Chapter 1

Laplace Transform

If f(t) is a function in time, and its Laplace Similarly Laplace transform of the f (t) = e−at is
transform F(s) is expressed as:

Z∞
L[f (t)] = F (S) = f (t)e−st dt (1.1) Z∞ Z∞
−st
0 L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = e−at e−st dt
0 0
Q 1) Find the Laplace transform of the unit step
Z∞  ∞
function as shown in Figure 1.2. −(s+a)t 1 −st 1
= e dt − e =
s+a s+a
f(t) 0
0

u(t)
1

0 t Q 3) Find the Laplace transform of the f (t) = sinωt.

Solution:
Figure 1.1: Step function
Solution:
The unit step function is defined as
Z∞ Z∞
−st
L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = sinωte−st dt

1, f or t ≥ 0
u(t) =
0, f or t < 0 0 0
Z∞
ejωt − e−jωt −st
= e dt
Z∞ Z∞ 2j
0
L[f (t)] = f (t)e−st dt = 1e−st dt ∞
Z∞

Z
1 
0 0
= (e−(s−jωt) dt − (e−(s+jωt) dt
1 −st ∞ 2j
 
1
= − e = 0 0
S 0 S  
1 1 1 1 2jω
= − =
2j s − jω s + jω 2j s2 + ω 2
Q 2) Find the Laplace transform of the f (t) = eat ω
= 2
where a is constant. s + ω2
Solution:

Z∞ Z∞
−st
L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = eat e−st dt
0 0
Z∞  ∞ Q 4) Find the Laplace transform of the f (t) = cosωt.
−(s−a)t 1 −st 1
= e dt − e =
s−a 0 s−a Solution:
0

1
 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Z∞
Z∞ Z∞
−st −st
L[f (t − to )u(t − to )] = f (t)e−st dt
L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = cosωte dt
0
0 0 Z∞
Z∞
ejωt + e−jωt −st = f (t − to )u(t − to )e−st dt
= e dt
2 0
0 
1, f or t ≥ to
∞
Z∞

u(t − to ) =
Z
1 
= (e−(s−jωt) dt + (e−(s+jωt) dt 0, f or t < to
2j
0 0 Z∞
f (t − to )e−st dt
 
1 1 1 1 2s L[f (t − to )u(t − to )] =
= + =
2 s − jω s + jω 2 s2 + ω 2 to
s
= 2 Let τ = t − to t = τ + to
s + ω2
Z∞
Q 5 2011-DEC-7a) Find the Laplace transform i) L[f (t − to )u(t − to )] = f (τ )e−s(τ +to ) dτ
sin2 t ii) cos2 t, iii) sinωt 0
i) sin2 t Z∞
−to s
= e f (τ )e−sτ dτ
f (t) = sin2 t 0
−to s

1 − cos2t

1 1 = e F (s)
f (t) = = − cos2t
2 2 2
  Differentiation in Time domain
1 1 s
F (s) = −
2s 2 s2 + 4 If L[f(t)]=F(s) then
s2 + 4 − s2 
df (t)

= L = sF (s) − f (0)
2s(s2 + 4) dt
2
= 2 Let
s(s + 4)
df (t)
y(t) =
dt
ii) cos2 t
Z∞
L[y(t)] = y(t)e−st dt
f (t) = cos2 t
  0
1 + cos2t 1 1
f (t) = = + cos2t
2 2 2 Z∞
df (t) −st
Y [s] = e dt
 
1 1 s
F (s) = + dt
2s 2 s2 + 4 0

s2 + 4 + s2 Integrating by parts
=
2s(s2 + 4) Z∞
∞
2(s2 + 2) Y [s] = e−st f (t) 0 − f (t)(−se−st )dt

=
2s(s2 + 4) 0
s2 + 2 Z∞
=
s(s2 + 4) = 0 − f (0) + s f (t)e−st dt
0
= −f (0) + sF (s)
Time Shifting Property = sF (s) − f (0)

Similarly
If L[f(t)]=F(s) then, for any real number to
 n 
d f (t)
L = sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0) · · · − f n−1 (0)
L[f (t − to )u(t − to )] = e−to s F (s) dtn

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Integration in Time domain ∞ Z∞

e−st e−st

F (s)
= y(t) − y(t) (−s)dt
If s s 0 s
0
Zt Z∞
−st ∞ e−st
 
y(t) = f (τ )dτ e
= y(t) + y(t) (s)dt
0 s 0 s
0
then
F (s) At t = ∞
L[y(t)] = Y (s) = e−∞ = 0
s
and

Z∞ Zt
L[f (t)] = F (s) = f (t)e−st dt y(t) = f (τ )dτ
0 0
Z0
y(0) = f (τ )dτ = 0
Divide both sides by s
0
Z∞
F (s) e−st Hence
= f (t) dt F (s)
s s Y (s) =
0 s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Table 1.1: Laplace Transform

Function Laplace Transform Function Laplace Transform

1
u(t) S δ(t) 1
1 n!
t S2 tn S n+1
eat 1
S−a e−at 1
S+a
te−at 1
(S+a)2 te+at 1
S−a)2
eat f (t) F (S − a) e−at f (t) F (S + a)
ω S
sinωt S 2 +ω 2 cosωt S 2 +ω 2
e−at sinωt (s+a)ω2 +ω2 e−at cosωt (s+a)s+a
2 +ω 2

Q 1) Find the Laplace transform of the unit step Using Time shift property
function as shown in Figure 1.2.
Z∞ Z∞
f(t) 1
L[f (t)] = f (t)e−st dt = u(t − a)e−st dt = e−as
u(t) s
1 0 0

0 t Q 3) Find the Laplace transform of the unit step

function u(t+1) as shown in Figure 1.3 (b).
The unit step function is defined as
Figure 1.2: Step function

