CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion Revision Notes

Newton’s Laws of Motion
When a book is kept on the table, is anything happening there? ‘It’s

just stationary’ you’d answer. And you’re right! But even in this
stationary mode, the book is exerting a type of gravitational force
towards the earth. Confused? Well, this is one of the applications of
Newton’s first law of motion. But what are laws of motion? Let us
study in-depth below.
What is Force?
‘Force’ is a vector quantity that can be described as a push or pull on

an object resulting from the object’s interaction with another object.
Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, the objects
experience an equal and opposing force on each other. In other words
both the objects ‘exert force’ on each other. Force only exists as a
result of an interaction. If there is no interaction, the objects no longer
experience the force.
Force is measured in units called Newtons (N), named after the

famous scientist Sir Issac Newton. This force further divides into:
a. Balanced Forces
b. Unbalanced Forces
Balanced Forces
When an object is not moving with changing speed i.e. it’s in

equilibrium, the net force acting on it is ‘balanced’. For example, the
weight of the apple is balanced by the force exerted by the branch on
the apple, when an apple hangs from a tree.
Unbalanced Forces
When an object is not in equilibrium i.e. moving with changing speed,

the net force on it is ‘unbalanced’. For example, when an apple falls
from the tree an unbalanced force equal to its weight is acting on the
apple.
What are the different types of Forces?
What is Inertia?
The tendency of a body in motion continues to remain in motion,

moving with uniform velocity and a body at rest continues to remain
at rest unless acted upon by a force. This tendency of the body is
known as ‘inertia’ (i.e. resistance to change). In Newton’s First Law
of Motion, this concept is quantified. The word inertia comes from the
Latin word ‘iners’, that means idle or lazy.
Inertia is a quality, all the objects/bodies in nature made of matter that

possess. Mass is a measure of inertia. Objects with higher mass resist
changes in motion more than objects with lower mass.
What is Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation?
Laws of Motion
Sir Isaac Newton worked in many areas of mathematics and physics.

He developed various theories of gravitation when he was only 23
years old. In around 1698, some twenty years later he presented the
three laws of motion. Newton’s laws of motion give us the relations
between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the body.
These laws are as follows:
Newton’s First Law of Motion also known as Law of Inertia states

that every object persists to stay in uniform motion in a straight line or
in the state of rest unless an external force acts upon it.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that force is equal to the

change in momentum per change in time. For a constant mass, force
equals mass times acceleration, i.e. F = m*a. Learn about the
Acceleration in detail here.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
Derivation of Newton’s Second Law of Motion
According to Newton’s second law:
F
⃗
=d
/dt
where
= momentum and
=m
v
If the time interval for the applied force is increased, then the value of
the applied force will decrease. In cricket players use this while
catching the ball. They pull their hands back so that time of contact
with ball increases and they would experience less jerk due to the
motion of the ball.
From Newton’s second law of motion,
∝d
/dt
F
=k×d
/dt=km
For simplicity, the constant of proportionality (k) is chosen to be 1,

therefore
F
⃗
=m
a
⃗
How to Calculate Average Velocity and Average Speed?
Applications of Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion
A car travelling on a highway at a fixed speed tends to maintain

uniformity in its motion and everything else inside the car. When a
force from outside is applied to the car in motion, like a sudden
change in direction, the car will respond to this sudden change on its
own, although the passengers in the car or the objects inside it are still
responding to inertia, wherein their motion will still be in a straight
line. When in fact the direction has already changed causing the
passengers or the objects to be thrown off. This event is explained by
the first law of motion.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The application of the second law of motion can be seen in

determining the amount of force needed to make an object move or to
make it stop. For example, stopping a moving ball or pushing a ball.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
The application third law of motion can be seen via an illustration

wherein let’s say a glass is on a table, even though the glass is at rest it
is actually exerting a force on the table and the table, on the other
hand, is exerting equal opposite force thus making the glass stay.
How to Calculate Uniform Circular Motion?
Solved Example for You
Q: Which of the following is/are true about force:
A. Force will always change the magnitude of velocity
B. Force will always change the direction of the velocity
C. S.I unit of force is Newton
D. All of the above
Sol.: Force does not always change the magnitude of the velocity.
Example: Centripetal force, It changes the only direction of motion
but not the magnitude of the velocity. Force does not always change
the direction of motion. Example: Linear motion, the friction only
reduces the velocity of the body but does not change the direction. SI
unit of force is Newton.
Momentum and Its Conservation
Let’s suppose a speeding truck hits a stationary car due to which the
car starts moving. What is actually happening behind the scene? Well
here, as the velocity of the truck decreases, the velocity of the car
increases and hence the momentum lost by truck is gained by car.
Interesting? Let’s find out more about the momentum and its
conversation below:
What is Momentum?
A vector quantity that is the product of the mass and velocity of an

object or particle is ‘momentum’. Momentum is measured in the
standard unit of kilogram-meter per second (kg · m/s or kg · m · s -1 ).
The direction of momentum can be expressed in various ways,
depending on the number of dimensions involved. The direction of
momentum is same as the direction of velocity.
Momentum, like velocity, is relative. Let us take a 1,000-kg car

moving at 20 m/s with respect to the surface of a highway, travelling
northward. If the car is driven, the momentum of the car is relative to
the body of the person driving the car which is zero. And if a person
stands by the side of the road, the momentum of the car relative to that
person is 20,000 kg · m/s northward.
Browse more Topics under Force And Laws Of Motion

