Transient Behavior and Initial Conditions
Transient Behavior and Initial Conditions
1.0.1 Introduction:
Most of the transmission lines, electrical circuits and communication networks are made up of network
elements like resistor R, inductor L, and Capacitor C. These networks are connected by voltage and current
sources. It is most useful to understand the behavior of the network when we switched on the network by
supplying voltage source. It is most important to determine the transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C
series circuits for d.c and a.c excitations.
Assuming that at reference time t = 0, the switch in the circuit is closed and also assuming that switch
act in zero time. To differentiate between the time immediately before and immediately after the operation
of a switch, is represented as t = 0− and t = 0+ signs are used. The condition existing just before the switch
is operated will be designated as i(0− ), v(0− ), q(0− ) and the conditions existing after closing of a switch is
designated as as i(0+ ),v(0+ ), q(0+ ). Also initial conditions of a network depend on the past history of the
network prior the closing of the network at t = 0− and the network structure at t = 0+ , after switching.
The evaluation of voltages and currents and their derivatives at t = 0+, are known as initial conditions
and evaluation of condition at t = ∞ are known as final conditions.
The following are the objectives of studying the behavior of the circuit for Initial-Conditions:
• The most important reason is that the initial and final conditions must be known to evaluate the
arbitrary constants that appear in the general solution of a differential equation.
• The initial conditions give knowledge of the behavior of the circuit elements at the instant of switching
• The final conditions give knowledge of the behavior of the circuit elements after the settling of circuit
at t = ∞
1
1.1. Initial Conditions Chapter 1. Transient behavior and Initial Conditions
———————————————————————————————————————-
V iC C V iC SC
V iR R
at t=0- at t=0+ at t = ∞
R R R
O. C
L
S.C
L IO IO IO
S.C O. C
C
- C+
O. C
-+
-+
q
q0 V 0
q
V= 0
C C
1.2 Solutions
di d i 2
Q 1) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.8 the switch K Find the values i, dt and dt +
2 at t = 0 , for element
is closed at t = 0, with capacitor uncharged. Find values as follows V=100 V R = 10 Ω and L = 1 H.
di d2 i +
the values i, dt and dt 2 at t = 0 , for element values K
R
as follows V=100 V R = 1000 Ω and C = 1 µF .
K V i L
R
K
At t = 0+ the capacitor acts as short circuit which is R
as shown in Figure 1.9
V i (0+ )
Ri(0+ ) = V
V 100
i(0+ ) = = = 0.1A
R 1000 Figure 1.11: Example
From equation 1.2 and substituting initial conditions
R t 0 di
L = V − Ri
i SC
dt
V di +
L (0 ) = V − Ri(0+ ) = 100 − 0
dt
di + V 100
Figure 1.9: Example (0 ) = = = 100A/sec
dt L 1
Differentiating equation 1.1 d2 i + R di + 10
2
(0 ) = − (0 ) = − × 100
dt L dt 1
di i
R + =0 = −1000A/sec2
dt C
Substituting initial conditions Q 3- 2014-JAN) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.12
the switch K is closed at t = 0, with capacitor
di + i(0+ ) uncharged. Find the values of i(0+ ), dt di +
(0 ) and
R (0 ) + = 0 d2 i +
dt C (0 ) for element values as follows, V=10 V R =
dt2
di + i(0+ ) 10 Ω L = 1 H and C = 10 µF and vc (0) = 0.
(0 ) = −
dt RC K L
di + 0.1 R
(0 ) = −
dt 1000 × 1 × 10−6
= −100A/sec V i C
2
d i + 1 di +
(0 ) = − (0 )
dt2 RC dt Figure 1.12: Example
.1
= − (−100)
1000 × 1 × 10−6 Solution:
.1
= − (−100)
Z
di 1
1000 × 1 × 10−6 Ri + L + idt = 0 (1.3)
= 1 × 105 A/sec2 dt C
At t = 0+ the inductor acts as open circuit and
Q 2) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.10 the switch K capacitor acts as short circuit which is as shown in
is closed at t = 0, with zero current in the conductor. Figure 1.43
i
i(0− ) = i(0+ ) = 0 100 V
Z
di 1
Ri(0 ) + L (0+ ) +
+
i(0+)dt = V Figure 1.15: Example
dt C
di When switch is at position b, and at t = 0+ , the
R × 0 + L (0+) + 0 = V circuit is as shown in Figure 1.16.