Solution: 1, f or t ≥ −a
u(t + a) =
0, f or t < −a
The unit step function is defined as
 Using Time shift property
1, f or t ≥ 0
u(t) =
0, f or t < 0 Z∞ Z∞
−st 1 as
L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = u(t + a)e−st dt = e
S
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
L[f (t)] = f (t)e−st dt = 1e−st dt
Q 4) Find the Laplace transform of the unit ramp
0 0 function r(t) as shown in Figure 1.3 (b).
 ∞
1 1
F (s) = − e−st = The ramp function is defined as
s 0 s

0, t ≤ 0
Q 2) Find the Laplace transform of the unit step r(t) =
t, t ≥ 0
function u(t-1) as shown in Figure 1.3 (a).
f(t) Z∞ Z∞
f(t) −st
u(t-a) 1 u(t+a) L[f (t)] = F [s] = f (t)e dt = te−st dt
1
0 0

0 a t -a 0 t Integrating by parts and substituting limits

(a) (b) Z∞ ∞ Z∞
te−st

−st 1
te dt = + e−st dt
Figure 1.3: Step function −s 0 s
0 0
Solution:  −st ∞
1 e 1
=0+ = 2
The unit step function is defined as s −s 0 s

1, f or t ≥ a Q 5) Find the Laplace transform of the unit ramp
u(t − a) = function r(t) as shown in Figure 1.4.
0, f or t < a

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

r(t)=1 Figure 1.6: Unit ramp function

f(t) The ramp function is defined as
1

−A(t + a), t ≥ a
r(t) =
0, t ≤ 0
0 1 t
Z∞ Z∞
−st A −as
Figure 1.4: Unit ramp function L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = (t − a)e−st dt = − e
s2
The ramp function is defined as 0 0

t, t ≥ a
r(t) =
0, t ≤ 0 Q 8) Find the Laplace transform of the stair case
Z∞ Z∞ waveform as shown in Figure 1.7.
−st 1
L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = te−st dt = f(t)
s2
0 0

4
Q 6) Find the Laplace transform of the unit ramp 1

3
function r(t) as shown in Figure 1.6 (a).

2
r (t )  V(t - a )u (t - a)
f(t) f(t)

1
1 1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 t

0
Figure 1.7: Staircase function
0 a t a t
The ramp function is defined as
r (t )  V(t - a )u (t - a ) 
1, 1 < t < 2
(a) (b)


 2, 2 < t < 3


Figure 1.5: Unit ramp function u(t) = 3, 3 < t < 4
4, 4 < t < 5



The ramp function is defined as 
0, otherwis3


(t − a), t ≥ a
Ar(t − a) =
0, t ≤ 0
Z∞ Z∞ u(t) = [u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] + 2[u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]
−st −st A
L[f (t)] = f (t)e dt = (t − a)e dt = 2 e−as
s
0 0
Q 7) Find the Laplace transform of the unit ramp
function r(t) as shown in Figure 1.6 (b).
u(t) = [u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] + 2[u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]
r (t )  V(t - a )u (t - a)
f(t) f(t) + 3[u(t − 3) − u(t − 4)] + 4[u(t − 4) − u(t − 5)]
1 1 = u(t − 1) + u(t − 2) + u(t − 3) + u(t − 4)
−4u(t − 5)
0 a t 0 a t

r (t )  V(t - a )u (t - a )
(a) (b) 1 −s
U (s) = [e + e−2s + e−3s + e−4s − 4e−5s ]
s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 1) Find the Laplace transform of the square wave as shown in Figure 1.67.
f(t)
V

T 2T 3T 4T t
-V

Figure 1.8: Square wave

Solution:
By considering one complete cycle from 0 to 2T
f(t)
V

T 2T 3T t
-V

f(t) f(t)
Vu (t )
V + V

T 2T 3T t T 2T 3T t
-V -V
-2V

2Vu (t  T )
f(t) f(t)
Vu (t  2T )
V + V

t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T t
-V -V

f(t)
V

T 2T 3T t
-V

Figure 1.9: Square wave

Laplace transform for complete periodic waveform is

 
1
L[f (t)] = F1 (S)
1 − e−st )
 
1 V 
(1 − e−sT )2

L[f (t)] = −s2T
1−e ) S
f1 (t) = V u(t) − 2V u(t − T ) + V u(t − 2T ) −sT )2
 
V (1 − e
1 1 1 =
F1 (S) = V − 2V e−T S + V e−2T S S 1 − (e−sT )2
s s s V

(1 − e−sT )2

V  −T S −2T S =
S (1 + (e−sT )(1 − (e−sT )

= 1 − 2e +e
s
V (1 − e−sT )
 
V  2
= 1 − e−T S =
S (1 + e−sT )
s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 2) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.10.

f(t)

T 2T 3T 4T t

Figure 1.10
Solution:

V
r (t )
T
f(t) f(t)

V V

+
t t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

V
 r (t  T )
T
f(t) f(t)
.

+
V V

t t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

Vu (t  T )
-V

f(t)
V

t
T 2T 3T

Figure 1.11

By considering one complete cycle from 0 to T Laplace transform of the complete periodic waveform
is

V V F1 (S)
L[f( t)] = r(t) − r(t − T ) − V u(t − T ) F (S) =
T T 1 − e−T S
V 1 V −T S 1

1 V
1 − e−T S − T Se−T S
 
F1 (S) = − e − V e−T S = 2
T S (1 − e−T S )
T S2 T S2 S
V  V
1 − e−T S − T Se−T S
 
1 − e−T S − T Se−T S =

= 2 2
T S (1 − e−T S )
TS

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 3) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as f1(t) f2(t)

2r(t)
2 2
shown in Figure 1.12.

