joined together in a simple
proportion.
The kinetic molecular theory assumes that
1. Every substance is made up of tiny particles called molecules
2. The molecules are in a constant state of random motion, colliding elastically with one another
and changing their direction as a result
3. There is always an attractive force between the molecules.
4. The volume of the gas molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the gas container
The temperature of as body is a measure of the kinetic energy of its molecule
Addition of heat to a substance causes an increase in the speed of motion of the molecules and hence
an increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance thus an increase in temperature.
Removal of heat from a body leads to a decrease in the motion of the molecules and hence reduction in
their kinetic energy resulting in a decrease in temperature.
Matter exists in solid, liquid and gas. In solids, the molecules are fixed in definite position and vibrate
about a fixed position.
In liquid the molecules are more free to move about within the liquids than the molecule of a solid
The gases the molecules are in constant motion having overcome the intermolecular force. Gases
therefore take up the shape and volume of their container. Matter change form one state to another.

EVAPORATION
When water or any other liquid is exposed in an open dish, it slowly evaporates, that is it goes
spontaneously into the gaseous state. Evaporation is a process where a liquid turns spontaneously into
vapour below its boiling point.
Factors that affect the rate of evaporation
1. Temperature: evaporation increases with temperature
2. Pressure: the greater the pressure, the slower evaporation occurs
3. Wind and dryness of the air: the drier the air the faster the evaporation
4. Nature of the liquid
5. Area of liquid exposed.

BOILING
As we heat water in a container, its temperature rises and the liquid evaporates. As the heating is
continued, the temperature is found to rise until the water begins to boil. During boiling bubbles of air
formed inside the liquid rise to the surface. The temperature of the liquid remains steady during boiling.
This constant temperature is called the boiling point of the liquid.
EVAPORATION BOILING
This is the change from temperature below normal This is the change form liquid to vapour at the
boiling point boiling point
Takes place slowly at the liquid surface Occurs throughout the entire volume of the liquid
Takes place at all temperature Takes place at a particular temperature for a given
pressure
Temperature need not be steady during Temperature remains steady during boiling
evaporation
Wind assists evaporation Wind has no effect on boiling
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 7
THERMAL ENERGY
Heat is a form of energy called thermal energy. When we place a pot of cold water on a heating stove
after a few minutes, the water feels hotter to touch. We say that heat flowed form heating stove to the
cold water. Heat energy is the energy that is transferred from a hot object to a cooler object as a result
of their difference in temperature. The transfer of heat energy is as a result of the temperature
difference between two objects. A hot body is at a higher temperature than a colder body.

EFFECT OF HEAT
1. Change in temperature of the body
2. Change of state of the body
3. Expansion of the body i.e the dimension of the body increases when heated
4. Change in the physical properties of a body e.g conductivity, density, elasticity, magnetism etc
5. Thermionic emission: emission of electron from the surface of metal
6. Chemical change
7. Change in pressure

CHANGE OF STATE
When a solid is heated sufficiently, it melts into a liquid form or state. Heating the liquid further causes it
to change into the gaseous state. Hence the state in which a substance exists depends on its
temperature. E.g we see ice as the solid state when the temperature is below 0 0C. Between 00C to 1000C
it is in liquid state. Above 1000C it is in gaseous state. Hence, apart form expansion, the addition of heat
to a substance may lead to change of state.

TRANSFER OF HEAT
The transfer of heat can happen in three ways conduction, convection and radiation.
CONDUCTION
Conduction of heat is the process by which heat energy is transferred through a material the average
position of the particles of the material remaining the same. The direction of heat transfer is always
from the hotter to the cooler part of the solid. For example for the spoon dipped into a hot tea, the heat
is transferred from the bowl of the spoon inside the hot tea to the handle of the spoon outside the tea.
Most metals e.g copper, aluminium, silver, iron allow heat energy to pass through them very easily. They
are good conductors of heat. Water, dry air, wood, plastic, cotton, cloth are poor conductors of heat or
insulators.