dt
di 1000 Ω
L (0+) = V
dt
di V 10 i 1H
(0+) = =
dt L 1
0.1 μ F
= 10A/sec
d2 i
Z
di i di 1
R +L 2 + =0 Ri + L + idt = 0 (1.4)
dt dt C dt C
Substituting initial conditions At t = 0+
Z
di + 1
di d2 i i(0+ ) Ri(0+ ) + L (0 ) + i(0+ )dt = 0
R (0+ ) + L 2 (0+ ) + =0 dt C
dt dt C
It is given that capacitor is initially uncharged
Z
1
d2 i + i(0+ ) i(0+ )dt = vc (0+ ) = 0
10 × 10 + L (0 ) + = 0 C
dt2 C
d2 i + −100 −100 di +
(0 ) = = Ri(0+ ) + L (0 ) = 0
dt2 L 1 dt
= −100A/sec2 di
1000 × (0.1) + L (0+ ) = 0
dt
di
L (0+ ) = −100
Q 4) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.14 switch S is dt
changed from position a to b at t = 0. Steady state di + −100
(0 ) =
conditions have been reached at t = 0− . Find the dt 1
di d2 i + with capacitor is = −100 A/sec
values of i, dt and dt2 at t = 0
initially uncharged. Differentiating equation 1.4
a S 1000 Ω
di d2 i i
b R +L 2 + =0
i 1H dt dt C
100 V
0.1 μ F Substituting initial conditions
di + d2 i i(0+ )
Figure 1.14: Example R (0 ) + L 2 (0+ ) + = 0
dt dt C
Solution: d2 i 0.1
1000 × (−100) + 1 2 (0+ ) + = 0
At t = 0− the inductor acts as a short circuit which dt 0.1 × 10−6
is as shown in Figure 1.15. d2 i +
(0 ) = −9 × 105 A/sec2
dt2
Ri(0− ) = V
V 100 Q 4-2 JAN-2014) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.36
i(0− ) = = = 0.1 A switch K is changed from position a to b at t=0,
R 1000
a k
Solution:
20
b
When switch is at position a and reached steady
i 2H
40 V
state, which is as shown in Figure 1.37(a).
2 F
Ri(0− ) = V
V 20
i(0− ) = = =2A Figure 1.19: Example
R 10
When the switch is at position b, the circuit is as Solution:
shown in Figure 1.37 (b) Before connecting to position b 1.20(a)
a k 10 10 Ri(0− ) = V
20 V i 1H
V 40
20 V i i(0− ) = = 2 A = i(0+ )
1 F
=
R 20
When switch is at position b,and at t=0+ circuit
(a) (b) which is as shown in Figure 1.20 (b)
i 2H
40 V i
2 F
Z
di 1
Ri + L + idt = 0 (1.5)
dt C
At t = 0+
(a) (b)
Z
di 1
Ri(0+ ) + L (0+) + i(0+ )dt = 0 Figure 1.20: Example
dt C
It is given that capacitor is initially uncharged di 1
Z
Ri + L + idt = 0 (1.6)
dt C
Z
1
i(0+ )dt = vc (0+ )) = 0
C Z
di di 1
Ri(0+ ) + L (0+ ) = 0
+
Ri(0 ) + L (0+ ) + i(0+ )dt = 0
dt dt C
di It is given that capacitor is initially uncharged
10 × 2 + 1 (0+) = 0
dt Z
di + 1
(0 ) = −20 A/sec i(0+ )dt = vc (0+ ) = 0
dt C
Differentiating equation 1.1
di +
di d2 i i Ri(0+ ) + L (0 ) = 0
R +L 2 + =0 dt
dt dt C di
20 × 2 + 2 (0+ ) = 0
Substituting initial conditions dt
di + −40
di + d2 i i(0+ ) (0 ) = = −20 A/sec
R (0 ) + L 2 (0+ ) + = 0 dt 2
dt dt C
Differentiating equation 1.6
d2 i + 2
10 × (−20) + 1 2 (0 ) + = 0
dt 1 × 10−6 di d2 i i
R +L 2 + =0
dt dt C
Z
Substituting initial conditions di + 1
Ri(0+ ) + L (0 ) + i(0+ )dt = 0
dt C
di + d2 i i(0+ ) di
R (0 ) + L 2 (0+ ) + =0 20 × 0 + 1 (0+ ) + 40 = 0
dt dt C dt
di +
d2 i + 2 (0 ) = −40A/sec
20 × (−20) + 2 (0 ) + = 0 dt
dt2 2 × 10−6
d2 i + Differentiating equation 1.22
2 (0 ) = 400 − 1 × 106 = −0.9996 × 106 A/sec2
dt2 di d2 i i
d2 i + −0.9996 × 106 R +L 2 + =0
(0 ) = = −0.4998 × 106 A/sec2 dt dt C
dt2 2
Substituting initial conditions
Q 4-4-1- 2018-JULY) In the circuit shown in Figure
1.21 the switch S is changed from position a to b at di + d2 i i(0+ )
R (0 ) + L 2 (0+ ) + = 0
t = 0, steady state condition having been reached dt dt C
di d2 i d2 i 0
before switching. Find the values of i, dt and dt2 at
20 × (−40) + 1 2 (0+ ) + = 0
t = 0+ . dt C
a S 20
d2 i +
(0 ) = 800A/sec2
dt2
b
40 V 1 F
1H Q 5) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.27 the switch
was in position a for sufficiently long time to have
Figure 1.21: Example achieved steady state. At t=0, the switch was
changed from a to b. Determine IL and vc their first
Solution:
and second derivatives at t=0+.