1 1.5 2 3 t 1 1.5 2 3 t

6r(t-1)

f(t) f3(t)
f(t) 2 2 10r(t-1)

1 1.5 2 3 t 1 1.5 2 3 t

1 1.5 2 3 t
f(t) f4(t)
Figure 1.12 2 2

1 1.5 2 3 t 1 1.5 2 3 t

12r(t-2)

f(t)
Solution: f5(t)
2 2 12r(t-3)

1 1.5 2 3 1 1.5 2 3 t

f(t)

2
f(t) slope   2
1 1 1.5 2 3

2
2
  2 Figure 1.14
1
1 1.5 2 3 t f (t) = 2r(t) − 6r(t − 1) + 10r(t − 1.5) − 12r(t − 2)
2 2 +12r(t − 3)
slope    4 4 2 6 10 12 12
0.5 0.5 F (S) = 2 − 2 e−s + 2 e−2s − 2 e−2s + 2 e−3s
s s s s s
2 
Figure 1.13 = 2 1 − 3e−S + 5e−1.5s − 6e−2s + 6e−3s

s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 4) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.15.

f(t)

t
T 2T

-V

Figure 1.15: Sawtooth Wave

Solution:
f1(t) f2(t)
Vu(t)
V V

+
T T
t t

-V -V

2V
 r (t )
T
f3(t) f4(t)
2V
V + V r (t  T )
T

T T
t t

-V -V

f4(t) f4(t)
Vu (t  T )
V + V

T t T t
t t

-V -V

f4(t)

T
t t

-V

Figure 1.16: Sawtooth Wave

By considering one complete cycle from 0 to T

2V 2V
f (t) = V u(t) −r(t) + r(t − T ) + V u(t − T )
T T 
V 2V 1 2V −T S 1 V
F1 (S) = − + e + e−T S
s T S2 T S2 s
V  2V 
1 + e−T S − 1 − e−T S
 
= 2
s TS
Laplace transform of the periodic waveform is
F1 (S) 1 V  −T S
 2V  −T S

F (S) = = 1 + e − 1 − e
1 − e−T S 1 − e−T S s T S2

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 5) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.17.

f(t)
V

0 t0 T-t0 T t

Figure 1.17: Trapezoid Wave

Solution:
V
Slope 
t0
f1(t) f2(t)
V V
+
0 t0 t 0 t0 t

V
Slope  
f(t) t0 f3(t)
V V

+
0 t0 T-t0 T t 0 t0 T-t0 T t
V
Slope  
f(t) f4(t) t0
V + V
Slope 
V
t0

0 t0 T-t0 T t 0 t0 T-t0 T t

f(t)
V

0 t0 T-t0 T t

Figure 1.18: Trapezoid Wave

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f3 (t) + f4 (t)

V V V V
= tu(t) − (t − t0 )u(t − t0 ) − [t − (T − t0 ) − u(t − (T − t0 ))] + [t − T ) − u(t − T )]
t0 t0 t0 t0
V 1 V 1 −t0 s V 1 −(T −t0 )s V 1 −T s
F (s) = − e − e + e
t0 s2 t0 s2 t0 s2 t0 s2

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 6) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.19.

f(t)
2

2.5
4
0 1 2 3 t

-2

Figure 1.19: Trapezoid Wave

Solution:
2
Slope  r (t )
1
f1(t) f2(t)
2 2
+
0 1 t 0 1 t

2
Slope   r (t  1)
f(t)
1 f (t) 3

2 V

+
0 1 2 3 t 0 1 2 3 t

2
Slope   r (t  2)
0.5
f(t) f4(t)
2 + V
2
Slope  r (t  3)
1
0 1 2 3 t 0 1 2 3

-2

f(t) f5(t)
2 + 2

0 1 2 3 4 t 0 1 2 3 4 t

2
-2 -2 Slope   r (t  4)
1
2
f(t)

0 1 2 3 4 t

-2

Figure 1.20: Trapezoid Wave

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f3 (t) + f4 (t) + f5 (t)

= 2r(t)u(t) − 2r(t − 1)u(t − 1) − 4r(t − 2)u(t − 2) + 6r(t − 3)u(t − 3) − 6r(t − 4)u(t − 4)
2 2 4 6 6
F (s) = 2 − 2 e−2s − 2 e−2s + 2 e−3s − 2 e−4s
s s s s s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 7) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.21.

f(t)
V

0 a 3a 4a 5a t

Figure 1.21: Trapezoid Wave

Solution:

V
r (t )
f1(t) a f2(t)

V V

a 3a t a 3a t

V
 r (t  a )
a
f(t) f3(t)

V V

3a V
a
 r (t  3a )
a 3a t t a

f4(t) V
f(t) r (t  4a )
V
a
V

a 3a 4a 5a t a 3a 4a 5a t

f(t)

a 3a 4a 5a t

Figure 1.22: Trapezoid Wave

E
Slope =
t0

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f3 (t) + f4 (t) + f5 (t)

V V V V
= r(t) − r(t − a) − r(t − 3a) + r(t − 4a)
a a a a
V 1 1 −as 1 −3as 1 −4as
F (s) = [ − e − 2e + 2e ]
a s2 s2 s s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 8) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.23.

f(t)
V

T T t
2

Figure 1.23: Trapezoid Wave

Solution:
2
r (t )u (t )
f1(t) T f2(t)
V V
+

T T t T T t
2 2
2
 r (t  T / 2)u (t  T / 2)
T
f1(t) f3(t)
V V

+
T T t T T t
2 2 2
 r (t  T / 2)u (t  T / 2)
T
f(t) f4(t)
V V
2
r (t  T )u (t )
T

T T t T T t
2 2

f(t)
V

T T t
2

Figure 1.24: Trapezoid Wave

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f3 (t) + f4 (t)