● Newton’s Laws of Motion
Linear Momentum
Linear momentum is defined as a vector quantity that is the product of

the mass of an object and its velocity. Any change in the mass or the
velocity of the system causes a change in linear momentum.
Conservation of Momentum
The momentum of a system is constant if there is no external force

acting on the system. For a collision occurring between two objects in
an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the
collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the
collision.
Derivation of Conservation of Momentum
Let us consider a situation wherein: a truck of mass m1, velocity u1

and its momentum = m1u1 and a car of mass m2, velocity u2 and its
momentum m2u2; are moving in the same direction but with different
speeds. Therefore, total momentum=m1u1 + m2u2.
Now suppose the car and truck collide for a short time t, their
velocities will change. So now the velocity of the truck and car
become v1 and v2 respectively. However, their mass remains the
same. Hence, now the total momentum = m1v1 + m2v2
Acceleration of car (a) = (v2–u2)/t
Also, F = ma
F1 =
Force exerted by truck on the car
F1 = m2(v2–u2)/t
Acceleration of truck =(v1–u1)/t
F2 = m1(v1–u1)/t and F1 = –F2
m2(v2– u2)/t = –m1(v1– u1)/t
m2v2–m2u2 = –m1v1+m1u1
or m1u1+m2u2 = m2v2+m1v1
Solved Example For You
Q. A shell is fired from a gun with a velocity of 300 m/s making an

angle 60o with the horizontal. It explodes into two fragments when it
reaches the highest position. The ratio of the masses of the two pieces
is 1 : 3. If the smaller piece stops immediately after the collision. Find
the velocity of the other.
Sol: Velocity at the highest point =
300×cos
60
o
=150 m/s
Using momentum conservation,
150×m=3m/4×v
⇒v=200m/s

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Newton’s Laws of Motion

When a book is kept on the table, is anything happening there? ‘It’s

‘Force’ is a​ vector quantity​ that can be described as a push or pull on

Force is measured in units called Newtons (N), named after the

When an object is not moving with changing speed i.e. it’s in

When an object is not in equilibrium i.e. moving with changing speed,

What are the different types of Forces?

The tendency of a body in motion continues to remain in motion,

Inertia​ is a quality, all the objects/bodies in nature made of matter that

What is Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation?

Sir Isaac Newton worked in many areas of mathematics and physics.

These laws are as follows:

Newton’s First Law of Motion also known as Law of Inertia states

Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that force is equal to the

Derivation of Newton’s Second Law of Motion

According to Newton’s second law:

From Newton’s second law of motion,

For simplicity, the constant of proportionality (k) is chosen to be 1,

A car travelling on a highway at a fixed speed tends to maintain

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The application of the second law of motion can be seen in

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

The application third law of motion can be seen via an illustration

How to Calculate Uniform Circular Motion?

Solved Example for You

Q: Which of the following is/are true about force:

A. Force will always change the magnitude of velocity

B. Force will always change the direction of the velocity

C. S.I unit of force is Newton

D. All of the above

A vector quantity that is the product of the mass and velocity of an

Momentum, like velocity, is relative. Let us take a 1,000-kg car

Browse more Topics under Force And Laws Of Motion

Linear momentum is defined as a vector quantity that is the product of

The momentum of a system is constant if there is no external force

Derivation of Conservation of Momentum

Let us consider a situation wherein: a truck of mass m​1​, velocity u​1

Acceleration of car (a) = (v​2​–u​2​)/t

F​2 ​ = m​1​(v​1​–u​1​)/t and F​1 ​= –F​2

m​2​(v​2​– u​2​)/t = –m​1​(v​1​– u​1​)/t

Solved Example For You

Q. A shell is fired from a gun with a velocity of 300 m/s making an

Sol: Velocity at the highest point =

Using momentum conservation,

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‘Force’ is a vector quantity that can be described as a push or pull on

Inertia is a quality, all the objects/bodies in nature made of matter that

Let us consider a situation wherein: a truck of mass m1, velocity u1

Acceleration of car (a) = (v2–u2)/t

F2 = m1(v1–u1)/t and F1 = –F2

m2(v2– u2)/t = –m1(v1– u1)/t