When the switch is at position a, and at t = 0− the S 1H
circuit is as shown in Figure 1.21. When the steady b
state is reached, capacitor is fully charged with a a
capacitor voltage vc (0− ) = 40V and current in the 10 V 5V i1 (t )
1 μ F i2 (t ) 1Ω
circuit ic (0− ) = 0.
Solution:
40 V vc (0- ) 40V
When switch is at position a and at t=0- the circuit
is redrawn which is as shown in Figure 1.25
Figure 1.22: Example
At t = 0+
the circuit is redrawn and is as shown in 5V vc (0- ) i2 (t ) 1
Figure 1.23 (a).
Z
1 Figure 1.25: Example
i(0+ )dt = vc (0+ ) = 40V
C
20 20 5
i1 (0− ) = = 5 A = i1 (0+ )
b b 1
40V +- 1 F i2 (0− ) = 5 A = i2 (0+ )
i (0 ) i
1H vc (0− ) = 5 V vc (0+ ) = 5 V
di1
1 + vc (t) = 10 (1.8)
dt R2 i(0−) = V
di1 + V
(0 ) = 10 − vc (0+ ) = 10 − 5 = 5A/sec i(0−) =
dt R2
a k 10
2020-JULY-6b, For the circuit shown in Figure 1.33
find i) i(0+), v(0+), di(0+) dv(0+)
dt , dt , i(∞), v(∞) .
b
i 1H
20 V
1 F
t=0
i 6 4
12 V i2
Figure 1.36: Example
2H
10 F v
Solution:
a k 10 10
12 V
vc (0 )
i 20 V i 1H
20 V
Figure 1.34: Example 1 F
(a) (b)
i(0+) = 0
Figure 1.37: Example
v(0+) = 0
Z
di 1
Ri + L + idt = 0 (1.1)
dt C
di(0+) At t = 0+
= 0
dt + di 1
Z
dv(0+) Ri(0 ) + L (0+) + i(0+ )dt = 0
= 0 dt C
dt
It is given that capacitor is initially uncharged
When the switch is closed at t = ∞ the capacitor 1
Z
acts as open circuit and inductor acts as short circuit i(0+ )dt = vc (0+ )) = 0
C
which is as shown in Figure ??. di
Ri(0+ ) + L (0+ ) = 0
i ( ) 6 4 dt
di
12 V 10 × 2 + 1 (0+) = 0
vc () dt
di +
(0 ) = −20 A/sec
dt
Differentiating equation 1.1
Figure 1.35: Example
di d2 i i
R +L 2 + =0
dt dt C
12 Substituting initial conditions
i(∞) = = 2A
6 di d2 i i(0+ )
v(∞) = 12V R (0+ ) + L 2 (0+ ) + = 0
dt dt C
d2 i 2
10 × (−20) + 1 2 (0+ ) + −6
= 0
2020-Aug JAN-2014) For the circuit shown in Figure dt 1 × 10
1.36 switch K is changed from position a to b at t=0,
steady state condition having been reached before d2 i +
di d2 i (0 ) = 200 − 2 × 106
switching. Find the values of i, dt and dt 2 b at dt2
t = 0+ . = −1.9998 × 106 A/sec2
di +
Ri(0+ ) + L (0 ) = 0
dt
JULY-2019-CBCS In the circuit shown in Figure 1.38 di
switch S is changed from position a to b at t = 0. 100 × (1) + L (0+ ) = 0
di d2 i + if R = 100Ω,
dt
Solve for i, dt and dt 2 at t = 0 di
L = 0.1H and C = 0.25µF and V=100 V. Assume L (0+) = −100
dt
that the capacitor is initially uncharged. di −100
(0+) =
a K R dt 0.1
b = −1000 A/sec
i L
V C
Differentiating equation 1.2
Figure 1.42: 2017-CBCS-Question Paper When switch is opened and steady state reached
Solution: inductor acts as short circuit which is as shown in
Figure 1.45 (a)
10 10
The switch is closed at t = 0+ the inductor acts
as open circuit and capacitor acts as short circuit
va va
which is as shown in Figure 1.43. At t = 0− , vb vb
i(0− ) = i(0+ ) = 0 10 20 10 20
5V 5V SC
SC