2 2 2 2
= r(t) − r(t − T /2) − r(t − T /2) + r(t − T )
T T T T
2 4 2
= r(t) − r(t − T /2) + r(t − T )
T T T
2 1 1 −T /2s 1 −T /2s 1
F (s) = [ 2 − 2e − 2e + 2 e−T s ]
T s s s s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 9) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.25.

f(t)
V

0 1 2 3 t

Figure 1.25: Trapezoid Wave

Solution:
f1(t) f2(t)
u(t)
V V
+
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 V
Slope  
-Vr(t-2) 1

f(t) f3(t)
V V V
Slope 
+ 1 Vr(t-3)

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
t

f(t)
V

0 1 2 3 t

Figure 1.26: Trapezoid Wave

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f3 (t)

V V
= u(t) + r(t − 2) + r(t − 3)
1 1
V V −2s V −3s
F (s) = 2 − 2 e + 2e
s s s

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 10) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.27.
f(t)

0 T 2T 3T 4T t
-V

Figure 1.27: Square wave

Solution:
By considering one complete cycle from 0 to T
f1(t)

V
2T 4T
T 3T t
-V

-
f2(t)

V
2T 4T
T 3T t
-V

f(t)

T 2T 3T t
-V

Figure 1.28: Square wave

Sinusoidal signal has a one cycle duration of 2T.
1 π
ω = 2πf = 2π =
2T T

ω
L[sinωt] =
S2 + ω2

π π
L[f( t)] = V sin tu(t) + V sin (t − T )u(t − T )
" T T #
π π
F1 (S) = V T
+ T
e−T S
S 2 + ( Tπ )2 S 2 + ( Tπ )2
π
T
1 + e−T S
 
= V π 2
S2 + ( T )

Laplace transform of the periodic waveform is

F1 (S)
F (S) =
1 − e−T S
π
1
T
1 + e−T S
 
= V
S2 + ( Tπ )2 (1 − e−T S )
V
1 − e−T S − T Se−T S
 
= 2 −T S
T S (1 − e )

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 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 11) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.29.
f(t)
V2
V1

1 2 2.5 3 t

Figure 1.29: Trapezoid Wave

Solution:

2π 2π
ω = 2πf = = = π (F or sine wave T = 2)
T 2

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f3 (t)

V2 V2 V2
= V1 sinπt + V1 sinπ(t − 1) +r(t − 2)u(t − 2) − r(t − 2.5)u(t − 2) + r(t − 3)u(t − 3)
0.5 0.25 0.5
π π 2V2 4V2 2V2
F (s) = V1 2 + V1 2 e−s + 2 e−2s − 2 e−0.25s + 2 e−3s
s + π2 s + π2 s s s
π 2V 2
1 + e−s + 2 e−2s − 2e−0.25s + e−3s
   
= V1 2
s + π2 s

Q 12 2009-JULY) Find the Laplace transform of the Figure 1.31: Full wave rectifier output
waveform as shown in Figure 1.30.
f(t)

V
2π 2π
ω = 2πf = = = 1 (F or sine wave T = 2π)
π 2π 3π t
T 2π

Figure 1.30: Full wave rectifier output

Solution:

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t)

= V sint + V sin(t − π)
3π 4π
0 π 2π t F (s) = V 2
1
+
1
e−πs
s + 12 s2 + 12
(1 + e−πs ) V
= V = 2 (1 + e−πs )
f2(t) 2
s +1 s +1
V
2π 4π For complete waveform
0 π 3π t
-V

F (s) F (s)
F3 (s) = =
f(t) 1 − e−st 1 − e−πs
V
V 1
F3 (s) = (1 + e−πs )
2
s +1 1 − e−πs
0 π V (1 + e−πs )
t =
s + 1 (1 − e−πs)
2

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 16

 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 13) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as Figure 1.33: Full wave rectifier output
shown in Figure 1.32.
f(t)

V 2π 2π
ω = 2πf = = (F or sine wave T = 2π)
T T 3T 2T 5T
t T T
2 2 2

Figure 1.32: Full wave rectifier output

Solution: f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t)
 
2π 2π T
= V sin t + V sin t−
f1(t) T T 2
2T 2π 2π
t
T 3T T T − T2 s
T 5T F (s) = V
+V
e
2π 2 2π 2
2 2 2 s2 + T s2 + T
2π
T
f2(t)
= V T

(1 + e− 2 s )
3T 5T 2π 2
V s2 + T
2 2
2T t
-V T T For complete waveform
2

f(t) F (s) F (s)

F3 (s) = −st
=
V 1−e 1 − e−T s
2π T
t (1 + e− 2 s )
T T 3T 2T 5T F3 (s) = V T
s2 + 2π
2 1 − e−T s


2 2 2 T

Q 14) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as f1(t) f2(t)

10u (t )
shown in Figure 1.34. 10 +

f(t) 0 a T t 0 a T t

10
10 -10
10u (t  a )
t
0 a T T+a 2T 2T+a t
0 a T
Figure 1.34: Full wave rectifier output
Figure 1.36: Full wave rectifier output

Solution: g(t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t)

= 10u(t) − 10u(t − a)
10 10 −as
G(s) = − e
g(t) s s
10
1 − e−as


10 =
s
For complete waveform
t
0 a T
10 1 − e−as
 
G(s)
Figure 1.35: Full wave rectifier output F (s) = =
1 − e−st s 1 − e−T s

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 17

 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 15 2010-DEC) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.61.
f(t)

0 1 2 3 4 5 t

Figure 1.37
Solution:
By considering one cycle.

f(t)

0 1 2 t

Figure 1.38

f1(t) f2(t)
u (t )
1 + 1 1
slope   r (t )
1
0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t
f(t) f3(t)

