FORMULA BOOKLET

Further Pure Mathematics

Topics
1. Surds, Indices, Logarithm
2. Algebra
3. Quadratic Equation
4. Alpha Beta
5. Coordinate Geometry
6. Binomial Expansion
7. A.P. G.P.
8. Calculus
9. Area & Volume
10. Trigonometry
11. Equation Graph
12. Vector
13. Kinematics

Prepared by Faisal Mizan

Senior teacher of Mathematics
 SURDS, INDICES, LOGRITHM
Surds

1 , e.g.,

2 ,

3 4

5 6

7 8

Indices

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 , e.g.,

12

Logarithm

1 Logarithmic form: , , . Index form: .

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10 11

12 Single logarithm:

13

1
 ALGEBRA
1. (a) Remainder Theorem (b) Factor Theorem
For divided by , For divided by ,
. .
If , is a factor.
2. is a factor of
then is a factor of
and is a factor of .
3. To factorize a cubic expression
Step 1: Try is a factor.
Step 2: Divide by .
Step 3:

4. Shape of curve:

Linear Quadratic Cubic

5. Forming equation:

Roots: and Roots: , and

6. (i) (ii)

2
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Completing Square
Minimum curve Maximum curve

Minimum value of Maximum value of

when when
Maximum value of Minimum value of
when when

For For
Critical values , Critical values ,

Less than Less Greater than Greater

Nature of Roots

Real Unreal

Real and Different Real and Equal

Line and Curve

------------- (1)
------------- (2)
Step 1: Form Quadratic Equation
Step 2: Use Discriminant

3
e.g. Line and Curve

------------- (1)
------------- (2)

To find the intersecting point substitute (1) onto (2)

Intersecting at two points Line tangent to the curve

or or

Lie entirely above/below -axis

is positive for all values of , is negative for all values of

means curve lies above -axis , means curve lies below -axis

ALPHA BETA

If has roots and If has roots and

If two roots of an unknown equation are given

Step #1: Find the sum of the roots

Step #2: Find the product of the roots
Step #3: Use

4
 Some Identities

(a) (b)
Similarly, Similarly,

(c) (d)
If ,
(Only positive)

Some Important Concepts

(a) For (b) If
If is a root of the equation, find the other root
Let the other root be
Product To find add &
To find subtract &

(c) For has one root three times the other, find
Use
.......................(1)
..........................(2)

If , has roots and

Equation of Line of Symmetry

5
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
(i) Length

(ii) Midpoint

(iii) Gradient

(iv) Co-ordinates of

(v) Equation of ,
To find gradient:

Case-1: Case-2: Case-3:

Gradient, m

(vi) For parallel lines, (vii) For perpendicular lines,

To find equation:

Case-1: Case-2:

For ,

For ,

Case-3: How to know if a point lies on the line or not

does not lie on the line

as when ,

lies on the line

as when ,

6
(viii)

Area

(x)

For For

(xi)
For intersecting point ,
(i)
Solve equations (i) and (ii)

(ii)

(xii)
Tangent,

Normal,

Equation of tangent:
Equation of normal:

7
 BINOMIAL EXPANSION
If is a positive integer (for example: , etc):
1
, where

If is a fraction or a negative integer or unknown (for example: , , , etc):

2
Valid range:

Some important ranges (when power is not an integer):

, (Smallest range)

4 For term:

ascending power of and descending power of .

5
descending power of and ascending power of .

If

6 and just alternate the signs

To expand :

8
(Even power so introduce )

Suitable value of
Type 1:

1. , use expansion up to to find the value of in 5 significant figures.

Type 2:

2. use expansion to find the value of in 5 significant figures.

Type 3:
3. , use expansion up to to find the value of in 5 decimal places.
4. ,use expansion up to to find the value of in 5 decimal places.

8
 Solution
Number 1: Number 2:

Step 1: Range:

Step 1:

Step 2:

, Step 2:

Step 3:

Number 3: Number 4:

Step 1: Step 1:

Step 2: Step 2:

Step 3: Step 3:

, ,

9
 A.P. G.P.

Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression

1 , , , 1 , , ,

2 For unknown terms: 2 For unknown terms:

* Let

or

Let

3 To find unknown use: 3 To find unknown, use:

or or

4 4

5 5

If last term is known:

6 Convergent:
Otherwise, Divergent

Convergent

-2 -1 0 1 2

7 Sum to infinity,

For both A.P. and G.P.

1 If given, use: 2
The sum of last terms

10
3
Sigma Notation

Number of terms:
Step 1:
,
, 109, . 207

Step 2:

11
 CALCULUS

Differentiation Integration

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

12
 Area & Volume

I i pp t 4 t

A Cfb go dy
Affting gladda

b b y fan

I B i

m
up

h
Voth faith
VAM a The
 13

TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Identities:

or or

General Solution:

Sin Cos Tan

For Degree

For Radian

Here is the value (Calculator value).

For both positive and negative values, put

OR

Positive Angle Negative Angle

15

14
 EQUATION GRAPH
Basic Curve Sketching

Linear Graph

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

At -axis At -axis

Quadratic Equation

1. 2. 3.

At -axis , At -axis

Cubic Graph

1. 2. 3. 4.

16
I
 Fraction Graph

1. 2.

Step 1: asymptote to -axis, Step 1: asymptote to -axis,

asymptote to -axis,

Step 2: For turning point,

Step 2: At -axis, , Find . Step 3: Sketching.

At -axis, , Find .

Step 3: Sketching

[Depend on cutting Point] Step 4: Find the cutting point in axes if necessary.

Exponential Graph Trigonometric Graphs

General Shape
360°

Logarithm Graph 360°

General Shape

17
To
 VECTOR
1 Column Vector: 6 Show that :
or Use the following steps:
Step 1: (constant)
Step 2:
Unit Vector of :
between and -axis:
2 . 7 Show , and lie on a straight line
(collinear).
. Step 1: (constant)
Step 2:
Step 3: Since is common, therefore ,
and lie on a straight line.
3 If , 8 Given , and are collinear (or
parallel), find .
o ------------ (i)
Step 1:
o ------------ (ii)
Find and .
If ,
Step 2: Use shortcut to find .
o Or otherwise,
o ------------ (i)
o ------------ (ii) ------------ (i)
o Shortcut: ------------ (ii)
4 Position Vector: 9 For two geometrical properties of
means . and :
In terms of position vector: Use the following steps:
Step 1: Ratio -
o
o (constant)

Example: Given and . Step 2: Properties -

.
Find .
(ii) .
.

.
5 Show that is a parallelogram: 10 Ratio example:
Either prove Given and .
is a parallelogram. Find .
Or prove
is a parallelogram.

18

I
 11 Area Ratio:

KINEMATICS
1. time = , distance/displacement = , acceleration/retardation = , velocity/speed = .

2. , or ,

3.

4. For the maximum or minimum value of , or .

5. For the maximum or minimum value of , .

6. If the particle comes to rest, .

7. If the particle comes to fixed point or fixed level, or .

8. Distance travelled in second = , [If , ].

9. Distance travelled in second = , [If , ].

10. Distance travelled in second = .

11. Distance travelled between and . [If there is no value of between

and for which ].

12. Distance travelled between and . [If there is a value of

between and for which ].

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