R 10 10
(a) (b)
V i (0+ )
Figure 1.45: 2017-CBCS-Question Paper
di d2 i i
R +L 2 + =0 (1.5) va − 5 va − vb va
dt dt C + + = 0
10 20 10
Substituting initial conditions 1 1 1 vb 5
va (0+ ) + + − =
10 10 20 20 10
di + d2 i i(0+ )
R (0 ) + L 2 (0+ ) + =0 (1.6) 0.25va (0+ ) − 0.05vb (0+) = 0.5
dt dt C
vb − va vb − 5
d2 i i(0 +) + + iL = 0
L 2 (0+ ) = −10 × 10 − 20 10
dt C −0.05va (0+ ) + 0.15vb (0+) = 0.5 − 0.667A
2
d i 0
1 2 (0+ ) = 100 − −0.05va (0+ ) + 0.15vb (0+) = −0.1667
dt C
d2 i +
(0 ) = −100A/sec2 JAN-2017-NON-CBCS For the circuit shown in
dt2
Figure 1.46 the switch S is changed from position
1 to 2 at t = 0. The circuit was under steady state
2020-July-5b-CBCS JAN-2017-6b-CBCS In the net- before this action. Determine the value v and i at
+
work shown in Figure 1.44 a steady state is reached t = 0 and their first and second derivatives.
with the switch K open. At t=0, the switch is S 20
1
2
v
closed. For the given element values, determine
va (0− ) and va (0+ ) i
50 V 2H 2F
10 Ω
va
vb Figure 1.46: Example
10 Ω 20 Ω
5V 2H Solution:
10 Ω
When switch was at position 1 at t = 0− , under
Figure 1.44: 2017-CBCS-Question Paper steady state condition capacitor charges with voltage
of v(0− ) = 50 = v(0+ ) and after that it acts as an
Solution: open circuit which is as shown in Figure 1.47
(a) (b)
When switch is at position 2, and at t = 0+ the
circuit diagram is as shown in Figure 1.47
Figure 1.49: Example
Applying KVL for the circuit we have
At t = 0- , inductor is in short circuit and
Z capacitor is after fully charged and it is also in open
di 1 circuit state.
Ri + L + idt = 0
dt C
di i(0−) = 0 and also i(0+) = 0 (1.9)
Ri + L + vc (t)dt = 0
dt When switch is at position B, and at t=0+ the circuit
diagram is as shown in Figure 1.47 (b)
At t = 0+ and vc (0+ ) = 50 Applying KVL for the circuit we have
di + Z
Ri(0+ ) + L (0 ) + vc (0+ ) = 0 di
L +
1
idt = 0
dt dt C
di
20 × 0 + 2 (0+ ) + 50 = 0 di
dt L + vc (t)dt = 0
di + −50 dt
(0 ) = = −25
dt 2
At t = 0+ and vc (0+) = 100
Differentiating equation (1)
di
L (0+) + vc (0+) = 0
di d2 i
i dt
R +L 2 + =0 (1.8)
dt dt C di
1 (0+) + 100 = 0
dt
Substituting initial conditions di
(0+) = −100
di + d2 i i(0+ ) dt
R (0 ) + L 2 (0+ ) + = 0
dt dt C Differentiating equation (1)
d2 i 0
20 × (−25) + 2 2 (0+) + = 0 d2 i i
dt C L 2+ =0 (1.10)
dt C
d2 i + 500
(0 ) = = 250A/sec2 Substituting initial conditions
dt2 2
d2 i i(0+)
(0+) + = 0
dt2 C
July-2016 For the circuit shown in Figure 1.48 the
d2 i 0
switch K is changed from position A to B at t=0. 1 2 (0+) + = 0
After having reached steady state in position A. Find dt C
di d2 i d3 i d2 i
i dt , dt2 , and dt 3 at t=0+. (0+) = 0A/sec2
dt2
A 1H d3 i
3
(0+) = 0A/sec2
K dt
B
c =10μF
i
100 V
July-2016-2 For the circuit shown in Figure 1.50 the
di
switch K is opened at t=0. Find i dt , vc , dv
dt at t=0+.