1 1
+ 1
slope  r (t  1)
1
0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t
f(t)

0 1 2 t

Figure 1.39

For complete waveform

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f2 (t) F (s) F (s)

F3 (s) = =
= u(t) − tu(t) + tu(t − 1)( 1 − e−st 1 − e−2s
1 1 1 (s − 1 + e−s ) (s − 1 + e−s )
F (s) = − 2 + 2 e−s = =
s2 (1 − e−2s )
s s s s2

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 18

 Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Q 16 2009-JULY) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.40.

f(t)
5

4.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 t
-2

Figure 1.40
Solution:
By considering one cycle.
f1(t)
u (t )
5 f2(t)

+ 1 5
slope   r (t )
3
t t
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

f(t) f3(t)

1 1
+ 5
slope  r (t )
3
t t
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

f(t) f4(t)

1 1
+ 2u (t  4.2)
t t
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

f(t)
5

4.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 t
2

Figure 1.41

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f2 (t) + f2 (t)

5 5
= 5u(t) − tu(t) + tu(t − 4.2) + 2u(t − 4.2)
3 3
5 5 5 −4.2s 2 −4.2s
F (s) = − + e + e
s 3s2 3s2 s

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 19

1.1. Solutions Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

1.1 Solutions
Q 1 2012-JUNE-7a) In the circuit shown in Figure K
R
1.42 find an expression for i(t) when the switch K is
closed at t=0. V i (t ) C
K
R

i (t ) L
Figure 1.43: Example
V
Solution: Assuming that there is no initial charge
on the capacitor then
Figure 1.42: Example
Solution: q(0− ) = 0 = q(0+ ) (1.1)

KVL for the given circuit is

i(0− ) = 0 = i(0+ )
Z
1
KVL for the given circuit is V = Ri + idt
c
di V 1 I(s) q(0− )
 
V = Ri + L = RI(s) + +
dt s c s s
Taking Laplace transform on both sides
 
1
= I(s) R +
V Cs
= RI(s) + L[sI(s) − i(0− )] V
s I(s) = 1
 
= I(s)[R + Ls] s R + Cs
V V V 1
I(s) = =  1
=  1

s(R + Ls) R s + RC R s + RC
 
V 1 V − t
= i(t) = e RC
L s(s + R/L) R
Q 3 2014-JAN-7a) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.44
1 A B the battery voltage 10 V is applied for a steady state
= +
s(s + R/L) s (s + R/L) period with switch K is open. Obtain the expression
for the current after closing the switch K. Use laplace
transform.
1 K
A = × s|s=0
s(s + R/L) 1
= L/R 2
10 V 1H

1 Figure 1.44: Example

B = × (s + R/L)|s=−R/L
s(s + R/L)
Solution:
= −L/R
10
i(0− ) =
= i(0+ ) (1.2)
  3
V L/R L/R KVL for the given circuit is
I(s) = −
L s s + R/L
  di
V L L −Rt 10 = Ri + L
i(t) = − e L dt
L R R 10
V h R
i = 1I(s) + 1[sI(s) − Li(0+ )]
= 1 − e− L t s
R 10 10
= I(s)(1 + s) −
s 3
Q 2) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.43 find an 10 10
expression for i(t) when the switch K is closed at I(s)(1 + s) = +
s 3
t=0. Assume that there is no initial charge on the 10 10
capacitor. I(s) = +
s(1 + s) 3(1 + s)

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 20

1.1. Solutions Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

10 A B Figure 1.46: Example

= +
s(1 + s) s (1 + s)
Solution:

10
A = × s|s=0
s(1 + s) i(0− ) = i(0+ ) = 0
= 10
Z
1
10 vi = Ri + idt
B = × (1 + s)|s=−1 C
s(1 + s)
= −10 Z
1
δ(t) = Ri + idt
10 10 10 C
I(s) = − +
s (1 + s) 3(1 + s) Taking the Laplace transform on both sides
10 6.67
I(s) = −
s (1 + s) 
1 I(s) (0− )

i(t) = [10 − 6.67e−t ]A Vi (s) = RI(s) + +i
C s s
Q 4 2013-JUNE-7a) Using Laplace transform obtain 1 I(s)
1 = RI(s) +
expression for the circuit shown in Figure 1.45.  C s 
Assume zero initial conditions. RCs + 1
1 = I(s)
1mH Cs
10
10−6 s
   
Cs
I(s) = =
1V i (t ) 1 F RCs + 1 10−6 106 s + 1
s
I(s) = 10−6
s+1
Figure 1.45: Example
Solution:
(s + 1) − 1
− + = 10−6
i(0 ) = i(0 ) = 0
 s+1 
di 1
Z (s + 1) 1
V = 10i + L + idt = 10−6 −
dt C s+1 s+1
 
Taking the Laplace transform on both sides 1
= 10−6 1 −
s+1
1
= 10I(s) + L[sI(s) − i(0+ )] i(t) = 10−6 [δ(t) − e−t ]
s
1 I(s) q(0− )
 
+ +
C s s Q 6 In the circuit shown in Figure 1.47 if the capacitor
1 11 is initially charged to 1 V, find an expression for i(t),
= 10I(s) + LsI(s) +
s Cs when the switch K is closed at t = 0.Use Laplace
10 6
= I(s)[10 + 10−3 s + ] transform
s 1H
K 2
11 = I(s)[10s + 10−3 s2 + 106 ]
1 = I(s)[10−3 s2 + 10s + +106 ] 1
i (t ) V_0=1 V F
1 2
I(s) =
10−3 s2 + 10s + +106
————————————— Figure 1.47: Example
Q 5 2013-JUNE-7b) For the critically related network Solution:
of the circuit shown in Figure 1.46 obtain an
expression for i(t). Use Laplace transform. When the switch K is closed
−
1M  i(0− ) = 0A q(0s ) = 1
Z
vi (t )   (t ) 1 F di 1
Ri + L + idt = 0
dt C

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1.1. Solutions Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides Also obtain the expression for the capacitor voltage
in S domain for the circuit shown in Figure 1.49.
1 I(s) q(0− )
 
2I(s) + L[sI(s) − i(0+ )] + + =0 i 0.5 F 2
C s s
 
I(s) 1
2I(s) + LsI(s) + 2 − =0 2 (t ) +
s s 2 4u (t )
-
I(s) 2
2I(s) + sI(s) + 2 =
s  s

2 2 Figure 1.49: Example
I(s) 2 + s + =
s s Solution:
2
 
2s + s + 2
I(s) =2 i 0.5 F 2
s
2 +
+ 4u (t )
I(s) 1
= 2 s2 +2s+2 4 (t ) -
-
I(s) = 2 (s+1)1 2 +1
i(t) = 2e−t sint Figure 1.50: Example

Q 7 In the circuit shown in Figure 1.48 the the switch

K is closed and steady state is reached. At t = 0 Z∞
switch K is opened. Find the expression for current 1
0 = 4i(t) + i(t)dt + 4u(t) − 4δ(t)
i(t) in the inductor using Laplace transform. 0.5
0
K 10  I(s) 1
= 4I(s) + 2 +4 −4
 s  s 
2 4 − 4s
100 V 1h i (t ) 10  F = I(s) 4 + +
s s
   
4s + 2 4s − 4
= I(s) −
Figure 1.48: Example s s
   
Solution: 4s + 2 4s − 4
I(s) =
− 100 s s
When the switch K is closed i(0 ) = 10 = 10A =
4s − 4 4s −4
i(0+ ) Vc (0− ) = 0 = Vc (0+ ) q(0− ) = 0 = q(0+ ) I(s) = =
4s + 2 4s + 2 4s + 2
When the switch K is opened
4s 4
Z I(s) = −
di 1 4s + 2 4(s + 0.5)
L + idt = 0
dt C 4s 1
= −
Taking the Laplace transform on both sides 4s + 2 s + 0.5

1 I(s) q(0− )
 
+
L[sI(s) − i(0 )] + + =0
C s s
—————————————
+ I(s)
LsI(s) − Li(0 ) + =0
Cs Q 1 2014-JAN-7b) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.44
I(s) solve for iL (t) using Laplace transformation.
1I(s) − 10 + −6
=0
10 × 10 10
iL (t )
105
 
I(s) s + = 10 5H
s 
5u(t-2) iL (0 )  5mA
10s
I(s) = s2 +105
10s Figure 1.51: Example
I(s) = s2 +(10 5/2 )2

i(t) = 10cos(105/2 )t Solution:

Q 1 2017-JAN-7a) Using Laplace method obtain the

expression for i(t). The capacitor is zero initially. i(0− ) = 5mA = i(0+ ) (1.3)

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 22

1.1. Solutions Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

KVL for the given circuit is ——————————-

di —————————-
5u(t − 2) = 10iL (t) + 5
dt
5 −2s Q 2012-DEC-7b) For the circuit shown in Figure 1.52
e = 10IL (s) + 5[sIL (s) − iL (0+ )] was in steady state before t=0. The switch opened
s
1 −2s at t=0. Find i(t) i(t) > 0 using Laplace transform.
e = 2IL (s) + [sIL (s) − iL (0+ )]
s 0.5 H
t=0
1 −2s
e = IL (s)(2 + s) − 5 × 10−3
s K
1 −2s i
IL (s)(2 + s) = e + 5 × 10−3 1V 1F 1
s
1 5 × 10−3
IL (s) = e−2s +
s(s + 2) s+2 Figure 1.52: Example

1 A B Solution:
= +
s(s + 2) s (s + 2) When the steady state is reached the circuit is as
shown in Figure 1.53, capacitor is fully charged with
10 voltage vc (0− ) = 1V and inductor current is
A = × s|s=0
s(s + 2)
1
= 1
2 IL (0− ) = = 1V = i(0+ )
1 1
B = × (s + 2)|s=−2
s(s + 2)
1
= −
2 vc (0− ) = vc (0+ ) = 1V

5 × 10−3
 
1 1 1
I(s) = − e−2s +
2 s (s + 2) s+2 L is shorted
 −2s −2s 5 × 10−3

1 e e K
I(s) = − + + i
2 s (s + 2) s+2 1V 1V - 1
1h i
i(t) = u(t − 2) − e−2(t−2) u(t − 2)
2
+ 5 × 10−3 e−2t u(t) Figure 1.53: Example

———————- When the switch is opened the circuit is as shown

—————— in Figure 1.54

Q 1 2012-JUNE-7b) Find the laplace transform of the 0.5 H

given function f (t) = 5 + 4e−2t .
Solution: i (t )
1F 1
−2t
f (t) = 5 + 4e
Z∞ Z∞
Figure 1.54: Example
F (s) = 5e−st dt + 4e−2t e−st dt
0 0
∞ Z∞
e−st

= 5 +0 +4 e−(s+2)t dt t
Z
di(t) 1
s 0 0 = 0.5 + i(t) + i(t)dt
0 dt C −∞
∞ " #∞ Z 0
e−st e−(s+2)t 1 t
 Z
di(t) 1
= 5 +0 +4 +0 0 = 0.5 + i(t) + i(t)dt + i(t)dt
s 0 −(s + 2) dt C −∞ C 0
0
1 t
Z
5 4 5s + 10 + 4s di(t)
= + = 0 = 0.5 + i(t) − vc (0− ) + i(t)dt
s s+2 s(s + 2) dt C 0
1 t
Z
9s + 10 di(t)
= 1 = 0.5 + i(t) + i(t)dt
s(s + 2) dt C 0

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1.1. Solutions Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides Figure 1.57: Example

1 I(s) Applying KVL for the circuit as shown in Figure
= 0.5 sI(s) − i(0− ) + I(s) +
 
s s is 1.66
 
1 1 di di
+ 0.5 = I(s) 0.5s + 1 + 0 = 40i(t) + L + 40i(t) = 80i(t) + 4
s s dt dt
2
 
1 + 0.5s 0.5s + s + 1 0 = 4I [sI(s) − i(0)] + 80I(s)
= I(s)
s s 0 = 4sI(s) − 10 + 80I(s) = I(s)[4s + 80]
1 + 0.5s 0.5[s + 2] 10 = I(s)[4s + 80]
I(s) = =
0.5s2 + s + 1 0.5[2s2 + 2s + 2] 10 10 2.5
s+2 s+2 I(s) = = =
= = 4s + 80 4(s + 20) s + 20
2s2 + 2s + 2 (s + 1)2 + 1 i(t) = 2.5e −20t
s+1+1
=
(s + 1)2 + 12 The current at t=0.5 sec is
s+1 1
= +
2
(s + 1) + 1 2 (s + 1)2 + 12 i(t) = 2.5e−20×0.5 = 1.135 × 10−4 A
i(t) = e−t cost + e−t sint
————————————–
—————————– Q 1 2011-JUNE-7b) Find the current i(t) assuming
ω S zero initial conditions when switch K is closed at t=0.
L[sinωt] = L[cosωt] = 2
+ω 2S2 S + ω2 The excitation v(t) is a pulse of magnitude of 10 V
−at and duration of 2 sec. Refer Figure 1.58.
L[te ] = F (S + a)

——————————– K
v (t ) 10 
———————————–
t=0
Q 1 2011-JUNE-7a) Find the current i(t) when switch 10 V +
v(t ) 2F
K is opened at t=0 with the circuit having reached -
steady state before the switching in Fig 1.64. Find
current at t=0.5 sec 0 2 t

40  Figure 1.58: Example

100V
40  i (t ) Solution:
4H
The laplace transform of the input pulse is
Figure 1.55: Example v (t ) v(t )
Solution: 10 V
10 u (t )
+
10 V

40 
100V 0 2 0 2
40  iL (0 )
10 u (t )
-10 V
v(t )

Figure 1.56: Example 10 V

At t = 0−inductor acts as a short circuit which
is as shown in Figure 1.65and the current il (t) = 0−
0 2
at t = 0− is
100 Figure 1.59: Example
il (0− ) = = 2.5A = il (0+ )
40

40 
v(t) = 10u(t) − 10u(t − 2)
10 10 −2s
40  i (t ) V (s) = − e
s s
4H 10 
1 − e−2s

=
s

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1.1. Solutions Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

Applying KVL for the circuit shown in Figure1.58 As s → ∞ then e−st = 0

Z
1
v(t) = Ri + idt 0 = sX(s) − x(0)
C
1

1
 x(0) = sX(s)
V (s) = 10I(s) + I(s) = I(s) 10 +
Cs 2s
  Q 1 2011-DEC-7c) State and prove final value
20s + 1
= I(s) theorem
2s
V (s) 2sV (s) 2sV (s) Solution:
I(s) = 20s+1 = =
2s
20s + 1 20(s + 0.05) Final value theorem is used to find the initial
0.1s value of x(t) at t = ∞ i.e., x(∞) directly from the
= Laplace transform X(s).
s + 0.05 
It states that if x(t) is a causal signal then

0.1s 10  −2s

I(s) = 1−e
s + 0.05 s
lim x(t) = lim sX(s)
1 1 e−2s t→∞ s→0
1 − e−2s =
 
= −
s + 0.05 s + 0.05 s + 0.05
−0.005t −0.005(t−2) Proof
i(t) = e u(t) − e u(t − 2) dx(t)
The Laplace transform of dt is
————————————–  
dx(t)
Q 1 2011-DEC-7c) State and prove initial value L = sX(s) − x(0− )
dt
theorem
Solution: Taking left hand side of the term and limit as s → ∞

Initial value theorem is used to find the initial

value of x(t) at t = 0 i.e., x(0) directly from the
  Z ∞
dx(t) dx(t) −st
lim L = lim e dt
Laplace transform X(s). s→∞ dt s→∞ 0 dt
It states that if x(t) is a causal signal then Z ∞
dx(t) h i
= lim e−st dt
x(0) = lim sX(s) dt s→0
s→∞ Z0 ∞
dx(t)
Proof = dt
0 dt
= [x(t)]∞
 
dx(t) 0 = x(∞) − x(0)
L = sX(s) − x(0− )
dt x(∞) − x(0) = lim [sX(s) − x(0)]
s→∞
Taking left hand side of the term and limit as s → ∞ x(∞) = lim [sX(s)]
  Z ∞   s→∞
dx(t) −st dx(t)
L = lim e dt ———————————-
dt t→∞ 0 dt

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1.2. VTU Question Papers Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

1.2 VTU Question Papers

2020-JULY-7 a, State and prove initial value and final 2020-JULY-7 b) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.44
value theorem solve for iL (t) using Laplace transformation.
Solution: 10
iL (t )
Initial value theorem 5H
Initial value theorem is used to find the initial 5u(t-2) iL (0 )  5mA
value of x(t) at t = 0 i.e., x(0) directly from the
Laplace transform X(s).
It states that if x(t) is a causal signal then Figure 1.60: Example
Solution:
x(0) = lim sX(s)
s→∞

Proof i(0− ) = 5mA = i(0+ ) (1.1)