CONVECTION
Convection is the process by which heat is transferred in a liquid or gas by the actual movement of the
heated fluid from the hotter to the cooler parts. Liquids and gases are poor conductors. Heat is however
transferred in them by convection. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of the
heated molecules from the hot parts to the cooler parts of the fluid. The difference between conduction
and convection, is that in conduction the position of the molecules remain the same but in convection
heat is carried to other parts of the liquid by the actual movement of the warm liquid itself. Practical
application of convectional current are ventilation, cooling of motor engine

RADIATION
Radiation is the process by which heat is transferred from a hotter to a cooler place without heating of
the medium. Heat travelling in this way does not need any medium (solid, liquid or gases) to travel
through. Heat can travel through a vacuum.
A vacuum is a space in which there is nothing at all, not even air. There is a vacuum between the earth
and the sun, heat from the sun reaches the earth by radiation. Also, when you warm yourself by the fire
side, the heat from the fire reaches you by radiation. The heat energy given out by radiation is known as
radiant energy or adiant heat as such radiation is an electromagnetic radiation
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 8
FOOD AND THEIR SUBSTANCES
FOOD
Food is any substance we eat in order to
1. Provide the energy we need (carbohydrates, fats and oil)
2. Build up our body tissues(protein)
3. Repair our worn out tissues(protein)
4. Enable body function to proceed smoothly(mineral salts, vitamins, water)
5. Defend our bodies against diseases(vitamins)
All the food we eat can be classified into six types. These are carbohydrates, protein, fats and oil,
vitamin, mineral salt and water. They can react with other chemicals to produce new substances.
Scientist use simple food test to identify food types or the content of food materials.
FOOD TEST
FOOD TYPE REAGENT OBSERVATION
Carbohydrates Dilute iodine solution Turns blue black
Protein Copper sulphate + sodium Turns purple
hydroxide
Fats and oil Alcohol dissolves
The end products of digestion are
1. Simple sugar(glucose) from carbohydrates
2. Amino acids from protein
3. Fatty acids and glycerol from fats and oil
Vitamin, mineral salts and water do not undergo digestion. They exist in soluble state and are absorbed
directly into the body

ACTION OF ENZYMES ON FOOD

An enzyme is a substance produced by living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific
biochemical reaction. Enzymes accelerate or decelerate chemical reactions, they are very specific, each
has a particular job it odes and it does only that job
These are enzymes named with an ending –in
Pancreatic enzymes e.g Trypsin, rennin, pepsin, chymotrypsin
Enzymes with the ending –ase. These are metabolic as well as digestive enzymes
Specific enzymes work on specific food. You need the right type of enzyme for the food you want it to
break down
Amylase-break down carbohydrates starches in potatoes, fruit, vegetable
Lactase-break down lactose(milk sugar)
Diastase-digest vegetable starch
Maltase-digests malt sugar, from disaccharide to monosaccharide
Invertase-digests sucrose(table sugar)
Glycoamylase-break starch into glucose
Protease-breakdown protein in meat, nuts, eggs and cheese
Pepsin-breaks down protein into peptides
Peptidase-break down peptide protein into amino acid
Lipase-break down fats in nuts, oil, meat
Cellulase-break down cellulose, plant fibre N/B-not found in human
Ptyalin-digests carbohydrates into simple sugar
LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK 9
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Plant reproduction is the production of new individuals or offspring in plants, which can be accomplishes
by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the union of gametes(a
cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in organisms that sexual reproduce) resulting in
offspring, genetically different form the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new
individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
This is when offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Asexual reproduction only allows/require
one parent. Most of the time we think of two parents, a male and a female making an offspring.
However asexual reproduction only uses one parent. In plants, asexual reproduction is called vegetative
propagation. It results in genetically identical organisms. This types of reproduction occurs in prokaryotic
microorganism(bacteria) and in some eukaryotic single-celled and multi-celled organism

BUDDING
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body
region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals. Budding is an artificial
method of asexual or vegetative propagation.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A flower is that part of the shoot modified for sexual reproduction. sexual reproduction in flowering
plants involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the gametes to the female
ovules in a process called pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. The anther
produces male gametophytes which are pollen grains attached to the stigma on top of a carpel, in which
the female gametophytes (inside ovules) are located. After the pollen tuber grows through the carpels
style, the sperm from the pollen grain migrate into the ovule to fertilize the egg cell resulting zygote
develops into an embryo. The ovary which produced the female gametophyte, then grows into a fruit,
which surrounds the seeds. Plants may either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate
SELF POLLINATION: is the transfer of pollen grains form the anther of one plant to the stigma of the
same flower or the stigma of another flower on the same plant
CROSS POLLINATION: is the transfer of pollen grains for the anther of a flower to the stigma of another
flower on a different plant of the same specie