c
R=2Ω L=2H
Vk
C=1F K
L=1H
1
C= F
V=4V i K V=2V 2 i R=1Ω
(a) (b)
Figure 1.53: Example
Figure 1.51: Example
When switch is at opened, at t=0+ circuit which V = Ri(0−)
is as shown in Figure 1.51 (a) V 2
i(0−) =
= = 2 A = i(0+)
R 1
V = Ri(0−) (1.11)
When switch is opened at t=0+ circuit diagram
V 4 is as shown in Figure 1.53 (b)
i(0−) = = =2A (1.12)
R 2 Applying KVL
When switch is at opened, at t=0+ circuit which Z
is as shown in Figure 1.51 (b) 1 di
V = idt + L + Ri (1.16)
Applying KVL C dt
1
Z
di At t=0+
V = idt + L + Ri (1.13)
C dt di(0+)
2=0+1× + 1 × i(0+) (1.17)
At t=0+ dt
di(0+)
2=0+1× + 1 × i(0+) (1.14)
dt di(0+)
2 = 0+1× + 1 × i(0+)
dt
di
di(0+) (0+) = 2 − 1 × 2 = 0
2 = 0+1× + 1 × i(0+) dt
dt
di Differentiating Equation 1.16
(0+) = 2 − 1 × 2 = 0
dt
The voltage across capacitor is i d2 i di
0 = +L 2 +R
C dt dt
Z
1
vc (t) = i (1.15) d2 i1 di i(0+)
C 1 × 2 (0+) = −R (0+) −
dt dt C
2
d i(0+) 2
dvc (t) 1 = −1 × 0 − (0+) = −4 A/sec2
= i dt2 1/2
dt C
dvc (t) 1
(0+) = i(0+) Differentiating Equation 1.16
dt C
dvc (t) 1
(0+) = 2 = 2V
dt 1 1 di d3 i d2 i
0 = +L 3 +R 2
C dt dt dt
July-2015-6-b For the circuit shown in Figure 1.52 the 3
d i1 2
d i(0+) 1 d(0+)i
switch K is opened at t = 0 after reaching the steady 1 × 3 (0+) = −R −
dt dt2 C dt
state condition. Determine voltage across switch and d3 i(0+)
its first and second derivatives at t = 0+ . = −1 × (−4) − 0 = 4 A/sec2
d32
S 20 20
1
2
Figure 1.56: Example
i vC (0) 50V 1H i (t )
50 V
1 F
Solution:
(b)
When switch is opened and when steady state is
(a)
reached capacitor acts as open circuit and inductor
Figure 1.55: Example acts as short circuit which is as shown in Figure
1.57(a).
At t = 0- , inductor is in open circuit and
20
capacitor is after fully charging it is also in open
circuit state. That is 10 10 i1 (0 ) 10 10
i1 (0 ) i2 (0 )
i2 (0 ) 100 V
100 V + 33.3 V
i(0−) = 0 and also i(0+) = 0 (1.20) vc (0 ) 3.3 A -
Q 2012-JULY-6b and 2013-DEC-6a) In the circuit Q 2013-DEC-6b) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.64
shown in Figure 1.61 the switch K is changed from the switch K is opened at t = 0. Find v, dv d2 v
dt , dt2 at
position 1 to 2 at t = 0, steady state condition having t = 0+ .
di d2 i
reached before switching. Find i, dt , dt2 at t = 0+ .