Z ∞ KVL for the given circuit is

dx(t) dx(t) −st
= sX(s) − x(0) = e dt
dt 0 dt di
5u(t − 2) = 10iL (t) + 5
As s → ∞ then e−st =0 dt
5 −2s
e = 10IL (s) + 5[sIL (s) − iL (0+ )]
sX(s) − x(0) = 0 s
1 −2s
e = 2IL (s) + [sIL (s) − iL (0+ )]
x(0) = sX(s) s
1 −2s
e = IL (s)(2 + s) − 5 × 10−3
s
Final value theorem 1 −2s
IL (s)(2 + s) = e + 5 × 10−3
Final value theorem is used to find the initial s
value of x(t) at t = ∞ i.e., x(∞) directly from the 1 5 × 10−3
IL (s) = e−2s +
Laplace transform X(s). s(s + 2) s+2
It states that if x(t) is a causal signal then

lim x(t) = lim sX(s) 1 A B

t→∞ s→0 = +
s(s + 2) s (s + 2)
Proof The Laplace transform of dx(t)
dt is
Z ∞
dx(t) dx(t) −st 10
= sX(s) − x(0) = e dt A = × s|s=0
dt 0 dt s(s + 2)
1
∞
=
2
Z
dx(t) −st
lim [sX(s) − x(0)] = e dt 1
s→∞ 0 dt B = × (s + 2)|s=−2
Z ∞
dx(t) h i s(s + 2)
= lim e−st dt 1
dt s→0 = −
Z0 ∞ 2
dx(t)
=
0 dt
∞
= [x(t)]0 = x(∞) − x(0) 5 × 10−3
 
1 1 1
I(s) = − e−2s +
x(∞) − x(0) = lim [sX(s) − x(0)] 2 s (s + 2) s+2
s→∞  −2s −2s 5 × 10−3

x(∞) = lim [sX(s)] 1 e e
s→∞ I(s) = − +
2 s (s + 2) s+2
1 h i
i(t) = u(t − 2) − e−2(t−2) u(t − 2)
2020-JULY-7 a, State and prove initial value and final 2
value theorem + 5 × 10−3 e−2t u(t)

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 26

1.2. VTU Question Papers Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

2020-JULY-8 a,2019-Dec-7 b) Find the Laplace transform of the waveform as shown in Figure 1.61.
f(t)

0 1 2 3 4 5 t

Figure 1.61
Solution:
By considering one cycle.
f(t)

0 1 2 t

Figure 1.62

f1(t) f2(t)
u (t )
1 + 1 1
slope   r (t )
1
0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t
f(t) f3(t)

1 1
+ 1
slope  r (t  1)
1
0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t
f(t)

0 1 2 t

Figure 1.63

f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) + f2 (t)

= u(t) − tu(t) + tu(t − 1)(
1 1 1 (s − 1 + e−s )
F (s) = − 2 + 2 e−s =
s s s s2
For complete waveform

F (s) F (s)
F3 (s) = =
1 − e−st 1 − e−2s
(s − 1 + e−s )
=
s2 (1 − e−2s )

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 27

1.2. VTU Question Papers Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

2020-JULY-8 b, 2011-JUNE-7a) Find the current i(t) when switch K is opened at t=0 with the circuit
having reached steady state before the switching in Fig 1.64. Find current at t=0.5 sec

40 
100V
40  i (t )
4H

Figure 1.64: Example

Solution:

40 
100V
40  iL (0 )

Figure 1.65: Example

At t = 0− inductor acts as a short circuit which is as shown in Figure 1.65and the current il (t) = 0− at
t = 0− is
100
il (0− ) = = 2.5A = il (0+ )
40

40 
40  i (t )
4H

Figure 1.66: Example

Applying KVL for the circuit as shown in Figure is 1.66
di di
0 = 40i(t) + L + 40i(t) = 80i(t) + 4
dt dt
0 = 4I [sI(s) − i(0)] + 80I(s)
0 = 4sI(s) − 10 + 80I(s) = I(s)[4s + 80]
10 = I(s)[4s + 80]
10 10 2.5
I(s) = = =
4s + 80 4(s + 20) s + 20
−20t
i(t) = 2.5e

The current at t=0.5 sec is

i(t) = 2.5e−20×0.5 = 1.135 × 10−4 A
2019-Dec-7 a, 2011-JUNE-7a) Obtain Laplace transform of

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 28

1.2. VTU Question Papers Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

i) Step function

ii) Ramp function

iii) Impulse function

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 29

1.2. VTU Question Papers Chapter 1. Laplace Transform

2019-Dec-8 b) Find the Laplace transform of the square wave as shown in Figure 1.67.
f(t)
V

T 2T 3T 4T t
-V

Figure 1.67: Square wave

Solution:
By considering one complete cycle from 0 to 2T
f(t)
V

T 2T 3T t
-V

f(t) f(t)
Vu (t )
V + V

T 2T 3T t T 2T 3T t
-V -V
-2V

2Vu (t  T )
f(t) f(t)
Vu (t  2T )
V + V

t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T t
-V -V

f(t)
V

T 2T 3T t
-V

Figure 1.68: Square wave

Laplace transform for complete periodic waveform is

 
1
L[f (t)] = F1 (S)
1 − e−st )
 
1 V 
(1 − e−sT )2

L[f (t)] = −s2T
1−e ) S
f1 (t) = V u(t) − 2V u(t − T ) + V u(t − 2T ) −sT )2
 
V (1 − e
1 1 1 =
F1 (S) = V − 2V e−T S + V e−2T S S 1 − (e−sT )2
s s s V

(1 − e−sT )2

V  −T S −2T S =
S (1 + (e−sT )(1 − (e−sT )

= 1 − 2e +e
s
V (1 − e−sT )
 
V  2
= 1 − e−T S =
S (1 + e−sT )
s

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga–[email protected] 30