1 K
K
10 10 A V 100 1 μF
2
i 1H
20 V 20
Figure 1.64: 2013-JULY-6a-1
Figure 1.61: 2013-JULY-6a-1 Solution:
Solution: The switch is closed at t = 0− . When switch is
When switch is at position 1 and when steady state opened at t = 0 and which is as shown in Figure
−
is reached inductor acts as short circuit which is as ??. At t = 0
shown in Figure 1.62. At t = 0− v(0− ) = 0 = v(0+ )
20
i(0− ) = = 2A
10 K
10 A V 100
SC
1 K
10
K
Figure 1.62: 2013-JULY-6a-1 100
10 A V 1 μF
Current cannot change instantaneously = i(0+ )
i(0− ) = 2A, at t = 0+ the circuit is as shown in
Figure 1.63 Figure 1.66: 2013-JULY-6a-1
di
30i + L = 0
dt V (t) dV (t)
+) +C = I
di(0 R dt
30i(0+ ) + L = 0
dt V (0+ ) dV (0+ )
+C = 10
di(0+ ) R dt
= −30i(0+ ) = −30 × 2
dt dV (0+ ) 10
= −60 A/sec =
dt 1 × 10−6
= 10 × 106 V /sec
Differentiating
Differentiating
d2 i(0+) 30di(0+ )
= − 1 dV (t) d2 V (t)
dt2 dt +C = 0
= −30 × (−60) R dt dt2
+
1 dV (0 ) d V (0+ )
2
= 1800 A/sec2 +C = 0
R dt dt2
d V (0+ )
2 1 dV (0+ )
10 = −
dt2 RC dt
2 10 × 106
= −
i 1H 100 × 1 × 10−6
20 = −1 × 1012 V /sec2
———————
Figure 1.63: 2013-JULY-6a-1
Q 2013-JULY-6c ) In the circuit shown in Figure
————————- 1.67 the switch K is closed at t = 0, all capacitor
R1 L1
K V1 V3
R2
V2
C1
V
C2 C3
L2
Q 2011-DEC-6b) In the circuit shown in Figure
1.69 the2 switch2 K is closed at t = 0. Find
d d
Figure 1.67: 2013-JULY-6c i, didt1 , dt12 , didt2 , dt22 at t = 0+ .
Solution: K 2 μF 10
K R1 V1 V3
i1 10 i2 1H
R2 10 V
V2
V
C2
Figure 1.69: 2013-JULY-6a-1
Solution:
At t = 0−
V1 − v(t) dV1 V1 − V2 10
+ C1 + = 0 i1 (0+ ) = = 1A i2 (0+ ) = 0A
R1 dt R2 10
+
V1 − v(0 ) dV1 (0 ) V1 (0 ) − V2 (0+ )
+ +
+ C1 + = 0 SC 10
R1 dt R2
0 − v(0+ ) dV1 (0+ ) 0 − 0
+ C1 + = 0
R1 dt R2
i1 10 i2 OC
10 V
dV1 (0+ ) v(0+ )
=
dt C1 R1
KCL for node V2 and at t = 0+ Figure 1.70: 2013-JULY-6a-1
V2 − V1 dV2 1
Z 2 μF 10
+ C2 + (V2 )dt = 0
R2 dt L2
dV2 (0+ )
Z
0 + C2 + L2 (V2 (0+ ))dt = 0 i1 10 i2 1H
dt 10 V
dV2 (0+ )
= 0
dt
Figure 1.71: 2013-JULY-6a-1
KCL for node V3 and at t = 0+
Applying KVL for the loops
Z
1 dV3 1
Z
(V3 − V1 )dt + C3 + = 0 i1 (t)dt + 10[i1 (t) − i2 (t)] = 10 (1.23)
L1 dt C
dV3 (0+ )
Z
1
(V3 (0+ ) − V1 (0+ ))dt + C3 + = 0 di2
L1 dt 10[i2 (t) − i1 (t)] + 10i2 (t) + 1
=0 (1.24)
dt
dV3 (0+ )
= 0 At t = 0+ the equation 1.24 becomes
dt
Q Prep-Q1 ) In Figure 1.79 the switch was closed Q Prep-Q1 ) In Figure 1.79 the switch was closed
for a long time before it is opened at t=0. Find for a long time before it is opened at t=0. Find
i1 (0− ), i2 (0− ) i1 (0+ )i2 (0+ ). i1 (0− ), i2 (0− ) i1 (0+ )i2 (0+ ).
t0 15 k t0 15 k
15 k i2 i1 15 k i2 i1
9V 15 k 30 mH
9V 15 k 30 mH
15 t0 15 k
i1 (0− ) = 0.4mA 0.2mA
15 + 15 15 k i2 i1
15
i2 (0− ) = 0.4mA 0.2mA 9V 15 k 30 mH
15 + 15
At t = 0+ the switch is open
i1 (0+ ) = 0.2mA Figure 1.79: Prep-Q1
i2 (0+ ) = −0.2mA Solution: